User:Eve.bw/sandbox

I plan to add to the Wikipedia article, Media Manipulation (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_manipulation) considering media is more present than ever before and is only progressing.

The writers of the article provide the context of propaganda along with various techniques. Some of the techniques are well written out and straight to the point while others lack detail. I will be focusing on two techniques, photo, and video manipulation. I am aware that photo and video manipulation has a link addressing the definition on the main article page. However, I want to provide a simpler definition for photo manipulation on the page so the audience won’t have to open another link. I also want to introduce the terms deepfakes and shallowfakes along with their connections to video and photo manipulations. With a few examples.

My additions would look something similar to:

Photo Manipulation
The use of original images reconstructed into new images to portray a new physical appearance, or contrasting message of a person, merchandise, and topic. The way photos are reconstructed is through photoshopping, image-editing tools are used to manipulate images in any desired way. Depending on the context, these photos can be used for manipulation and/or reappearance. It is common in advertisements, magazines, social media, etc.

[insert example]

Deepfakes
A form of artificial intelligence that uses deep learning to create images of false narratives whether it’s videos and/or audio. These false narratives can look as if a person is saying or doing something different than the original video, audio, and/or photo. Although video manipulation has been around for a while, the term ‘deepfakes’ was introduced in 2017 on Reddit where the user would open-source face-swapping technology on pornographic sites. Deepfakes synthesize fake context by using deep neural networks.

Deepfakes are on the government’s radar, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is working to get ahead of deepfakes. Analysts are also training computers to detect deepfakes videos and audios before they reach a larger audience amongst the media and social media. Along with the government, universities, and tech companies are funding research to identify deepfakes. The majority of these fakes are found on pornographic sites and used for political and international affairs (Chesney, Citron, 2019). However, deepfakes have also been used in television, for example the movie Forest Gump. during the scene with the past U.S. President John F. Kennedy, Gump shook his hand while he was being honored with the All-American football team. The deepfake appeared as if Kennedy and Gump actually met but due to a combination of old footage and computer generated imagery (CGI) the scene resembled reality. Another example of deepfakes in television is an Malaria advertisement with David Beckham. The advertisement had Beckham speaking several languages to appeal to different audiences (Sloan, 2019).

When a deepfake video of Mark Zuckerberg was released on Facebook in January 2020, Facebook outlawed deepfake content (videos and audio) due to the misinformation and disinformation it caused (Sloan, 2019). And they wanted to minimize the chances of this happening again.

[insert example]

Shallowfakes
Similar to deepfakes, shallowfakes are also forms of video and photo manipulation. Rather than using artificial intelligence to change the audio and/or context shallowfakes will use simple tricks by mislabeling content to degrade activists and/ or spread false information (also known as misinformation). The spread of misinformation is also a form of media manipulation eventuating into fake news. Shallowfakes are spreading misinformation by using manipulative techniques within social media and the media.

[insert example]