User:Eralinsque/Names of the Russian state

Names of the Russian state - the history of the names of the Russian state in the original sources, foreign sources and in scientific literature (historiography). Scientific terms, many of which have become well-known, are differently related to historical ones: sometimes they coincide with them, sometimes they are used anachronically or not quite in the meaning that they had in the described era, and sometimes they are completely conditional.

The beginning of Russian statehood is traditionally reckoned from the year 862, to which the Tale of Bygone Years refers the vocation of the Varangians to Novgorod, headed by Rurik - the ancestor of the dynasty of Russian princes and later kings. In the 9th — 10th centuries, under the rule of the dynasty of Rurikovich, the Old Russian state was formed with its capital in Kiev, referred to as the sources of Rus. From the 11th century, the Latin name Russia is found in relation to it in Western European monuments. In the middle of the 12th century, the Old Russian state actually fell apart into independent principalities, which, however, remained closely connected with each other, and the Kievan princes continued to formally be considered elders. In the 2nd half of the 13th — 15th centuries, the southern and western principalities found themselves in the composition of other states — Poland and Lithuania (the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, despite the ruling dynasty of other ethnicities, claimed all-Russian leadership and, before its absorption by Poland, acted as the second center of East Slavic statehood). The role of the nominal capital of Russia passed from Kiev, first to Vladimir, and then to Moscow, the princes of which carried out by the end of the 15th century to unite the rest of the Russian lands into a single Russian state. From the end of the XV and throughout the XVI century, the modern name - Rosia

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The word "Rosia" originated in Byzantium and was used there as the Greek designation of Russia - the country and the Kiev Metropolitan Church established within its borders. For the first time the word ίωσία was used in the X century by the Byzantine emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus. Through the church Greek writing and official documents, the Greek word Ῥωσία entered the Russian language. The first known mention of the word "Russia" in the Cyrillic notation is dated April 24, 1387. From the end of the 15th century, the name Russia became used in secular literature and documents of the Russian state, gradually replacing the former name Russia. It acquired official status after the wedding of Ivan IV to the kingdom in 1547, when the country began to be called the Russian kingdom. The modern spelling of the word - with two letters "C" - appeared from the middle of the XVII century and finally became fixed under Peter I. In 1721, Peter I was proclaimed the Russian Empire. On September 1, 1917, the Russian Republic was declared, and after the October Revolution, from January 10, 1918, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR). Already from this time the abbreviated name “Russian Federation” was sometimes used. In 1922, the RSFSR, together with other Soviet republics, established the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), which unofficially (especially abroad) was also often called “Russia”. After the collapse of the USSR, the RSFSR was recognized as its successor state, and on December 25, 1991 it was renamed the Russian Federation.

The word "state" is found in sources from the XV century. Prior to this, its main semantic equivalent was the term "earth." At first, Russia itself was called “land” as a whole (the expression “Russian land” is still used as a poetic designation of Russia), and then each of the independent principalities. At the end of the period of fragmentation, the princes of several Russian lands were called sovereigns, as well as Novgorod and Pskov in general, therefore during the pre-Peter the Great epoch (XVI-XVII centuries) it was officially considered that the country consisted of several "states" whose throne was occupied by a single monarch. During the Civil War, the term "Russian state" as the official name of the country was used in the documents of the White movement.

The history of state names in each historical period is considered in detail below.

Eastern Slavic associations
One of the first associations of the Eastern Slavs is the political and military-tribal association of the Ants tribes, which most historians attribute to the ancestors of the Eastern Slavs. This association, conditionally called the Union of Ants, is known from the writings of Jordan and Procopius of Caesarea. The military-tribal alliance of the Ants possessed many signs of statehood, had diplomatic relations with other states and existed from the 4th to the 7th centuries.

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In several foreign sources of the 9th century, an early association of Rus was mentioned, whose ruler wore the Turkic title of kagan. The earliest news of this is contained in the annals of Bertin under the year 839. There is no generally accepted view of what this state entity was and where it was located. In the historiography, the conventional name “Russian Kaganate” stuck to it. The term was introduced into circulation by S. A. Gedeonov in 1862. Nomadic states Avars and Khazars in extant (exclusively foreign) sources are also not called “Khaganates”, but this word itself existed in the then Turkic languages.

