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Miron Naumovich Sher (June 29, 1952, Chernivtsi, Ukraine – August 21, 2020, New York) (in Russian, Мирон Наумович Шер)

Sher's growing emphasis on coaching
After several visits to Scandinavia in the 1990s, Sher began coaching GM Peter Heine Nielsen, currently the second of World Champion GM Magnus Carlsen. Nielsen wrote about those travels: "I was among the lucky to make his acquaintance. Me being a teenager, I recall getting up in the morning asking my parents if they had seen him, getting the reply: 'He has been sitting in the living room being ready to work for two hours already!' Entering the room with a guilty conscience, I however was greeted with his typical warm smile and we spent the next two days basically talking about chess non-stop.

"He was my introduction to classical chess-culture, and I recall showing Miron one of my games where he rightly suggested that here perhaps I could do the Rubinstein maneuver (re: Akiba Rubinstein) of playing ...a6...Qb8-a7! It was impossible not to notice that he enjoyed his work and always was happy to share his knowledge and opinions. We would look at my games, and I would ask about openings, do chess exercises, or he would show me interesting games. No question from me would ever be treated as it was stupid.

"I was very happy when he returned for a second visit, but not surprised when he made a name for himself in New York settling there with his family as a chess coach with numerous strong students, most notably, of course, Fabiano Caruana. Having fallen out of touch, we met again for lunch in 2015 catching up, and during the 2016 World Championship match in New York, he was a calming, experienced friend to talk to during intense games, giving advice, understanding the stress of the situation."

Coaching in the United States
In 1997 the Sher family moved to the United States, where he became a scholastic coach. One of the motivations for the move was so that Sher's son would not have to serve in the Russian army.

David MacEnulty – portrayed in the 2005 film, Knights of the South Bronx – in his capacity as director of chess at New York's Dalton School worked together with Sher for many years, told Chess.com: "Grandmaster Miron Sher was a grandmaster of far more than chess. He was one of the most superb human beings ever to grace the earth. I first met Miron in, I think, 1994. He and Alla had recently arrived in America, and NM Steve Colding called to see if I would like to hire a brilliant Russian grandmaster to help with my team in the Bronx. When Miron gave his first lesson, I knew immediately I was in the presence of a chess wizard. His English was still a work in progress, but his chess was clear, concise, to the point, and completely understandable.

"I hired him on the spot; it was the best decision I ever made as a chess teacher. Miron was the key to all my later success as a chess coach. He was brilliant but soft-spoken, always optimistic, always prepared, and always generous with his knowledge, which was extraordinarily deep. At the national tournaments, we had a team of coaches to analyze the kids' games. When I needed help—which was a frequent occurrence—I would go to one of the masters. If they didn't have a clear understanding, we would take it to Miron. He always knew immediately and would quote a game from St. Petersburg Chess Club Tournament of 1909 (ru), Carlsbad 1929, Zurich 1953 or some other event to show the genesis of the position.

"I remember once I carried around a game [Yasser] Seirawan had played against a Brazilian master. It was a Scotch game where the master made a weak 12th move, but I couldn't figure out what he should have played. I showed the game to Miron and asked what he thought. After wincing at that ugly 12th move, he studied the position briefly and came up with an idea that would never have crossed my mind. I asked how he found that, and he said there was—and he showed it to me—an analogous position in the Gruenfeld with colors reversed!

"For all his wisdom, knowledge and expertise, he was never one for self-promotion. One year at the Grade Nationals our team won three first places and five other trophies in the top five. When I tried to acknowledge Miron's contribution—which was monumental—he simply shrugged and said, 'They played well.'"

Fabiano Caruana
Sher coached Fabiano Caruana from the age of eight until he was 12. Caruana moved to Europe in 2004.

Others
New York City chess educator FM Mike Klein stated, "I eventually had to ask him [Sher] about a famous game, Nunn-Sher 1994 [ Hastings Challenger Premier Tournment ]. I waited until I knew him a little better, trying to observe the chess player coda that you don't approach someone for the first time and ask about a magnificent loss. Miron never took any exception. Instead, he told me about the secret trick he'd learned from this game: Miron realized that Nunn never played any of the moves that he expected, so after that loss, he stopped trying to guess them, and he fared much better in the next game. I don't know how many more stories Miron leaves behind, but I only wish that he was around to offer one more."

