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CONTRA INSURGENCY OPERATION IN ACEH MILITARY OPERATION (2003-2004)

Introduction In this globalization era, there had been characteristics of horrible war for all countries in this earth. All war experts thought it had come the next war generation and it’s called fourth war generation. In thus war generation, William S. Lind thinks that this war is a war between countries with non-state actors. The shape of it could be a terrorism movement, drugs cartel, mafia actions, transnational crime syndicate, and mores. The 4th war generation has some characteristics like an asymmetric war, complexity and continuously for breaking mentality of enemies and exploiting their weakness. With thus characteristics, this war had been well-known by asymmetric war. Discussing about the asymmetric war will be talking about war totally which involved all of life aspects with winning the war by all ways as its goal. The war phenomenon has been explained by Machiavelli with all impacts which had been appeared from it. Besides that Globalization issues has been spread in all parts of this earth. It could be democratic issues, Human Rights issues and event living environment are being main indicators which are influencing the international relationship particularly in regional relationship. The all issues usually become the main measurement of defense and security network in a regional. The emergence of security and defense issues as the main issues is caused by the globalization, information technology development, primordial identity, and the most strengthen of non-state actor. Seeing the threats which appear in above, we should see feedback about the geography condition of Indonesia. It could prevent and warn of the worst possibility that will be faced in this country. Geographically Indonesia is archipelago country which has + 17.504 islands with the width of land are about 1.991.570 km2 and the width of ocean is about 3.257.483 km2. The islands are spread in equator line (khatulistiwa), with the number of people are uneven and centered in Java Island about 65%. Besides that, Indonesia is located between 2 oceans (Pacific and Indian) and 2 continents (Australia and Asia). It could be seen strategically that it can give advantages and disadvantages being that location. The advantages of it could be seen that Indonesia location is in the cross of world economy activities between industry countries trades and the developing countries. The disadvantages of it could be seen that it could get the worst threat. The worst possibility will be the attacking from outer country directly or the worst influences from conflicts which happen from outside the country.

The picture above had been described there are crossing assembly line between the north earth and the south earth. With this geography condition, there is an issue which is about marine security in Indonesia. It is going to enhance our border problems. It is not only land border problems but also marine border problems. All problems are belonging in the threat from outside this country. The government should conduct something to solve the problem properly. Besides that, in this condition makes easier to do illegal thing like people smuggling, trading illegal weapons, stealing fish and the others. It could be a horrible threat for our life of state. In the other problem, based on history, since the freedom of Indonesia, we have threat which rise inside this country. The roof of threat rises from the variety of Indonesian’s tribes. According to Population datum, it describes that Indonesia has 653 tribes with their own norm and habit. And then the spread process of the tribe is not prevalent. It is added by the economic level which is not prevalent too and political condition is not really good in this country. Since Indonesia freedom, we have some agitations as the effect of asymmetric war. There are Aceh freedom movement, Timor crisis, Security Disturber Movement in Papua and some agitations in some places. In this essay, writer will analyze the process of military operation in Aceh Indonesia in 2003-2004.

Lead up to the war (during 1976-1998 the first conflict happened) Aceh freedom Movement (GAM indo-red) is an organization which has purpose to achieve freedom for Aceh separated from The Unitary of Indonesia Republic, which is officially called NAD (Nangroe Aceh Darussalam Indo-red). This movement is one of insurgency action which is considered by a separatist. The Conflict between the government and GAM which caused differences in this desire has been ongoing since 1976 and had victims more than 15,000 inhabitants. In international level, this movement is well-known by Aceh Sumatra National Liberation Front (ASNLF). This movement is led by Hasan Tiro who led it almost in three decades. He has Sweden Nationality because he wanted to dodge from Indonesia Military. Although, he was born in Aceh, September 25, 1925 and passed away in Banda Aceh, June 03, 2010 (84 years old). The day before he died, he was awarded the Indonesian citizen by the Indonesian government.

Actually the rebellion of Aceh is waged by The Aceh Freedom Movement (GAM Indo-red) to get a freedom from Indonesia since 1976. It was one of the worst effect in the Soeharto government. The tendency of centralized system of Soeharto government and the others complaints, encouraged Hasan Tiro as the community leader to make an weapon movement which is called by Aceh Freedom Movement. He declared it and the freedom of Aceh on December 4 1976. The main threat need to be considered that Islamic practice conservative of Aceh people is as the threat background. Indonesia government culture is similar with “neo-colonial” as their opinion. The substantial problem is about the unfair of revenue distribution which happened in Aceh as a matter debate between Aceh people and government. The first attacking of GAM is conducted at Mobil Oil Indonesia as the shareholder of The Arun NGL Co. Ltd. The Company operated the Arun Gas Fields. At that phase, GAM troops were so limited and had base in Piddie as the hometown of Hasan Tiro. Many Gam leaders are youth and professional who have higher education as Aceh People. The first Gam Parliament which was formed by Hasan Tiro in Aceh (1976-1979). This parliament had task to manage his troops to against Indonesia Military and Police and prepare international diplomacy to support their fight.