Союз славянских и финно-угорских объединений словен, кривичей, чуди и мери, призвавший Рюрика в Новгород, собственного политического названия в летописи не имеет. В арабских источниках X века новгородский регион упоминается под названием ас-Славийа, наряду с двумя другими зонами обитания русов — Куйабой (Киевом) и Арсанией (локализация не ясна). Византийский император Константин Багрянородный (950-е гг.) называет его внешней Росией, в отличие от Киева — собственно Росии. В научной литературе единого утвердившегося названия за ним не закрепилось. Когда его хотят отличить от других варяжских и славянских объединений, то именуют обычно «Северной Русью», «Северным союзом» или «Северной конфедерацией», иногда условно «Государством Рюрика». Что касается термина «Новгородская Русь», то в таком контексте («держава Рюрика», «докиевский» этап Древнерусского государства 862—882 гг.) он в современной историографии практически не используется. Чаще он является синонимом для Новгородской земли как таковой и применяется ко всему периоду её существования с IX по XV век.

Old Russian state
In the annals and other monuments of writing, the state was called Rus (ancient, Russian, Old Russian, Old Russian) or Russian land (Old, Russian, Old Russian, Earth, Russian land, Russian land). The word "land" in combination with the territorial definition was close to the modern concept of a sovereign state, other countries were also called "lands": for example, Byzantium - "Greek land", Bulgaria - "Bulgarian land", Hungary - "Ugric land", etc. D. The word "Rus" originally belonged to the people or social group, whose representatives were the princely family and the top squad. Further, as an ethnonym (at the same time becoming the designation of subordinate territory), it spread to Kiev fields, and then all the Eastern Slavs. A single representative of Russia was called Rusin. The plural forms of "Rus" and "Rusyns" are late medieval neologisms, they did not exist in the period under consideration

The territorial-administrative units, which Russia was divided into, were called volosts (an old Russian volost, or St-glory. Power). The word comes from the verb "own". Volost called a large territory led by its own city (table), where one of the younger princes of Rurikovich, subordinate to the sovereign power of the Prince of Kiev, was sitting as the governor. The boundaries of the volosts did not coincide with the boundaries of the old East Slavic unions. The names of the volosts were usually given for a specific prince-owner (“Oleg's volost”, “own volost”, “father’s volost”) and only sometimes in the central city (“Novgorod volost”, “Rostov father's volost”). The number of volosts divided by Russia in the X - beginning of the XII centuries. depended on the number of simultaneously living princes and ranged from one to two dozen. In total, for the entire given period, according to the calculations of A. A. Gorsky, in Russia, there are references to 21 volosts. A synonym for the parish was also the etymologically identical word for it. It prevailed in the translation literature - in relation to the constituent parts of other states, but sometimes it occurs in relation to Russia (Rostov region under 1071 and the region of Polotsk under 1092 in PVL, Pereyaslavskaya oblost in "The Tale of Boris and Gleb, Vladimirskaya obolos in "The Life of Theodosius of Pechersk")

In Byzantium, the people of Russia received the name dew (Greek Ρως). The choice of form through “O” may have been caused by consonance with the Roche demonic people mentioned in the Bible, the invasion of which was expected before the end of the World and which the Byzantines believed was located somewhere in the north. It is this eschatological perception that is noted in the sources describing the first attack of the Rus against Constantinople in 860. Another explanation implies borrowing an ethnonym directly from the Scandinavian self-name of Russia (from * robs - rowers). The first fixation of the word Ῥώς in a Byzantine source is the text of the life of George Amastrid, written no later than 842, in which the dew attacked the Byzantine city Amastrida on the southern coast of the Black Sea. From the name of the people was formed the name of the country - Russia (Greek. Ρωσία). The first to use it was the emperor Konstantin Bagryanogenny in his treatises On Ceremonies (946) and On the Management of an Empire (948–952). After Christianization, the “Rosie” became known as the Metropolitan Church established within the borders of Russia, subordinate to the Patriarchate of Constantinople, and Russia, by the Byzantine concept, formally became part of the Byzantine Empire. In Russia itself, the name written in Greek was used on princely and metropolitan seals. Several seals of princes with the inscription "Archon of Russia" and metropolitans with the inscription "Metropolitan" or "Archbishop of Russia", from the XII century "All Russia" have been preserved. However, in the form of transliteration, the name in the ancient Russian sources of the pre-Mongol period is not found even once. In turn, the Byzantines knew the correct sound of the word Rus (Greek ρουσσν, with root “U”), but it was also almost never used by them (exceptions are acts of Athos monasteries with texts dating back to the messages received during direct communication with the inhabitants Rus). In the official documents of the Byzantine office, the Russian princes were called archons.