User:Eryk (Wiki Ed)/Living species brochure

This page contains a proposed text for the Wiki Education Foundation brochure, "Editing Wikipedia articles on living species." It is aimed at first-year biology and science students who will contribute content related to animals, insects, plants, and fungi to Wikipedia.

The period for comments closed on Wednesday, Nov. 5, 2015. However, we may make adjustments for future printings. Please leave comments, suggestions, and insights on the Talk page!

An announcement of this call for feedback was posted to the following:


 * WikiProject Animals
 * WikiProject Fungi
 * WikiProject Plants
 * WikiProject Biology
 * WikiProject Tree of Life
 * WikiProject Marine Life
 * WikiProject Amphibians and Reptiles
 * WikiProject Birds
 * WikiProject Mammals
 * Education Noticeboard

Please post to relevant WikiProjects or Wikipedians, and post here when you do!

Preamble
Editing Wikipedia can be daunting for newcomers, especially for student editors contributing to Wikipedia for the first time as part of a class assignment. This guide is designed to help you add or expand articles about living species to Wikipedia.

Be accurate

You’re contributing to a resource millions of people use to inform themselves about the world of science. Your work for this class will be read for thousands of people, so it’s important to be accurate.

By documenting and sharing your knowledge about biology, you’ll help Wikipedia provide a wider spectrum of information about the world. With great power comes great responsibility!

Understand the guidelines

Take time to read and understand the suggestions here to make the most of your contributions to Wikipedia. If you post something that doesn’t meet these guidelines, it may take up valuable volunteer time that could have been spent making your contributions, or other content, even better. If you aren’t comfortable with these guidelines, talk to your instructor about an alternative off-wiki assignment.

Engage with editors

Part of the Wikipedia experience is receiving and responding to feedback from other editors. Don’t wait until the last day to make a contribution, or you may miss comments, advice, and ideas. Volunteers from the Wikipedia community might change, or ask questions about, your work. If they do, make sure to acknowledge it, and work with them to improve the article. Discussion is a crucial part of the Wikipedia process.

Watch out for close paraphrasing

Use your own words. Plagiarizing by copying-and-pasting, or close paraphrasing — when most of the words are changed, but the structure and meaning of the original text remains — is against the rules.

Plagiarism is a violation of your university’s academic honor code. Plagiarism on Wikipedia will be caught by other editors, and there will be a permanent online record of it tied to your account. Even standard resources or authors, such as educational resources from organizations like the Chemical Safety Board and abstracts of articles in chemistry journals, are under copyright and should never be directly copied.

The best way to avoid this hassle is to make sure you really understand your material, and write about it in your own words. If you aren’t clear on what close paraphrasing is, contact your university’s writing center.

Be bold!

Take the time to understand the rules and guidelines, and soon you’ll be contributing important knowledge to a resource you and millions of other people use every day.

Getting started

 * Choose topics with plentiful and interesting literature in peer-reviewed journals or books, but not much coverage in Wikipedia.
 * Before creating an article, double check the scientific and common names for a species (it should only have one).
 * Check the article’s rating on its Talk page. “Start-class” or “stub” articles need your help! Avoid “featured” or “good” articles.
 * If you are making statements related in any way to human health, there are strict sourcing standards. See shortcut WP:MEDRS.

What's a shortcut? (Pull-out box)
What’s a shortcut?

The text WP:MEDRS is what’s known on Wikipedia as a shortcut.

You can quickly type shortcuts like this into Wikipedia’s search bar to pull up specific pages.

Using reliable sources
Learning to evaluate sources is a core component of engaging critically in your field — and on Wikipedia.

Consider the author. Authors published in a peer review process are preferred to self-published authors, such as a blog post or book series. Many writers lack proper training as scientists. Weigh the conclusions of pop press sources against the dominant conclusions in your field. Even quality sources of news should be built on the work of research, so try to find and use a scholarly source to contribute the same information to an article when possible. Second, consider the publisher. Cite books, textbooks or monographs from a reliable publisher of biology or science.

Don’t use these sources:
 * Blogs
 * Popular press articles
 * Any other non-peer-reviewed source

For more about finding sources, check out | shortcut  WP:RS.

Organizing your article
It can be helpful to gather your information and think about your lead section first. Alternatively, you can draft a traditional outline (see next page).

What's a lead section? (Pull-out box)
What’s a lead section? The lead section is the first section of a Wikipedia article.