In 1985, DItiro got support from Lybia Regime to send his troops there in order to being trained by Lybia Military. He took the advantages of Muammar Gaddafi policy who supported the nationalist separatist “Mathaba against imperialism, Racism, Zionism and Fascism”. The big possibility, Lybia gave some fund for GAM to increase their power and provided shelter and sanctuary for GAM who had been trained there. It happened around 1986-1990. That GAM troops who attacked the Indonesian military and police in Aceh. Based on datum, the insurgency were about 1.000-2.000 personals who involved in that conflict. It had been claimed by the leader of that organization. In 1989, it was the terrible incident or conflict between GAM and Indonesia. A lot of fire contacts happened at that time, because many insurgencies which had been trained from Lybia had gone back to Aceh in order to supporting the main troops in Aceh. Although GAM had failed to gain widespread support from his citizen, the actions of GAM became more aggressive as the unbelievable form of Indonesian government job. The period between 1989 and 1998 were well-known as the era of Military Operations Area (DOM) in Aceh when the Indonesian military increased the counter-insurgency operations in Aceh in order to restoration of security. This step, although tactically it could crush GAM guerrilla forces, but it had resulted in casualties among the local civilian population in Aceh. It was not only small amount victims in civilian, more than hundreds civilian became the victims at the conflict. In this case and condition, it made most of Aceh people feel so hate with the government particularly military. And then it became contrary, it meant that most Aceh people supported and assisted GAM in order to building the organization stronger than before. It happened when there was political upheaval in Jakarta that needed to deploy back all military troops from Aceh in order to secure capital city. (reform event in 1998). After building the organization stronger, it became the second stage rebellion in Aceh as the effect of back deployment of military from Aceh.

In 1999, after the military troop withdrawal was announced, it made security circumstance in Aceh became worst. With this situation, it needed to increase the number of military troop to handle it. During Megawati Sukarno putri government, it had deployed around 15.000 personals to Aceh (2001-2004). Because GAM had overcame more than 70% rural area in Aceh. It would be dangerous for the unitary of the republic of Indonesia. During this phase, there are two periods of cessation brief conflict. There were the "Humanitarian Pause" in 2000 and "Cessation of Hostilities Agreement" (COHA), which only takes place between December 2002 when it was signed and ended in May 2003. That time was same time when government declared "Martial Law" in Aceh and announced that it wants to destroy once and for all

Parties After midnight on May 18, 2003 President Megawati gave permission to TNI conducting the military operations against separatists in Aceh. She also imposed martial law in Aceh for six months. Indonesian government had deployed about 30,000 soldiers and 12,000 policemen in Aceh. In June, the government announced their intention to print a new ID card that must be taken to distinguish all residents Aceh rebels and civilians. NGOs and relief agencies got order to stop operations and left the area quickly. All assistance should be coordinated through the government in Jakarta and the Indonesian Red Cross. Military operation happened after the president as the highest Commander in Chief of TNI decided and announced the status of Aceh circumstance. Actually, before it, there had been some operation tasks that it still operated there. As doctrine, before military conduct operation, there will be 2 kinds of operation that must be conducted properly. There are territorial operation and intelligence operation. In Aceh province, TNI AD (Indonesia army Forces) has Iskandar Muda Military area command (Kodam IM – Indonesia red) as responsibility in territorial operation. The function of the territorial operation is to persuade civilians not to support the separatist and contrarily can support the government. The function of intelligence operation is to get more information about the separatist correctly. Because we know that well recon can be the important key to win a war. The Aceh military operation had been divided into two stages of operation. There were martial law and civil emergency. The stage of operation depended on the actual circumstance in that area. Below the operation stages completed with the duration of time, 1.	The first Martial Law during July 2003-Jan 2004 2.	The second martial law during Jan 2004-July 2004 3.	The first civil emergency during July 2004-Jan 2005 4.	The second civil emergency during Jan 2005-July 2005

Martial Law (2003-2004) Each stages of the operation were set around 6 months (real operation). It would be added depended on the circumstance of conflict. In the martial law phase, based on doctrine, it must be assigned by the President decree who in charge as martial law authorities. In that case, coordinating minister of political and security law, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, became the martial law authorities in Aceh. The commander of Military Area Command became The Region Martial Law Authorities, Major General Endang Suwarya, who had responsibility in that operation.

