User:Eschell20/sandbox

Sources for Green Infrastructure: History Section
http://www.sprawlwatch.org/greeninfrastructure.pdf


 * "What Are the Origins of Green Infrastructure?" section
 * notes two concepts to GI origin: " Green infrastructure has its origin in two important concepts: (1) linking parks and other green spaces for the benefit of people, and (2) preserving and linking natural areas to benefit biodiversity and counter habitat fragmentation."

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01426397.2016.1250875


 * "The three eras of GI: exploration, expansion and consolidation" Section
 * "we can go further and identify three periods of GI development: Exploration (19983–2008), Expansion (post-2008–2011) and Consolidation (2010–2012 onwards)"
 * We could possibly create subsections regarding these three "eras", or use this information to help organize our information.

https://greenburghny.com/DocumentCenter/View/6235/What-is-Green-Infrastructure?bidId=

MacKay, Buddy and Nathaniel P. Reed. 1994. Creating a Statewide Greenways System: Florida Greenways Commission Report to the Governor. Florida Greenways Commission, Tallahassee, FL. 186pp
 * "Origin of Green Infrastructure" section is very short, and has a lot of external references.
 * Term first used in Florida 1994: "Just as we carefully plan the infrastructure our communities need to support the people who live there—the roads, water and electricity—so must we begin to plan and manage Florida’s green infrastructure” and alludes to a green infrastructure mission of the Florida Greenways Project which was undertaken in 1991."
 * This source explains the first uses of the term, and the projects they were referring to when using the term.
 * “Just as we carefully plan the infrastructure our communities need to support the people who live there—the roads, water and electricity—so must we begin to plan and manage Florida’s green infrastructure” -MacKay

History Of Green Infrastructure
Note: History section being written from scratch for Green Infrastructure page

Green Infrastructure as a term did not appear until the early 1990s, although ideas of Green Infrastructure had been used long before that. The first coined use of the term was seen in a 1994 report by Buddy MacKay, chair of the Florida Greenways Commission, to Florida governor Lawton Chiles about a Green Infrastructure project undertaken in 1991: Florida Greenways Project. MacKay states, "Just as we carefully plan the infrastructure our communities need to support the people who live there—the roads, water and electricity—so must we begin to plan and manage Florida’s green infrastructure”.

Ancient China
Chinese literary gardens are another example of a sustainable lawn that showcased natural beauty in suburban areas. These gardens, dating back to the Shang Dynasty (1600–1046 BC), were designed to allow native plant species to thrive in their natural conditions and appear untouched by humans. This created ecological havens within the city

8th Century BC - 1st Century BC [by Jayme Uhlmann]
Greece was an early adopter of the concept of green Infrastructure with the invention of Greek agora. Agoras were meeting spaces that were built for social conversations and allowed Greeks to converse in public. Many were built across Greece, and some incorporated nature as a design aspect, giving nature a space among the public.

5th century - 15th century
A common urban habitat, the lawn, consists of short grass and sometimes herbaceous plants. While modern artificial lawns have been connected to a negative environmental impact, lawns in the past have been more sustainable, and they promoted biodiversity and the growth of native plants. These historical lawns are impacting lawn design today to create more sustainable ‘alternative lawns’.

In Medieval Europe, lawns rich with flowers and herbaceous plants known as ‘flower meads’ are a good example of a more sustainable lawn. Since then, this idea has been used. In the Edwardian Era, lawns full of thyme, whose flowers attracted insects and pollinators, created biodiversity. A 20th century take on this lawn, the ‘enamelled mead’, has been used in England, and has the purpose of both aesthetics and for stormwater management.

During the height of the Renaissance, public areas became more common in new cities and infrastructure. These areas were carefully selected and would often be urban parks and gardens for the public to converse and relax at. Other than social uses, urban parks and gardens were used to improve the aesthetic of the urban environment they were present in. Urban spaces had environmental uses for the implementation of fresh air and reduced urban heating.

17th Century[by Jayme Uhlmann]
Green Infrastructure can be traced as far back as the 17th century in European society beginning in France. France used the presence of nature to provide social and spatial organization to their towns. Originally, nature in cities was used to provide either social areas to interact or plants were grown in these spaces to provide food in close proximity to the inhabitants.

19th Century
In 1847, a speech by George Perkins Marsh called attention to negative human impacts such as deforestation. Marsh later wrote Man and Nature in 1864 based on his idea for conserving forests. Around the same time, Henry David Thoreau’s Walden of 1860 discussed preservation of nature and applied these ideas to urban planning saying, “I think every town should have a park,” and stated the “importance of preserving some portions of nature herself unimpaired.” Frederick Law Olmsted, a landscape architect, agreed with these ideas and planned many parks, areas of preserved land, and scenic roads, and in 1887, The Emerald Necklace of Boston, MA. The Emerald Necklace is a system of public parks linked by parkways that serves as a home to diverse wildlife and provides environmental benefits such as flood protection and water storage.

In Europe, Ebenezer Howard led the garden city movement to balance development with nature. He planned agricultural greenbelts and wide, radiating boulevards surrounded by trees and shrubbery for Victoria, England, so that as the city grew, the needed ‘gifts of nature’ would also be retained.

The US government became more involved in conservation and land preservation in the late 1800s. This was seen in the 1864 legislation to preserve the Yosemite Valley as a California public park, and 8 years later, the United States’ first national park.

20th Century
Many industrial leaders in the 19th century had the goal of increasing worker's quality of life through quality sanitation and outdoor activity, which would in turn create increased productivity in the workforce. These ideas carried into the 20th century where efforts in green infrastructure were seen in industrial parks, integrated landscaping, and suburban gardens.

The Anaconda Copper Mining Company was responsible for environmental damage in Montana, but a refinery in Great Falls saw this impact and used the surrounding land to create a green open space that was also used for recreation. This natural haven included a golf course, flower beds, picnic areas, a lily pond, and pedestrian paths.

Plans for Article improvement

 * We will add a section for 18th century green infrastructure in order to make a clear "timeline". We will also add some information on 21st century green infrastructure, but not much since development of green infrastructure is ongoing.
 * There is a section on history of lawns, but no other "topic" sections. We will either disperse this section into the other "era" sections, or continue to add other "topic" sections. I am unsure which would be the best course of action in terms of organization of our additions.
 * I will also go over my citations and clean them up, making sure they are in the proper format.
 * Addition of pictures would also be a good addition, and we will add one if we find something suitable.