User:Eriicaayu/Hormone

Section 1:
"A hormone (from the Greek participle ὁρμῶν, "setting in motion") is any member of a class of signaling molecules, produced by glands in multicellular organisms, that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and behavior." Hormone


 * Add citation: Shuster, M., Vigna, J., Matthew Tontonoz., & Sinha, G. (2014). Biology for a Changing World with Physiology Second Edition. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman and Company ISBN-13: 978-1464151132

Section 4: Chemical classes

 * EDITS IN THIS SECTION HAVE SINCE CHANGED. OUR SUGGESTIONS ARE BASED ON AN OLDER VERSION OF THIS SECTION
 * Amino acid-derived hormones - derived from an amino acid, most commonly tyrosine
 * Hydrophilic
 * Act on membrane receptors
 * Stored in vesicles
 * Examples include melatonin and thyroxine
 * Add citation: https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/17-2-hormones/
 * Plant hormone classes
 * abscisic acid
 * auxin
 * cytokinin
 * ethylene
 * gibberellin
 * Add citation: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3142376/
 * Wang, Y. H., & Irving, H. R. (2011). Developing a model of plant hormone interactions. Plant signaling & behavior, 6(4), 494–500. doi:10.4161/psb.6.4.14558

Section 5: Receptors
"Most hormones initiate a cellular response by initially binding to either cell membrane associated or intracellularreceptors. A cell may have several different receptor types that recognize the same hormone but activate different signal transduction pathways, or a cell may have several different receptors that recognize different hormones and activate the same biochemical pathway.

Receptors for most peptide as well as many eicosanoid hormones are embedded in the plasma membrane at the surface of the cell and the majority of these receptors belong to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) class of seven alpha helix transmembrane proteins. The interaction of hormone and receptor typically triggers a cascade of secondary effects within the cytoplasm of the cell, described as signal transduction, often involving phosphorylation or dephosphorylation of various other cytoplasmic proteins, changes in ion channel permeability, or increased concentrations of intracellular molecules that may act as secondary messengers (e.g., cyclic AMP). Some protein hormones also interact with intracellular receptors located in the cytoplasm or nucleus by an intracrine mechanism." Hormone


 * Add citations
 * Paragraph 1/2 https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cell-signaling/mechanisms-of-cell-signaling/a/intracellular-signal-transduction
 * Paragraph 1/2 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21718/
 * Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, et al. Molecular Cell Biology. 4th edition. New York: W. H. Freeman; 2000. Section 20.3, G Protein –Coupled Receptors and Their Effectors. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21718/
 * Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, et al. New York: W. H. Freeman; 2000.
 * Paragraph 1/2 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3967846/
 * Rosenbaum, D. M., Rasmussen, S. G., & Kobilka, B. K. (2009). The structure and function of G-protein-coupled receptors. Nature, 459(7245), 356–363. doi:10.1038/nature08144

Section 6: Effects
"Hormones have the following effects on the body:


 * stimulation or inhibition of growth
 * wake-sleep cycle and other circadian rhythms
 * mood swings
 * induction or suppression of apoptosis (programmed cell death)
 * activation or inhibition of the immune system
 * regulation of metabolism
 * preparation of the body for mating, fighting, fleeing, and other activity
 * preparation of the body for a new phase of life, such as puberty, parenting, and menopause
 * control of the reproductive cycle
 * hunger cravings" Hormone


 * Add citation
 * Book Title: Clearopathy by Dr Solomon Lall
 * ISBN: 9781482815887

Section 7: Regulation

 * "The rate of hormone biosynthesis and secretion is often regulated by a homeostatic negative feedback control mechanism. Such a mechanism depends on factors that influence the metabolism and excretion of hormones. Thus, higher hormone concentration alone cannot trigger the negative feedback mechanism. Negative feedback must be triggered by overproduction of an "effect" of the hormone." Hormone
 * Suggested citations:
 * Add citation https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538498/
 * Campbell M, Jialal I. Physiology, Endocrine Hormones. [Updated 2019 Feb 23]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2019 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538498/
 * Suggested citations:
 * Add citation https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4892884/
 * Röder, P. V., Wu, B., Liu, Y., & Han, W. (2016). Pancreatic regulation of glucose homeostasis. Experimental & molecular medicine, 48(3), e219. doi:10.1038/emm.2016.6
 * "One special group of hormones is the tropic hormones that stimulate the hormone production of other endocrine glands. For example, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) causes growth and increased activity of another endocrine gland, the thyroid, which increases output of thyroid hormones."  Hormone
 * Add citation ISBN-13: 978-9350250136
 * Add citation ISBN-10: 9350250136
 * To release active hormones quickly into the circulation, hormone biosynthetic cells may produce and store biologically inactive hormones in the form of pre- or prohormones. These can then be quickly converted into their active hormone form in response to a particular stimulus. Hormone
 * Add citation ISBN-13: 978-9350250136
 * Add citation ISBN-10: 9350250136
 * NEW ORIGINAL ADDITION: Hormones are also regulated by receptor agonists. Hormones are ligands, which are any kinds of molecules that produce a signal by binding to a receptor site on a protein. Hormone effects can be inhibited, thus regulated, by competing ligands that bind to the same target receptor as the hormone in question. When a competing ligand is bound to the receptor site, the hormone is unable to bind to that site and is unable to elicit a response from the target cell. These competing ligands are called antagonists of the hormone.
 * ISBN 9780321981226)

