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Area

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_the_Promotion_of_Teaching_Science_and_Technology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Thailand

Sector

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Thailand

Institute for the promotion of teaching science and technology:

 * How does the institution develop national science and mathematics curricula?
 * how does the institution promote science?
 * How/why was the institution started?
 * How has it affected/benefited education? (stats?)
 * No citations at all (except the one I added). no reliable source
 * Part of WikiProject Thailand. Mid-importance, stub lass

Human trafficking in Thailand

 * WikiProject Human rights, wikiproject Thailand, start-class with mid-importance
 * in the talk pages: most people wanted to add and change references. many external links have been modified.
 * prosecution category too broad? may need subcategories
 * not enough citations, especially for statistical facts
 * many [citations needed] in the prosecution section
 * further explanation and information needed in the Human trafficking in Thailand's sex industry category
 * "critics charge that..." "some observers believe..."
 * grammatical issues throughout the article

Human Trafficking in Thailand (Area)
Economic vulnerability of the people of Thailand makes them easy targets for trafficking by exploitative employers. As many as 450,000 ethnic people in Northern Thailand lack citizenship to the country, which makes them illegal migrants. The government provides little to no protection for these people, again making them vulnerable targets for trafficking.

An academic journal explaining the migrant networks in Thailand through primary research using participant observation methodology. Chapter 3 focuses on the socioeconomic and cultural background of Thailand and how that affects migration patterns and challenges.

A theses/dissertation on human trafficking for sexual exploitation in Southeast Asia. The article contains information on the following: historical factors of human trafficking issues in Thailand.

The article explains the sociology of prostitution, specifically how destitute women and children's living situation must be for them to turn to prostitution as a form of economic relief.

2009 Country reports on human rights practices on Thailand by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.

Human trafficking between Thailand and Japan.

Paper on the definition and types of TIP (trafficking in persons). The article describes different types of trafficking, such as sexual exploitation, labor and slavery, begging and the removal of organs. Also provides information on Thailand as a source/transit/destination country. The paper addresses the legal measures that are used to combat TIP, as well as prevention and suppression methods that are currently being used in the country.

Human Trafficking in Thailand (Sector)
A theses/dissertation on human trafficking for sexual exploitation in Southeast Asia. The article contains information on Thailand as a source/transit/destination country.

2009 Country reports on human rights practices on Thailand by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.

2017 Trafficking in Persons report spearheaded by the American government.

Paper on the definition and types of TIP (trafficking in persons). The article describes different types of trafficking, such as sexual exploitation, labor and slavery, begging and the removal of organs. Also provides information on Thailand as a source/transit/destination country. The paper addresses the legal measures that are used to combat TIP, as well as prevention and suppression methods that are currently being used in the country.

A thesis/dissertation on sexual exploitation of women in the 21st century in Thailand. It provides information on the sex industry in Thailand, as well as the economic/socio-cultural causes of sex trafficking.

An analysis of Thai government efforts in anti-human trafficking in Thailand, published in Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. The paper explains study objectives and methodology, the anti-trafficking laws, definitions and measurement in Thailand, and the results of stakeholder interviews. It also offers recommendations to the Thai Government for more effective anti-trafficking laws.

Reviews prevention strategies to prevent female sex trafficking that was initiated by NGOs. Authors recommend implementations that can improve the approaches that are currently being used to address sex trafficking.

The Impact of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children.

Thailand's socioeconomic culture, the driving force of trafficking

 * Women from impoverished northeast and north were trafficked for sexual exploitation
 * Lack of citizenship status for hill tribe women and children = significant risk factor for becoming victims of trafficking
 * women in prostitution worked in debt bondage
 * Migrant workers are not provided with a visa, which makes them easily exploitable by creating a compliant workforce that labors under the threat of deportation.
 * Social Security Fund (provides social protection to migrant workers and their families) does not extend to workers in the informal sector

Thailand as a destination/transit/source country

 * Thailand as a destination country for sex trafficking
 * Trafficking victims within country includes persons from Burma, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam
 * foreign victims frequently unable to speak the Thai language, hence they were particularly vulnerable to physical abuse and exploitation
 * Relatively more economically advanced than some of its neighboring countries, thus many illegal immigrants from these countries enter Thailand to escape unrest within their own country. Often, these immigrants are exploited for their labor
 * Some immigrants are smuggled into Thailand by factories that employ illegal immigrants in order to pay lower wages. Some who try to escape this situation are detained by factory owners until their smuggling debt is fully deducted.
 * Thailand as a source country for sex trafficking
 * Thai citizens trafficked abroad to Bahrain, Malaysia, Taiwan, Singapore, South Africa, and Hong Kong
 * Thai women trafficked to work overseas are usually told that they are in a debt bondage. They not only have to pay the debt, but the interest that adds up during their time working at a brothel (food, clothes, cosmetics, rooms, etc.)
 * Main destinations for Thai victims are Japan, Germany, U.S., United Kingdom, South Africa, Australia
 * Japan is the most frequent destination
 * Victims deceived to pay for their own travel & other expenses in advance
 * Thailand as a transit country for sex trafficking
 * Burmese citizens trafficked from Malaysia across Thailand's southern border
 * Cambodian victims identified among deportees from Thailand

NGOs in Prevention
Immediate/Reactive


 * Involve a specific individual/group.
 * Rescuing a girl so to prevent trafficking.
 * Few NGOs in this sector
 * Usually occurs within law-enforcement sectors of gov't
 * Immdiate shelters for potential victims = NGOs
 * Most prevalent prevention measure is prosecution of traffickers and brothel owners by the state, since it is the enactment of the law.