Shaun Smith of Chess in the Schools, where Miron taught classes for elite high schoolers: "He will be missed. I loved watching Miron Sher teach lunch club in John Galvin's office at 318K. He delivered lessons based on games that had been played that morning, and he always had the most prepared lessons! I also will never forget our trip together to Greece to coach Justus Williams (see: 2012 film, Brooklyn Castle). His calm coaching techniques and long walks before every round served as a great inspiration to me and Justus. Miron will be missed."

NM Shawn Martinez, a New York City chess coach, wrote: "Miron was a huge influence in my chess career growing up learning chess in IS 318. In order to participate in his class, you needed to be in the top group or specially selected by Elizabeth Spiegel (née Vicary). This was a class that began at 7:30 a.m. before school even started so the dedication had to be there! In those days he would tell many detailed stories during his lessons and for me, it was like reliving the experience through the lesson, and even getting the chance to have my own game analyzed by him was surreal. He was truly dedicated to his students. I am currently the same age as Magnus Carlsen and Wesley So, and these are players that in their teens Miron would speak highly of along with Fabiano and many others. He had a true eye for talent and remarkable skill in teaching that elevated many who worked with him. I will forever be honored for the opportunity to know and work with him."

If you want to know some teaching tricks and techniques that made him so successful, past "Chess Educator of the Year" Woman Fide Master Elizabeth Spiegel shared these thoughts from their time teaching together at IS 318, the only middle school ever to win the high school nationals:

"Miron taught our advanced players at IS 318 from 2000 to 2013. He was a phenomenal teacher; rich material, amazing questions, lots of different rules and thinking techniques to explain. I learned many teaching ideas from him that I still use every day in my classroom. A few of my favorites:


 * He emphasized the importance of noticing tactical targets: pieces that are not defended, but also "not well defended", his term which meant a piece is defended only the same number of times as it's attacked, so if its attacked again it's winnable.
 * He encouraged us to think of "dream moves", a sort of thinking technique where you ask "if I could lift this piece up and drop it anywhere, where would it be amazing?" This opens your mind to what's possible, without worrying about what's easy.
 * Miron introduced me to the excellent teacher trick of asking a class for the last move of a variation, which both ensures that students have calculated the variation to completion, and also makes it possible for one student to give an answer without ruining the problem for everyone else.
 * He coined the term "spy pawn" to describe a white pawn on, say, g7, shielding the black king. Because a spy pawn can never be taken, it provides an unusual kind of protection for the defender.
 * My all-time favorite Sher rule is "the 20% rule". This says that if a pawn has been advanced to the 5th rank or further, pushing it is the correct move 20% of the time. When I first heard Miron explain this, I had to stifle my laughter. It's absurd, of course, to try to approximate the complexities of chess with the blunt force of probability. But it made our shared students into aggressive pushers of passed pawns, so that worked out well.

"These techniques and fun rules made Miron an effective teacher. But Miron was much more than effective. He changed his students' lives and he did that by treating them with an unusual and unfailing respect. In his class at 318, when a student would suggest a variation or asked a detailed question in class, Miron would always respond the same way. He would listen, repeat the variation slowly so that everyone was following, and then, very deliberately, think for 10-15 seconds. He would then turn back to the student, nod several times, and reply, 'Yes, now I understand your idea. Let me think ...'

"This is a profoundly respectful way to respond to a question: it acknowledges the question as a complex thought that must be first understood in its own right, before any attempt to answer it. Imagine what this must be like for a child: to have an International Grandmaster of Chess, a white-haired, world-famous foreign-sounding man with seemingly encyclopedic knowledge, treat you as an intellectual equal. It allows you, maybe for the first time, to see yourself as a thinker worthy of respect, a mental force to be reckoned with. This is why children loved and trusted and learned so much from Miron: he was an intellectual giant who lifted everyone else up and never gave any indication he was the tallest person in the room."

"[He was] one of the greatest trainers left," Mikhalchishin said. "Pity that he did not write a book about his experience."