Section 8: Therapeutic use
Section 9: Hormone-behavior interactions


 * At the neurological level, behavior can be inferred based on: hormone concentrations; hormone-release patterns; the numbers and locations of hormone receptors; and the efficiency of hormone receptors for those involved in gene transcription. Not only do hormones influence behavior, but also behavior and the environment influence hormones. Thus, a feedback loop is formed. For example, behavior can affect hormones, which in turn can affect behavior, which in turn can affect hormones, and so on. Hormone
 * Add citation https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5964798/
 * Add citation: Garland, T., Jr, Zhao, M., & Saltzman, W. (2016). Hormones and the Evolution of Complex Traits: Insights from Artificial Selection on Behavior. Integrative and comparative biology, 56(2), 207–224. doi:10.1093/icb/icw040

Section 10: Comparison with neurotransmitters

GOOGLE DOC NOTES ON ADDING CITATIONS:
 * Assuming the travel distance is equivalent, neural signals can be transmitted much more quickly (in the range of milliseconds) than can hormonal signals (in the range of seconds, minutes, or hours). Neural signals can be sent at speeds up to 100 meters per second. Hormone
 * Add citation:  Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. New York: Garland Science; 2002.
 * Add citation: Alberts, B. (2002). Molecular biology of the cell. New York: Garland.
 * Add citation
 * ISBN: 9780321775658
 * ISBN: 9780321775658
 * ISBN: 9780781750776
 * ISBN: 9780321981226
 * NEW ORIGINAL ADDITION: Neurohormones are a type of hormone that are produced by endocrine cells that receive input from neurons, or neuroendocrine cells (978-0-7167-3873-2). Both classic hormones and neurohormones are secreted by endocrine tissue; however, neurohormones are the result of a combination between endocrine reflexes and neural reflexes, creating a neuroendocrine pathway (9780321981226). While endocrine pathways produce chemical signals in the form of hormones, the neuroendocrine pathway involves the electrical signals of neurons (9780321981226). In this pathway, the result of the electrical signal produced by a neuron is the release of a chemical, which is the neurohormone (9780321981226). Finally, like a classic hormone, the neurohormone is released into the bloodstream to reach its target (9780321981226).

Hormone

= Section 1: NOTES FROM GOOGLE DOCS =


 * Has no citations, first sentence can be cited using the following citation:
 * Shuster, M., Vigna, J., Matthew Tontonoz., & Sinha, G. (2014). Biology for a Changing World with Physiology Second Edition. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman and Company
 * ISBN-13: 978-1464151132
 * ISBN-10: 146415113X

Section 2: Discovery (citation good, possibly move citation)


 * Under the Arnold Adolph Berthold section, there are citations [5] and [6] without words… is it supposed to be like that? Should we move the citations? Same under Bayliss and Starling

Section 3: Types of hormone signalling


 * Citation ok, might want to add under signaling effects - not a big issue

Section 4: Chemical classes


 * Amino acid-derived hormones - derived from an amino acid, most commonly tyrosine
 * Hydrophilic
 * Act on membrane receptors
 * Stored in vesicles
 * Examples include melatonin and thyroxine
 * ADD https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/17-2-hormones/
 * Plant hormone classes
 * abscisic acid
 * auxin
 * cytokinin
 * ethylene
 * gibberellin
 * ADD https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3142376/
 * ADD Wang, Y. H., & Irving, H. R. (2011). Developing a model of plant hormone interactions. Plant signaling & behavior, 6(4), 494–500. doi:10.4161/psb.6.4.14558

Section 5: Receptors


 * Paragraph ½ https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cell-signaling/mechanisms-of-cell-signaling/a/intracellular-signal-transduction
 * Paragraph ½ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21718/
 * Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, et al. Molecular Cell Biology. 4th edition. New York: W. H. Freeman; 2000. Section 20.3, G Protein –Coupled Receptors and Their Effectors. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21718/
 * Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, et al. New York: W. H. Freeman; 2000.
 * Paragraph ½ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3967846/
 * Rosenbaum, D. M., Rasmussen, S. G., & Kobilka, B. K. (2009). The structure and function of G-protein-coupled receptors. Nature, 459(7245), 356–363. doi:10.1038/nature08144
 * Can’t find the citation for the pic. Might be someone’s summary of what they read?