Strategic/Structural


 * address female vulnerability at the root of the problem and gendered dynamics
 * structural change, to stop trafficking before it starts
 * "successful NGO forum of the 1985 UN Conference on Women in Nairobi, the NGO sector, especially women’s NGOs, has assumed a major role in bringing gender issues to the attention of the world community and in protecting and advocating for human rights. "

Overview
Thailand is a destination country for many illegal immigrants from neighboring countries for better-paying jobs. Four key sectors of the Thai economy (fishing, construction, commercial agriculture, and domestic work) rely heavily on undocumented Burmese migrants and other ethnic minority groups from Myanmar, including children, as cheap and exploitable labourers. Many of these immigrants are particularly vulnerable to labor exploitation from the lack of legal protection, and are subjected to conditions of forced labor in these sectors. Among these immigrants are females who have been brought to work in the commercial-sex businesses. Children from Burma, Laos, and Cambodia are trafficked into forced begging and exploitative labour in Thailand as well. In these fields, the migrants are easily subjected to abusive conditions.

Thailand is also a source country of laborers because many Thai workers are sent abroad to Taiwan, Malaysia, United States, the Middle East, etc. Among them, Japan is considered the biggest market for the migrants. Many laborers—especially women—are trafficked overseas, and they often find themselves in a debt bondage because they are required to pay a hefty pre-departure recruitment fee which creates a debt that they have to pay back through involuntary labor. The Thai migrant workers are victims of oppressive labor abuses such as excessive work hours, low wages, and an unsafe working environment.

Finally, Thailand is considered a transit country. Thailand is in the center of South-East Asia, a convenient location for traffickers to transit victims to other countries. For this reason, Bangkok is the hub for many Chinese human traffickers who transport captives and illegal migrants from Thailand to destinations around the world such as the US, Europe, Australia, etc. Sex trafficking victims from Bangladesh, Pakistan, Vietnam, and North Korea have been identified as having passed through Thailand en route to Western Europe, Singapore, Russia, and the US.

Prevention
Prevention is a strategy that seeks to reduce the risk of people getting trafficked. It is mainly used as a way to combat trafficking in countries that do not have an adequate criminal justice system.

Government in Prevention
(o) Thai government law enforcement efforts to reduce domestic demand for illegal commercial sex acts and child sex tourism have been limited to occasional police raids to shut down operating brothels. (o)

(o) At the same time, awareness-raising campaigns targeting tourists were conducted by the government to reduce the prevalence of child sex tourism and prostituted children. The Thai government also cooperated with numerous foreign law enforcement agencies in arresting and deporting foreign nationals found to have been engaging in child sex tourism. In 2007, the Thai government disseminated brochures and posts in popular tourist areas such as Chiang Mai, Ko Samui, Pattaya, and Phuket warning tourists of severe criminal charges for the procurement of minors for sex. Thailand has not ratified the 2000 UN TIP Protocol.[5] At the local level, advocacy organizations must be included in the development of informational programs and awareness campaigns about the rights of trafficked persons, and how they can obtain help and services to meet their physical and mental health needs.”[34] (o)

In April 2015, Thailand faced a threat of a trade ban from the European Commission for not taking sufficient measures to combat exploitation in the fishing industry. Specifically, the creation of the Command Centre for Combating Illegal Fishing in May 2015, which addressed illegal, and unregulated fishing, was able to arrest a handful of criminals and rescue about 130 trafficking victims.

In May 2015, the National Legislative Assembly of Thailand—in order to combat child sexual exploitation—amended the Criminal Code of Thailand to criminalize child pornography in May 2015. According to the Bill, those that posses child pornography can be held in prison for up to five years, those that distribute it can be held for seven years, and those that produce and trade it can be held up to ten years.

NGOs in Prevention
Many NGO's take a strategic and structural approach to address human trafficking. One of these approaches comes in the form of combatting gender dynamics, which is the source of female vulnerability, a trait that makes women easy victims for trafficking. NGO's take on a role of advocating for women's rights through the improvement of women and girls' education. Educational empowerment can lead to increase in individual incomes, which prevents the women from being forced into trafficking. For example, Thai Women of Tomorrow (TWT) has created a team of volunteer teachers who teach about the dangers of commercial sex industry and trafficking to local villages.

Protection
Protection is repairing and building up the broken legal system so that it can effectively protect the rights of human-trafficking victims.

Prosecution
Prosecution is bringing the perpetrators and traffickers to trial so that the victims are ensured justice for their case.

My Contributions

 * 1) Major contribution (3 paragraphs) in the "overview" section of the page.
 * 2) Organized and reformatted the "overview" section with existing info so that it flows better.
 * 3) Added in definition of prevention in the "prevention" section.
 * 4) Created subheadings, Government in Prevention and NGOs in Prevention within the "prevention" section.
 * 5) Wrote 3 paragraphs in the "prevention" section
 * 6) Reformatted the "prevention" section with previously existing info.
 * 7) Added in definition of protection in the "protection" section.
 * 8) Added in definition of prosecution in the "prosecution" section.
 * 9) Made "child kidnapping" "human trafficking in Thailand's fishing industry" and "human trafficking in Thailand's sex industry" subheadings under the heading "Types of Human Trafficking."