USSR Army
Viktor Korchnoi, in 1976, then ranked second in the world, became the first strong Soviet grandmaster to defect from the Soviet Union, leaving his wife, Bella, and son, Igor, behind. As some point, Igor had been promised that, if he gave up his passport, he would be released to join his father. After surrendering his passport, he was promptly drafted in the Soviet army, which he refused to serve. Igor was concerned about a Soviet policy that ex-army personnel had a very low chance of emigrating for at least 10 years after serving under a broadly applied pretense that, while serving, they may have become privy to military secrets. Igor was convicted of draft-dodging and sentenced to two and one half years in a Siberian labor camp – a sentence he served until May 1982. Even though Bela and Igor were able to emigrate July 3, 1982, Vienna, Viktor and Bella divorced in 1983.


 * "How To Lose at Chess – And a War of Nerves," by Robert Byrne, New York Times, Vol. 131, No. 45,140, November 22, 1981, p. 10E (accessible via https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1981/11/22/issue.html )



Russian Chess Masters
Sher, in 1975,

Sher was a Soviet and


 * Soviet Master of Chess.

In 1975, the Soviet Supreme Council of Physical Culture conferred upon Sher the rank of Master of Sport of the USSR in Chess, a national rank held for life to chess player who have achieved norms set by the Unified All-Sport Classification for chess.

The title has been in Russia since 1917. Until 1917 (11 chess players):


 * 1917

 Alexander Alekhine (1892–1946),  Benjamin Blumenfeld (1884–1947),  Fedor Duz-Khotimirsky (1879–1965),  Grigory Levenfish (1889–1961),  Stepan Levitsky (1876–1924),  Abram Rabinovich (1878–1943),  Ilya Rabinovich (1891–1942),  Nikoly Rudnev (1895–1944),  Andrey Smorodsky (1888–1954),  Sergey von Freymann (1882–1946),  Alexander Evenson (1892–1919)


 * 1920

 Peter Romanovsky (1892—1964)


 * 1923

 Vladimir Nenarokov (1880–1953),  Aleksandr Sergeyev (1897—1970), <li> Fedir Bohatyrchuk (1892—1984)</ol>
 * 1924

<li> Boris Verlinsky (1888—1950), <li> Yakov Vilner (1899—1931), <li> Nikolai Zubarev (1894—1951), <li> Veniamin Sozin (1896—1956)</ol>
 * 1934
 * In 1934 the executive bureau of the chess section of the WSFC decided to conduct a Qualification test for masters under the age of 50. As a result of checks (1935) 12 players were stripped of the title of master:

<li> Konstantin Vygodchikov (1892–1941), <li> Solomon Gotthilf (1903–1967), <li> Pyotr Nikolaevich Izmailov (ru) (1906–1937), <li> Vladimir Grigorevich Kirillov (1908–2001) <li> Arvid Kubbel (1889–1938), <li> Mikhail Makogonov (ru) (1900–1943) (brother of Vladimir Makogonov), <li> Abram Model (1896–1976) <li> Solomon Rosenthal (1890–1955) <li> Yakov Gerasimovich Rokhlin (ru) (1903–1996) <li> Aleksandr Sergeyev (1897–1970) <li> Vladislav Ivanovich Silich (ru) (1904–1944), <li> Nikolai Tikhonovich Sorokin (ru) (1900–1984)</ol>


 * Alexander Konstantinopolsky (1910–1990) and Veniamin Sozin (1896–1956) were asked to confirm the title of master: the first managed to do it, the second could not. Subsequently, Kirillov, Rokhlin, Silich, and Sorokin managed to complete the qualification again. M.'s norm with. THE USSR.