Section 6: Effects


 * For the bulleted list:
 * Title: Clearopathy by Dr Solomon Lall
 * ISBN: 9781482815887

Section 7: Regulation


 * The rate of hormone biosynthesis and secretion is often regulated by a homeostatic negative feedback control mechanism. Such a mechanism depends on factors that influence the metabolism and excretion of hormones. Thus, higher hormone concentration alone cannot trigger the negative feedback mechanism. Negative feedback must be triggered by overproduction of an "effect" of the hormone.
 * ADD https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538498/
 * ADD Campbell M, Jialal I. Physiology, Endocrine Hormones. [Updated 2019 Feb 23]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2019 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538498/
 * ADD https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4892884/
 * Röder, P. V., Wu, B., Liu, Y., & Han, W. (2016). Pancreatic regulation of glucose homeostasis. Experimental & molecular medicine, 48(3), e219. doi:10.1038/emm.2016.6
 * One special group of hormones is the tropic hormones that stimulate the hormone production of other endocrine glands. For example, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) causes growth and increased activity of another endocrine gland, the thyroid, which increases output of thyroid hormones.

To release active hormones quickly into the circulation, hormone biosynthetic cells may produce and store biologically inactive hormones in the form of pre- or prohormones. These can then be quickly converted into their active hormone form in response to a particular stimulus.


 * ISBN-13: 978-9350250136
 * ISBN-10: 9350250136
 * Editing Section 7, a word about antagonistic control, which was brought up in the Talk section in 2017.

Hormones are also regulated by receptor agonists. Hormones are ligands, which are any kinds of molecules that produce a signal by binding to a receptor site on a protein. Hormone effects can be inhibited, thus regulated, by competing ligands that bind to the same target receptor as the hormone in question. When a competing ligand is bound to the receptor site, the hormone is unable to bind to that site and is unable to elicit a response from the target cell. These competing ligands are called antagonists of the hormone. (All 9780321981226)

Section 8: Therapeutic use


 * Insulin is used by many diabetics. Local preparations for use in otolaryngology often contain pharmacologic equivalents of adrenaline, while steroid and vitamin D creams are used extensively in dermatological practice
 * 9781312039995

Section 9: Hormone-behavior interactions


 * At the neurological level, behavior can be inferred based on: hormone concentrations; hormone-release patterns; the numbers and locations of hormone receptors; and the efficiency of hormone receptors for those involved in gene transcription. Not only do hormones influence behavior, but also behavior and the environment influence hormones. Thus, a feedback loop is formed. For example, behavior can affect hormones, which in turn can affect behavior, which in turn can affect hormones, and so on.
 * Garland Jr, T., Zhao, M., & Saltzman, W. (2016). Hormones and the evolution of complex traits: insights from artificial selection on behavior. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 56(2), 207-224.
 * Garland Jr, T., Zhao, M., & Saltzman, W. (2016). Hormones and the evolution of complex traits: insights from artificial selection on behavior. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 56(2), 207-224.
 * ADD TO original:
 * https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5964798/
 * Garland, T., Jr, Zhao, M., & Saltzman, W. (2016). Hormones and the Evolution of Complex Traits: Insights from Artificial Selection on Behavior. Integrative and comparative biology, 56(2), 207–224. doi:10.1093/icb/icw040

Section 10: Comparison with neurotransmitters


 * Assuming the travel distance is equivalent, neural signals can be transmitted much more quickly (in the range of milliseconds) than can hormonal signals (in the range of seconds, minutes, or hours). Neural signals can be sent at speeds up to 100 meters per second.
 * Citation:  Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. New York: Garland Science; 2002.
 * Or citation: Alberts, B. (2002). Molecular biology of the cell. New York: Garland.

Editing Section 10

Verify if these are true, if true, add citations


 * ISBN: 9780321775658
 * ISBN: 9780321775658
 * 9780781750776
 * 9780321981226

Use neurohormones as a subtopic underneath this

Neurohormones are a type of hormone that are produced by endocrine cells that receive input from neurons, or neuroendocrine cells (978-0-7167-3873-2). Both classic hormones and neurohormones are secreted by endocrine tissue; however, neurohormones are the result of a combination between endocrine reflexes and neural reflexes, creating a neuroendocrine pathway (9780321981226). While endocrine pathways produce chemical signals in the form of hormones, the neuroendocrine pathway involves the electrical signals of neurons (9780321981226). In this pathway, the result of the electrical signal produced by a neuron is the release of a chemical, which is the neurohormone (9780321981226). Finally, like a classic hormone, the neurohormone is released into the bloodstream to reach its target (9780321981226).