User:Eurodog/sandbox258

According to the Equal Justice Initiative, 4084 African Americans were lynched in the South between 1877 and 1950, of which, 25 percent were accused of sexual assault and nearly 30 percent, murder. Many were in public view. White jurisdictions often refused to prosecute (indict) members of lynch mobs. When indictments were filed, all-White juries refused to convict.

In The Confessions of Nat Turner, published in 1831 by Thomas Ruffin Gray, Turner explains how he saw the divine signs that vindicated him as an instrument of vengeance and established his prophetic status.


 * "The hour of grim revel at length came, and the American Sampson  [sic] raised his hand, but for a purpose far different than that which the poet dreaded – not to shake, but to stay up the tottering temple of American liberties – that temple in which he had only received insult and and unutterable wrong."

Wells travels

 * 1893


 * Pembroke Chapel at Pembroke College, Oxford


 * 1894
 * Departed Boston, arriving in Liverpool March 1, 1894, aboard the SS Lake Ontario, Allan Line, in cabin class.




 * March 22, 1894: Hope Hall, Liverpool, "Lynch Law in the Southern States of America". Hope Hall was a revivalist preaching house that stood from 1853 to 1916. The lecture was attended by Sir Edward Russell, editor of the Liverpool Post. The event was supported by Rev. Charles Frederic Aked (1864–1941), who, from 1907 to 1911, was pastor of the John D. Rockefeller Church (Fifth Avenue Baptist) in Manhattan, the forerunner to Riverside Church. Celestine Edwards also supported the event. Ida chose "Aked" as the middle name of her first child with Ferdinand: Charles Aked Barnett.


 * https://www.newspapers.com/image/409288578


 * March 25, 1894; 3:30 : Men's Pleasant Sunday Afternoon Society (P.S.A.), aka Men's Own Brotherhood – at the Norwood Congregational Church, West Derby Road, Liverpool, "The Disabilities and Wrongs of the Colored Race in the Southern States of America".

Thomas Blackshear
On February 1, 1990, at the start of Black History Month in the U.S., the U.S. Postal Service dedicated a 25¢ stamp commemorating Wells in a ceremony at the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago. The stamp, designed by Thomas Blackshear II, features a portrait of Wells illustrated from a composite of photographs of her taken during the mid-1890s. Wells is the twenty-fifth African American entry – and fourth woman African American – on a U.S. Postage stamp. She is the thirteenth in the Postal Service's Black Heritage series.

= Big test =
 * Test 1: Rose rose to put rose roes on her rows of roses.
 * Test 2: Violet vilely violated violets.


 * Test
 * Test

References, fixed




Print:  Book (1st ed.) (July 31, 1999);  Book (10th ed.) (February 1, 2000): ; ISBN 0-944092-69-1; ISBN 978-0-944092-69-9  Book (11th ed.) (2011):  Exhibitions, film, digital:  Roth Horowitz Gallery, 160A East 70th Street, Manhattan (January 14, 2000 – February 12, 2000); Andrew Roth and Glenn Horowitz, gallery co-owners, Witness: Photographs of Lynchings from the Collection of James Allen and John Littlefield, organized by Andrew Roth  New York Historical Society (March 14, 2000 – October 1, 2000);, Without Sanctuary: Lynching Photography in America, curated by James Allen and Julia Hotton  Andy Warhol Museum (September 22, 2001 – February 21, 2002), The Without Sanctuary Project, curated by James Allen; co-directed by Jessica Arcand and Margery King  Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park (May 1, 2002 – December 31, 2002), Without Sanctuary: Lynching Photography in America;, curated by Joseph F. Jordan, PhD (né Joseph Ferdinand Jordan, Jr.; born 1951); Douglas H. Quin, PhD (born 1956) exhibition designer; National Park Service MLK site team: Frank Catroppa, Saudia Muwwakkil, and Melissa English-Rias  The 2002 short film, Without Sanctuary, directed by Matt Dibble (né Matthew Phillips Dibble; born 1959) and produced by Joseph F. Jordan, PhD (né Joseph Ferdinand Jordan, Jr.; born 1951), accompanied the 2002–2003 exhibition by the same name, Without Sanctuary, at the Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park (co-sponsored by Emory University)  Digital format (2008): (Overview, Movie, Photos, Forum)  Official website; part of collection at the Robert W. Woodruff Library at Emory University


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 * . Library of Congress, Manuscript/Mixed Material – https://www.loc.gov/item/mfd.40021/. Also transcribed by Project Gutenberg → e-book No. 17977 (released February 8, 2005).



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 * citing → quoting →


 * see also:
 * CHARLES OGLETREE, FROM LYNCH MOBS TO THE KILLING STATE: RACE AND THE DEATH PENALTY IN AMERICA 58 (2006) (“Though lynching had been used in the late 1800s as a form of punishment for whites, Mexicans, Chinese, and Native Americans, by the early 1900s, it had taken on a distinctly black/white racial character.”).






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 "Michon Boston" (1962–), pp. 366–367  Iola's Letter (1994), pp. 368–408</ol>


 * https://books.google.com/books?id=i0EOAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover 


 * https://books.google.com/books?id=ZC_sDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover 

https://www.google.com/books/edition/Racialized_Protest_and_the_State/ZC_sDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22white+juries+refused%22+lynchings&pg=PT24&printsec=frontcover


 * /https://www.google.com/books/edition/Historic_World_Leaders_North_South_Ameri/ljsOAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22Had+Wells-Barnett+been+able+to+see+the+future%22&dq=%22Had+Wells-Barnett+been+able+to+see+the+future%22&printsec=frontcover
 * /i0EOAQAAMAAJ


 * Vera J. Katz: 1969 to 2001




 * 55. Townes, in Womanist Hope, Womanist Justice, discusses the Willard/Wells conflict as a quintessential case study in conflict between black and white womanist/feminist agendas. In Beyond the Pale: White Women, Racism and History, Vron Ware recounts the hostile response Ida B. Wells provoked when she republished Frances Willard's 1890 New York Voice interview implying lynching was a national necessity (New York: Verso, 1992).


 * link






 * Freedom's Journal, founded in 1827 in New York City
 * ''The North Star, founded by Frederick Douglass in 1848 in Rochester, New York


 * "Says Negros Are Only Lynched for Assault on Women," The Inter Ocean, September 11,1894


 * With respect to the surname of Ida B. Well's mother, Lizzie, is believed to have been born to in 1844 to George Washington and Mary Anna Arrington on a plantation in Appomattox County, Virginia, owned by William Arrington. By October 1958, Lizzie was owned by a Memphis architect, Spires Boling (1812–1880).

was born into slavery, her maiden name reflected the surname of her two owners,

was born into slavery.

's maiden name was that of