The task forces The anatomy of martial law were conducted some military operation. There are intelligence and territorial operation as continuing operation before. And then there were 4 operation task forces to be the main forces as the security restoration operation. There were operation task force, air operation task force, administration task force and intelligence specific task force. For six months as beginning, TNI deployed forces around 1 Infantry Division of Kostrad and Parako battalion from Indonesia special forces which was completed by support task unit. The task force was well known by Rajawali Task Force. The task force was deployed by 2 ways. There were paratroopers operation and landing beaches operation. Paratrooper was deployed in Blang Bintang Abes North Aceh which had been conducted by 1 paratrooper brigade using C-130. It happened on Monday morning May 19, 2003. It was begun by firing of Rocket FFARof OV-10 Bronco Indonesia Air Force to the base of GAM in Cot Keueng. It was about 468 personals as the first wave of paratroop operation to secure all part of area nearby drop zone. The troop which had been deployed there was well-known by Rapid Reaction Force of TNI (Indonesia Armed Forces).

Actually paratroop operation was not needed at that operation. It was just show a force and gave deterrence effect for the separatist. The planning of the operation should be managed properly to catch the drop zone correctly. Before paratroop operation, TNI deployed special force to find and secure the drop zone. The force deployed in the middle night by using free fall troop. It was more dangerous because needed observation more correct and must have a brave to do it in conflict area. And then, for the others troop deployed in landing beaches operation. They were deployed in Krueng Geukeuh. The troop which had been deployed there were 2 infantry brigade completed by supporting task unit. They entered there after the place was avowed safe and clear by paratrooper task force. For beginning, marine force was about 1300 personals landed at the beach using amphibian armor. When the marine attempted to reach the beach, they had to face the GAM with fire contact. Hundreds of GAM was ready to firing the marine by using medium machine gun. In a fact, the paratroop that had landed first could not secure that place properly.

After landed in Aceh, military troop was divided into 3 parts of that organization. There are framework troops, striking troop and reverse troop. It had to be divided like this to assist the stages of military operation. As we know that insurgency enemy is not same with the real enemy of this country. The operation area is also difficult to separate between insurgency troops and civilian.

In this kind of operation, area operation will be divided into 3 parts i.e. 1.	WHITE AREA (it is our own side area) 2.	GREY AREA (derogated area) 3.	BLACK AREA (insurgency base area)

In Aceh, there were some places which had become the black area (insurgency base area). There were East Aceh, North Aceh, Bireuen and Piddie. In that place, GAM had more than 5.000 personals which separated around there. Besides that, there were many grey areas which should be handled by the troops in that operation. GAM separated their troops among small rural there nearby forest and swamp among highway between Aceh and North Sumatra. The strategic location of GAM which should be forced by military troops were Paya Meuligoe (East Aceh), Keude Geurubak (East Aceh), Idi Rayeuk (East Aceh), Kuala Simpang Ulim (East Aceh) and Leupen Sireun (North Aceh). If government troops could force that place, it was going to be easy achieve a win in that war. Framework troops had tasks to force the source area of GAM and will widen the area continuously and gradually. The task area of framework troop was in WHITE AREA and GREY AREA which became seized area between GAM and Military. The composition of this troops were combat unit, combat support unit, territorial unit, civilian deploy task and local government. This troop conducted patrol operation, intelligence and territorial operation to support the main task. The task troop persuaded citizens to support the government side and look for information about insurgency. The troop often got ambushes from GAM. The big ambushes of GAM happened in Matang Kumbang Village, Peusangan North Aceh. It was about 60 peronals of TNI which were fired by GAM using machine gun in Sudan Valey. GAM had dominated critical terrain made them easy firing our troop. It happened on June 10,2003 and got victims both of them. Striking troop had tasks to keep Fire ability and offensive the GAM, conduct surprising attack to keep initiative and weaken insurgency force, conduct offensive action deeper to prevent insurgency which would prepare force and consolidation and weaken the insurgency force to war. This task should enhance the grey area (seized area) to become white area and change the insurgency base (black area) to become grey area. The composition of this force were well-prepared combat task, special force (Komando, reserve force and Raider), and support combat unit in main war. And then the last task is reserve force. This force had tasks to exploiting (make war result bigger), keeping the flexibility, securing and guarding, in a specific circumstance this task could change striking troop, conduct sweeping after seize the target. As reserve troop, the position of this force was in back of white area or grey area in order to making faster to support the main force. This force was consisted of combat task, territorial unit, and combat support unit. This military operation which happened in martial law phase was based on The Contra Insurgency operation. As the main force, TNI which involved at that operation used the doctrine as guidance. This doctrine has 4 stages to make it easy to use as guidance. Writer will describe it and what part of military operation in Aceh in order to analyzing the war. First stage Sweeping. It was conducted in area which had been infiltrated smoothly by insurgency. It might be in white, grey and even in black area. This stage would be begun by intelligence operation to get information about insurgency correctly and properly. The information of insurgency was information about ability and weakness level, terrain condition, political social economy condition, and how civilian support the insurgency. This sweeping operation could be conducted by the combined task between intelligence operation, territorial operation and combat operation. It was divided by 3 methods of operation. There were separating, localizing and destroying it in the killing zone. As we know, if we have a war with insurgency, it will be hard to know who is friend and who is enemy. It is caused that both of them have similar model in an area. Insurgency had known about terrain, climate, and it was supplemented by training process of GAM troop which happened in Libya. In this circumstance, it became not easy for military to handle this problem quickly. As the first circumstance, civilian and insurgency lived in similar place and condition. It needed to separate between them.