1975 (25)
<li> Eduard Semenovich Bakhmatov (Эдуард Семенович Бахматов) (1934–2013) <li> Mark A. Berkovich (Марка Беркович) (born 1952), <li> Gennadiy Burnevsky (Геннадия Ивановича Бурневского) (1935–2005), <li> Aleksander Veingold (Александр Викторович Вейнгольд) (born 1953), <li> Mikhail Yudovich Govbinder (Михаил Иудович Говбиндер) (ru) (1924–2006), <li> Leonid Gofshtein (Леонид Давидович Гофштейн) (1953–2015), <li> Sergey Dolmatov (Сергей Викторович Долматов) (born 1959) <li> Yury Zelinsky (Юрий Всеволодович Зелинский) (ru) (born 1934), <li> Dmitry Dmitrievich Kaiumov (Дмитрий Дмитриевич Каюмов) (ru) (born 1949), <li> Mikhail Markovich Kletsel (Михаил Маркович Клецель) (ru) (1911–1994), <li> Rostislav R. Korsunsky (Ростислав Корсунский) (born 1957), <li> Victor Krayushkin (Владимир Краюшкин) (born 1938), <li> Sergei Lvovich Kuznetsov (Сергей Кузнецов) (b. 1946), <li> Alexander Kuzmichev (Александр Кузьмичев) (b. 1946), <li> Nikolay Anatolievich Legky (Николай Анатольевич Легкий) (b. 1955), <li> Alexander Malevinsky (Александр Александрович Малевинский) (1950–2004), <li> Evgeny Margulis (Е. Маргулис) (born 1953), <li> A. Monakov (А. Монаков) (born 1950), <li> M. Novikov (М. Новиков) (b. 1934), <li> Hugo Augustovich Päären (Хуго Аугустович Пяэрен) (born 1946), <li> Kir Ivanovich Sivertsev (Кир Иванович Сиверцев) (ru) (1936–1999), <li> Fikret Israfil Oglu Sideifzadeh (Фикрет Исрафил оглы Сидейфзаде) (az) (born 1952), <li> Boris Taborov (Борис Таборов) (born 1960), <li> Alexander Shakarov (Александр Иванович Шакаров) (ru) (born 1948), <li> Miron Sher (Мирон Наумович Шер) (1952–2020) (born 1952)</ol>

In 1981, at age 29, Sher became a chess coach for the Russian national team, a role he held until 1985. According to Mikhalchishin, "Miron was known for his great opening knowledge, which helped him to become great trainer."

Master of Sport Text
МАСТЕР СПОРТА СССР по шахматам, спорту звание; учреждено Высшим советом физической культуры (ВСФК) при ЦИК СССР (1935).

Прис ваивается пожизненно шахматистам и шахматисткам, выполнившим на Официальный сор- ниях нормы Единой Всесоюзного спорт, классификации.

До Великой Октябрьская Социалистических революции русским шахматистам, добившим ся международного признания, присваива лось, как и шахматистам др. стран, звание маэстро. После революции число шахматистов-маэстро в России (их стали также называть мастерами) равнялось 11. В 1918—24 мастерами стали ещё 7 шахматистов.

В 1925 В СФК учредил звание мастер СССР; оно присваивалось шахматистам, набравшим 50% очков в чемп-тах СССР или выигравшим матч у мастера (или сыгравшим вничью 2 матча с мастерами).

Мастерами становились также шахматисты—победители губернских чемп-тов при участии в них не менее 3 мастеров. В 1925—34 норму мастера СССР выполнили 27 шахматистов.

В 1934 исполнительный бюро шахматам секции ВСФК решило провести Квалификация проверку мастеров в возрасте до 50 лет. В рез-те проверки (1935) 12 шахматистов были лишены звания мастера — <li> Константин Алексеевич Выгодчиков (ru) (1892–1941), <li> Соломон Борисович Готгильф (ru) (1903–1967), <li> Пётр Николаевич Измайлов (ru) (1906–1937), <li> Владимир Григорьевич Кириллов (1908–2001), <li> Арвид Иванович Куббель (ru) (1889–1938), <li> Михаил Андреевич Макогонов (ru) (1900–1943), <li> Абрам Яковлевич Модель (ru) (1895–1976), <li> Соломон Конрадович Розенталь (ru) (1890–1955), <li> Яков Герасимович Рохлин (ru) (1903–1996), <li> Александр Сергеевич Сергеев (ru) (1897–1970), <li> Владислав Иванович Силич (ru) (1904–1944), <li> Николай Тихонович Сорокин (ru) (1900–1984)</ol>

Александр Маркович Константинопольский (ru) (1910–1990) и Вениамин Иннокентьевич Созин (ru) (1896–1956) было предложено подтвердить звание мастера: первый сумел сделать это, второй не смог. Впоследствии Кириллову, Рохлину, Силичу и Сорокину удалось вновь выполнить квалификац. норму мастер спорта СССР.

В 1950 К-т по физической культуре и спорту при Совете Министров СССР учредил звание мастер спорта СССР для женщин. В 1934 учреждено звание мастер спорта СССР по шахматной композиции, в 1982 — мастер спорта СССР по заочной игре в шахматы (по переписке). Звания Мастер Спорта СССР удостоены 1061 шахматист (1934—87) — 904 мужчины и 157 женщин.

