User:EvergreenFir/sandbox7

{Violence against women}}

Feminist views of sexual violence. Feminist school of criminology

Gender-based violence
In 1989, the United Nations declared gender-based violence a global health and development issue. In 1995 at the Fourth World Conference on Women, the United Nations defined gender-based violence against women as "any act that results in, or is likely to result in physical, sexual, or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life". Gender-based violence emcompasses a wide range of violent acts such as child sexual abuse, stalking, rape, dowry-related murder, marital rape, female genital mutilation, forced prostitution, and intimate partner violence. Feminist activists and scholars have actively worked to address and reduce gender-based violence.

Gender inequality, power, dominance
Brownmiller, Sanday, Rush, Gelles, Faller, Finkelhor, Baron and Straus, Hines, Rozee, Chrisler and Ferguson

Backlash and amelioration hypotheses
The amelioration hypothesis posits that movement toward gender equality will reduce rates of gender-based violence, particularly rape. Described as the "traditional feminist hypothesis", the amelioration hypothesis is based in feminist views of rape as an expression of power and domination. For example, Susan Brownmiller stated that rape is "a conscious process of intimidation by which all men keep all women in a state of fear," suggesting that rape is used by men to maintain control over women.

In social science, backlash refers to an adverse reaction to something that has gained prominence or acceptance. From a feminist perspective, backlash refers to negative reactions to feminist movements and social gains by women, including social gender equality. This backlash occurs in various social institutions, and can manifest in the form of sexual violence. The backlash hypothesis the inverse of the amelioration hypothesis. It suggests that sexual violence results from changes toward social gender equality whereby men use rape to try to maintain social dominance. This backlash is likely temporary; in the long-run movement toward gender equality as an ameliorative effect.

Whaley, Russell, Chon, Austin and Kim, Faludi, Finklehor and Yllo, Eschholtz and Vieraitis

Masculinity
Messerschmidt stuff

Pascoe stuff