The picture is above telling about the initial condition in area operation. In that condition, insurgency and civilian lived together and military troop had something difficult to distinguish them. The movement GAM could not be detected by Military troop. They could disappear in one place and rise in another place quickly. They separated in forest, mountain and swamp. In the beginning of war, his leader who named Tengku Sofyan Daud said that only GAM who could determine when and where war begun. They used guerrilla doctrine in the war. Based on intelligence datum, Mobile task unit of TNI knew the position of him properly. He was in Pase area around Rantau Seulamat East Aceh. Military predicted that he was in swamp around there. Military had surrounded him in there and had been ready to fire that location. Finally military fired the target after they got an order from center operation. In a fact, military didn’t find GAM troop and its leader Tengku Sofyan Daud. Nobody knew how he and his troop could disappear in that place. With this condition, military had to separate them properly. It should assist them to conduct this operation. Separating between civilian and insurgency needed specific operation that involved combat operation and territorial operation.

Based on datum, there was information about force deployment of GAM. It had been divided in some areas which always attacked military post. The force deployment of GAM was among other 1.	Tanjung Keramat Village, Aceh Tamiang. Military Leader’s name was Syamsuddin. Police leader was Rajali. Governor’s name was Tengku Dun (Abu Tapa). This force had about 300 personals which had 10 mixed weapons. 2.	Idi Rayeuk East Aceh. Military leader’s name was Ishak Daud. It had troops around 400 personals with 217 mixed weapon. 3.	Matang Ulin Lhoksukon North Aceh. Military leader’s name was Sofyan Daud. Governor’s name was Said Abnan. It had troops around 100 with 80 mixed light weapons. 4.	Rantau seulamat district East Aceh. Military leader’s name was Tengku Sanusi bin Malih. It had troops around 827 personals with 344 weapons. 5.	Paya Meuligoe East Aceh. It was led by Tengku Sanusi bin Malih too. It had troops around 217 personals. 6.	Kuala Simpang East Aceh. Military leader’s name was Bahrom. It had 18 troops with 8 mixed weapons. 7.	Batee Iliek North Aceh. Military leader’s name was Tengku Darwis Jeunib. It had 1.318 personals with 815 standard weapons and 75 assembly weapons. 8.	Jambo Meuriti Jambo Aye North Aceh. Military leader’s name was Apacik. It had 100 personals with 80 weapons. With this information, it meant that the deployment force of GAM had been separated around Aceh. Separating phase would assist the operation properly in order to handling the conflict generally. After separating the insurgency, military troops would localize them to killing ground. It would involve all kind of operation in this war. Territorial operation had task to persuade civilian give support back to government. Intelligence operation had task to get more information about the insurgency. And combat operation would hit the insurgency to surrender in killing zone. In the south of a valley which located in North Aceh, there happened a heroic war between military troops and GAM. Military troop attempted to hit back GAM into killing zone. But it had become risked operation, because the condition of area operation was full of fog. It made hard to see for military troop. And finally GAM fired them on the top of that valley. It made 3 personals of military troop were hit by GAM and died. The war ended in the middle of night. And then it had been continued in the day after that event. Military troop hit back GAM to move in the killing zone. And then military troop succeed to fire them in killing zone. GAM got 5 personals died in that war.