From facebook
Прошедшей ночью умер ШЕР Мирон Наумович, Sher Miron (р. 29.06.1952, Черновцы – 20.08.2020, Нью-Йорк), мастер спорта СССР (1975), международный гроссмейстер (1992), международный мастер ИКЧФ (1987), заслуженный тренер ФИДЕ (2009). С 1997 жил в США.

Окончил Черновицкий университет и Высшую школу тренеров при ГЦОЛИФКе. Тренер А. Гурвич. Победитель чемпионата РСФСР среди молодых мастеров (1975, 1–2-е) и Всеармейского турнира сильнейших шахматистов (1981). В 1981 поделил 1–3-е места в чемпионате Вооруженных Сил и 3–4-е в полуфинале чемпионата СССР. Победитель и призер турниров: Прага (1987, 2-е), Нови-Сад (1988, 1–2-е), Балатонбереньи (1989), Эйфорие-Норд (1989, 2–6-е), Будапешт (1989, 3-е), Белгород (1990; 1991, 1–3-е), Пула (1990, 1–3-е), Женева (1992, 1–4-е), Дортмунд (1993, 2–6-е), Сильваплана и Фарум (1993), Гастингс (1993, турнир «B»; 1994/95, 3–4-е), Тичино (1994, 1–3-е). Призер 26 чемпионата Европы по переписке (1983–1989, 2–3-е).

Тренер сборной РСФСР (1981–85), победителя командного чемпионата СССР (1985). Один из лучших детских тренеров США. Среди учеников – гроссмейстеры Ф. Каруана, Р. Хесс, П. Нильсен. Был мужем гроссмейстера Аллы Гринфельд.

English
Last night SHER died Miron Naumovich, Sher Miron (b. 06/29/1952, Chernivtsi - 08/20/2020, New York), master of sports of the USSR (1975), international grandmaster (1992), international master of ICCF (1987), honored trainer of FIDE (2009). Since 1997 he has lived in the USA.

Graduated from the Chernivtsi University and the Higher School of Trainers at the State Center for Physical Culture and Sports.

Coach A. Gurvich. Winner of the RSFSR Championship among young masters (1975, 1st-2nd) and the All-Army Tournament of the Strongest Chess Players (1981). In 1981 he shared 1-3rd places in the championship of the Armed Forces and 3-4th in the semifinals of the USSR championship. Winner and medalist of the tournaments: Prague (1987, 2 nd), Novi Sad (1988, 1–2 nd), Balatonberenyi (1989), Euphorie Nord (1989, 2–6 th), Budapest (1989, 3 -e), Belgorod (1990; 1991, 1–3rd), Pula (1990, 1–3rd), Geneva (1992, 1–4th), Dortmund (1993, 2–6th), Silvaplana and Farum (1993), Hastings (1993, Tournament B; 1994/95, 3-4th), Ticino (1994, 1-3rd).

Prize-winner at the 26th European Correspondence Championship (1983-1989, 2-3rd). Coach of the RSFSR national team (1981–85), winner of the USSR team championship (1985). One of the best children's coaches in the USA Among the students there are grandmasters F. Caruana, R. Hess, P. Nielsen. He was the husband of Grandmaster Alla Grinfeld.

Department of Chess, Alumni, mentioned in 1993 College Yearbook
Among the pupils there are 15 well-known grandmasters, such as the Olympic champion in 1990, the graduate of 1992: <li> Evgeny Bareev (born 1966), Olympic Champion, 1990 – Master of Sports in Chess, Moscow, 1992 alumni <li> Yuri Balashov (born 1949), Olympic Champion, 1980, Honored Trainer of the USSR – Master of Sports in Chess, Moscow, 1992 alumni <li> Andrei Sokolov (born 1963), USSR Champion, 1984 (on his first attempt) <li> Anna Akhsharumova (born 1957), USSR Women's Champion, 1976; US Women's Champion, 1987 (with a perfect score) <li> Valery Chekhov (born 1955), World Youth Chess Champion, 1975, Master of Sports in Chess, Moscow, 1974 alumni</ol>