A good lead will summarize the entire article in 1–4 paragraphs, providing context and briefly covering all of the important aspects of the topic. The first sentence usually starts with the common name of the topic in bold, and the scientific classification in italics. For example:

Sheep (Ovis aries) are quadrupedal, ruminant mammals typically kept as livestock.

For more about names and a style guide for plants and organisms, check out| shortcut  WP:MOSLIFE.

Depicting information accurately
Unlike most school assignments, Wikipedia doesn’t permit original research. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, and should cover only what the literature says. It’s not the place for interpretation or analysis. Never use material from different sources to suggest a conclusion that isn’t explicitly stated by those sources. If one reliable source says A, and another says B, resist the temptation to connect A and B in your article.

You can find out more about Wikipedia’s policies on Original Research at | shortcut WP:NOR.

Types of biology articles
Every article is unique, but here are some rough outlines. Add, remove, or reorder sections for your own topic.

Writing about an animal species


 * Lead section: Write the combination of common name, plus scientific name (italicized) in the lead.
 * Anatomy and morphology: Appearance; noting variations by sex.
 * Ecology and diet: Where it lives and its relationship with that habitat, such as diet. Note historical changes, such as introductions, range expansions, or extinctions.
 * Behavior: Social behavior, hunting or foraging techniques, threat responses, breeding and courtship, etc.
 * Taxonomic history: Discovery, description, changes in nomenclature. Relationship to other members of the genus.
 * Conservation status: Endangered, extinct, etc. Follow the IUCN Red List. Note threats, changes in population, and conservation efforts.

Good examples of species article are the common tern, slow loris, or banded sugar ant.

Writing about plants and fungi


 * Lead section: Include genus and species in italics, and growth form (annual, perennial, shrub, tree, etc).
 * Description: How would you identify it? Describe leaves, flowers, and fruiting bodies (for fungi).
 * Taxonomy: When was it discovered and described? Mention etymology, major synonyms, and changes in classifications.
 * Distribution and habitat: Where does it grow? Mention geography, elevation, climate, soil types, and growth density (singly or in clumps?). An ecology subsection can include interactions within the environment, including pests, pollinators, and disease.
 * Uses (or Culture): How is the plant or fungus used by humans? You can include details on cultivation.

Good examples of plant articles are durian or Amanita bisporigera fungus.

What is a taxobox? (Pullout box)
What is a Taxobox?

A taxobox is a small information table found at the top right corner of an article. It often includes a picture of the species, along with its placement in a classification system ( i.e., Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species, etc. for animals.).

There are unique Taxoboxes for animals and for plants, with pre-built templates that make it easy to add one to your article. You don’t have to fill in every section, but don't delete any fields that you don’t know —  blank sections won’t appear on the page.

You can copy and paste the code for a Taxobox at | shortcut  WP:TX.

How do you find an image? (Pullout box)
To illustrate your article, you can add any image found on Wikimedia Commons (http://commons.wikimedia.org). Commons is international, so you’ll find more images searching the Latin name (Corvus corax) rather than the common English name (Common raven).

For more information on uploading or using images, see our “Illustrating Wikipedia” handbook, linked from your course page.

Wrapping up
Key points

As you start writing, keep these guidelines in mind:
 * When mentioning technical terms for the first time, provide a short plain-English explanation in parentheses, if possible.
 * Keep species articles focused on the species. Steer away from unrelated facts, such as details about researchers.
 * Likewise, avoid excessive detail. For example, rather than listing all of the insects a bird eats, it’s appropriate simply to say it is an insectivore.
 * Let the facts speak for themselves. Respect your readers and recognize that empirical data doesn’t always lead two readers to the same conclusion.
 * If you mention medical or health information related to humans, be sure to understand the sourcing and citation requirements found at | shortcut   WP:MEDRS.
 * Always cite your sources! And if you find a statement in an existing article that isn’t properly cited, you can always add one.

Final thoughts


 * Don’t procrastinate! Writing good, reliable Wikipedia articles takes time. Don’t wait until the last minute. If you get stuck, always ask your instructor for extra time, rather than adding content to Wikipedia that doesn’t meet these guidelines.
 * Check back on your page. It can be interesting to see how your article grows, but you may also have comments and suggestions from other editors, and want to get involved in new directions and developments.
 * Be sure you’re writing impersonal, fact-based encyclopedic content, not an essay or blog post. See the “Editing Wikipedia” handbook linked from your course page for a refresher on the difference in tone.

Have more questions?


 * Do you have more questions about finding good sources, notability, or, really, anything at all? You can always ask the Wikipedia Content Expert listed on your course page. You can also post a question to Wikipedia volunteers at the Teahouse: | shortcut   WP:TH