Based on datum, Endriartono Sutarto as CiC TNI, Indonesia military troops had been succeed to decrease the total number of GAM around 9.593 persons. It could be death victims, arrested personals and surrender to government. This Military operation has hit GAM to be surrender quickly. Indonesia government claimed that they had won in the war. This operation (in Martial Law phase) had happened almost more than a year. In this case, GAM had been surrender because they felt under pressure from attacking of military troop. After that, the condition of this operation became more peace and safe. Knowing it, government changed the status of security into civil emergency on May 2004.

Civil Emergency (2004-2005) In civil emergency, Indonesia Military troop still conducted part of counter insurgency operation. This part had some stages to do as continuously stages before. Second stages keeping and increasing area condition which had been seized. All of area which had been seized and swept by military should be kept by operational unit of TNI. It could prevent insurgency which want to rebuild their organization stronger like happened in previous operation. In this stage, Government rebuilt local government there properly. Government would build economic level and created an advantage for National Defense Development there. All the time, Military assisted Government to prevent penetration of insurgency. Third stage Consolidation in area operation. Civilian condition should be rebuilt again in order to supporting government build the area. Government ensured that the governing wheel would conduct properly as supporting form for develop the economic level. After building economic level, it would give a hope and belief from civilian to government.

Fourth stage Rehabilitation/ stabilization. In this stage, civilian condition should be better than before. Government could conduct their job properly like before the conflict happened. In this case, it would become sign that government won the war. Government kept the stabilization of political, economic and security in that area. And then Government continued all The Development program and always warn from the threat every time.

Key players and/ or diplomacy and international roles Key player in this operation is not only military as the task force which has task to fire and combat with insurgency, but also Government role should be well key role in this case. Government does not only make decision to war and handle the conflict but government should determine good steps that they should take to develop that region properly. With this circumstance, it makes easy to persuade the civilian even insurgency to be back as a part of this country. Martial law was end on May 2004 and Government had changed the status into civil emergency. In a bad condition after war, it made worst when a big disaster happened in Aceh. The horrible disaster was an earthquake-triggered tsunami which happened on Dec 26 2004. It had swept all part of Aceh including capital Banda Aceh and had killed at least 150.000 people and left many more homeless. On Jan. 19, 2005, Foreign Minister Hassan Wirajuda said that the government would resume talks with GAM to fully restore security and political stability in the tsunami-stricken province. It would be the first peace full step between GAM and Indonesia Government. This event happened in SBY government. In the beginning of his government, he had to face the conflict and the disaster. But it would become great chance for finish the conflict properly. After elected of SBY as a President of Indonesia Republic, with Kalla as a vice President, they had a plan to finish the Aceh conflict by using “connected closing”. This step was taken by using Government role as the important key and military role as territorial side could become easy to solve the problem. International opinion after Tsunami wanted to solve the conflict using dialogue between Government and GAM. Actually it had happened on December 2002. Both of parties sent his delegation. It happened in Cessation of Hostilities Agreement (CoHA) which was assigned by both of them. But it had not been able to solve the problem properly. In this case, SBY – Kalla government initiated to make a dialogue between them. There were some dialogues to solve the conflict. And Government was assisted by Finland government as a neutral side of this conflict. The dialogues were among there 1.	Jan. 28-30, 2005: The government and GAM begin a new round of talks in Helsinki brokered by the Finland-based Crisis Management Initiative. 2.	February, 2005: The second round of talks is held in Helsinki with GAM demanding self-rule and an exclusive political party in Aceh. 3.	April 12, 2005: Another meeting is held in Helsinki between the government and GAM.

May 18, 2005: Emergency status in Aceh is changed into a normal civilian order to create a favorable circumstance for post- disaster reconstruction program in Aceh. It happened after there was Agreement between Indonesia government and GAM. Government gave special autonomy in Aceh as Specific are in The Unitary of Republic of Indonesia.

Analysis and Conclusion With this problem or conflict, we can analyze it in some parts of solving way. It is not only in war role play but also outside the war. The analyzing results are 1.	Counter insurgency operation should involve all part of operation including territorial operation, intelligence operation and combat operation. The tactic of this operation had been well tactic to handle the conflict/ insurgency. But intelligence operation should be the important role in order to being reconnaissance in the war. Without correctly information about enemy, terrain, climate, it can be hard to do that operation. 2.	The government role is also being the important key to solve this problem. This is internal conflict, so it should be able to be solved in dialogues. Parliament role must be conducted properly as delegation of all area in Indonesia.