Others
<li> Sergey Arkhipov (Сергей Архипов) <li> Yury Dokhoian (Юрий Рафаэлович Дохоян) (born 1964) <li> Igor Khenkin (Игорь Борисович Хенкин) (born 1968) <li> Anatoly D. Machulsky (Анатолий Д Мачулский) (born 1956) <li> Miron Sher (1952–2020) <li> Ludmila Georgievna Zaitseva (Людмила Георгиевна Зайцева) (born 1956) <li> Vladimir Malaniuk (1957–1917) <li> Zigurds Fridrikhovich Lanka (Зигурдс Фридрихович Ланка) (born 1960),</ol>

Trainers, domestic and abroad
<li> Mikhail Kislov (Михаила Кислова) (born 1949), convicited in 2019 of sexual assault of a minor who was a chess student at the Voronezh Chess School (Воронежской Шахматной Школы), he is the twin brother of Sergey Aleksandrovich Kislov <li> Victor Ivanovich Goncharov (Виктор Иванович Гончаров) (ru) (born 1951) (SCOLIPE 1976) <li> Vladimir Viktorovich Wolfson (Владимир Викторович Вульфсон) (born 1957), WGM Alexandra Obolentseva's coach since 2011 <li> Tonu Truus (Тону Труус) (born 1946) <li> Boris Nisman (Борис Нисман) (SCOLIPE 1973) <li> Leonid Panteleev (Леонид Пантелеев) <li> S. Suleimanov, <li> Y. Jafarov</ol>

Resources

 * Шахмат В СССР (English: Chess in the USSR) (Soviet chess journal archives);
 * Note: Linovitsky, the author, was head of the Chess Department from 1990 to 2010.

Chess board
In 1886, at the Belavenets Memorial, held annually in Smolensk since 1984 in honor of Sergey Belavenets,

1-4. Alexander Baburin (born 1967), Anatoly Donchenko (de) (born 1940), Viktor Kuporosov (born 1961), Miron Sher - 8-$th$ points each.

Soviet dominance perspective
With the exception of five years, 1972, 1973, and 1974 – the years Bobby Fischer of the U.S. won – and 2000 and 2001 – the years Viswanathan Anand of India won, Soviet and ex-Soviet players won world championships from 1948 through 2007. Put another way, for 60 years, from 1948, Soviet and ex-Soviet players were World Champions 55 of those years – a feat accomplished by 12 players (or 11 subtracting Kasparov's 8 disputed titles; but note that the dispute was with other Russians).

The seven disputed years, 1993 through 1999, the three players, Kasparov, Karpov, and for 1999, Alexander Khalifman were all ex-Soviet-Russian. No one from an ex-Soviet country has won the World Championship in the last years (since 2007). <li> Soviet Union: Mikhail Botvinnik, 1948 (first Soviet World Champion) (1) <li> Soviet Union: Mikhail Botvinnik, 1949 <li> Soviet Union: Mikhail Botvinnik, 1950 <li> Soviet Union: Mikhail Botvinnik, 1951 <li> Soviet Union: Mikhail Botvinnik, 1952 <li> Soviet Union: Mikhail Botvinnik, 1953 <li> Soviet Union: Mikhail Botvinnik, 1954 <li> Soviet Union: Mikhail Botvinnik, 1955 <li> Soviet Union: Mikhail Botvinnik, 1956 <li> Soviet Union: Vasily Smyslov, 1957 (2) <li> Soviet Union: Mikhail Botvinnik, 1958 <li> Soviet Union: Mikhail Botvinnik, 1959 <li> Soviet Union: Mikhail Tal, 1960 (3) <li> Soviet Union: Mikhail Botvinnik, 1961 <li> Soviet Union: Mikhail Botvinnik, 1962 <li> Soviet Union: Tigran Petrosian, 1963 (4) <li> Soviet Union: Tigran Petrosian, 1964 <li> Soviet Union: Tigran Petrosian, 1965 <li> Soviet Union: Tigran Petrosian, 1966 <li> Soviet Union: Tigran Petrosian, 1967 <li> Soviet Union: Tigran Petrosian, 1968 <li> Soviet Union: Boris Spassky, 1969 (5) <li> Soviet Union: Boris Spassky, 1970 <li> Soviet Union: Boris Spassky, 1971

<li> 🇺🇸 USA: Bobby Fischer, 1972 <li> 🇺🇸 USA: Bobby Fischer, 1973 <li> 🇺🇸 USA: Bobby Fischer, 1974</ol></ol>

<li> Soviet Union: Anatoly Karpov, 1975 (6) <li> Soviet Union: Anatoly Karpov, 1976 <li> Soviet Union: Anatoly Karpov, 1977 <li> Soviet Union: Anatoly Karpov, 1978 <li> Soviet Union: Anatoly Karpov, 1979 <li> Soviet Union: Anatoly Karpov, 1980 <li> Soviet Union: Anatoly Karpov, 1981 <li> Soviet Union: Anatoly Karpov, 1982 <li> Soviet Union: Anatoly Karpov, 1983 <li> Soviet Union: Anatoly Karpov, 1984 <li> Soviet Union: Garry Kasparov, 1985 (7) <li> Soviet Union: Garry Kasparov, 1986 <li> Soviet Union: Garry Kasparov, 1987 <li> Soviet Union: Garry Kasparov, 1988 <li> Soviet Union: Garry Kasparov, 1989 <li> Soviet Union: Garry Kasparov, 1990 <li> Soviet Union: Garry Kasparov, 1991 <li> Soviet Union: Garry Kasparov, 1992</ol>

<li> 🇷🇺 Russia: Garry Kasparov, 1993 (classical) <li> 🇷🇺 Russia: Garry Kasparov, 1994 (classical) <li> 🇷🇺 Russia: Garry Kasparov, 1995 (classical) <li> 🇷🇺 Russia: Garry Kasparov, 1996 (classical) <li> 🇷🇺 Russia: Garry Kasparov, 1997 <li> 🇷🇺 Russia: Garry Kasparov, 1998 <li> 🇷🇺 Russia: Garry Kasparov, 1999

</ol> </ol></ol></ol></ol> </ol>

<li> 🇷🇺 Russia: Anatoly Karpov, 1993 (FIDE) <li> 🇷🇺 Russia: Anatoly Karpov, 1994 (FIDE) <li> 🇷🇺 Russia: Anatoly Karpov, 1995 (FIDE) <li> 🇷🇺 Russia: Anatoly Karpov, 1996 (FIDE) <li> 🇷🇺 Russia: Anatoly Karpov, 1997 (FIDE) <li> 🇷🇺 Russia: Anatoly Karpov, 1998 (FIDE) <li> 🇷🇺 Russia: Alexander Khalifman, 1999 (FIDE) (8)

<li> 🇮🇳 India: Viswanathan Anand, 2000 (FIDE) <li> 🇮🇳 India: Viswanathan Anand, 2001 (FIDE) </ol></ol></ol></ol>

<li> 🇺🇦 Ukraine: Ruslan Ponomariov, 2002 (FIDE) (9) <li> 🇺🇦 Ukraine: Ruslan Ponomariov, 2003 (FIDE)</ol>

<li> 🇺🇿 Uzbekistan: Rustam Kasimdzhanov, 2004 (FIDE) (10)</ol>

<li> 🇧🇬 Bulgaria: Veselin Topalov, 2005 (FIDE) (11)</ol>

<li> 🇷🇺 Russia: Vladimir Kramnik, 2006 (12)(FIDE) <li> 🇮🇳 India: Viswanathan Anand, 2007 (FIDE) <li> 🇮🇳 India: Viswanathan Anand, 2008 (FIDE) <li> 🇮🇳 India: Viswanathan Anand, 2009 (FIDE) <li> 🇮🇳 India: Viswanathan Anand, 2010 (FIDE) <li> 🇮🇳 India: Viswanathan Anand, 2011 (FIDE) <li> 🇮🇳 India: Viswanathan Anand, 2012 (FIDE) <li> 🇳🇴 Norway: Magnus Carlsen, 2013 (FIDE) <li> 🇳🇴 Norway: Magnus Carlsen, 2014 (FIDE) <li> 🇳🇴 Norway: Magnus Carlsen, 2015 (FIDE) <li> 🇳🇴 Norway: Magnus Carlsen, 2016 (FIDE) <li> 🇳🇴 Norway: Magnus Carlsen, 2017 (FIDE) <li> 🇳🇴 Norway: Magnus Carlsen, 2018 (FIDE) <li> 🇳🇴 Norway: Magnus Carlsen, 2019 (FIDE)</ol></ol>