User:Evert jan steen/sandbox

1. Overview A wood-burning stove is a heating appliance capable of burning wood fuel and wood-derived biomass fuel, such as wood pellets. Generally the appliance consists of a solid metal closed fire chamber, a firebrick base and an adjustable air control. The stove is connected by stove pipes that carry its smoke and gases to a suitable chimney or flue (up higher). The gases must be hotter than the outside temperature to ensure combustion gases are drawn out of the fire chamber and up the chimney. Many wood-burning stoves are engineered such that they can be converted to multi-fuel stoves with the addition of a grate. Keeping the air flowing correctly through a wood-burning stove is essential for safe and efficient operation of the stove.

2. Air-tight stove – A stove is an enclosed space in which fuel is burned to provide heating, either to heat the space in which the stove is situated, or to heat the stove itself and items placed on it. This article is principally concerned with enclosed stoves burning solid fuels for room heating. A kitchen stove is used to cook food. A wood-burning stove or a coal stove is typically used for heating a dwelling. Enclosed stoves are more efficient and prevents air from being sucked from the room into the chimney. Due to concerns about air pollution, efforts have been made to improve stove design. Pellet stoves, for example are a type of clean-burning stove.

The first wood-burning stove was patented in Strasbourg in 1557, two centuries before the Industrial Revolution would make iron an inexpensive and common material, so such stoves were high end consumer items and only gradually spread in use.

2) The reverse-process stove – The general indoor wood burning stove is a non-catalytic airtight heater. Employing a unique reverse process whereby it not only draws warmed exterior air in to the wood stove for combustion, thus eliminating interior drafts, it also releases fresh outside air through a rear-mounted plenum, where it is heated before entering the premises. This initiates a healthy fresh air exchange system, by introducing oxygen-rich air in to the building. The innovation by Jan Steen started as the Chinook, but later became known as the Sunrise wood stove.

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The reverse-process stove is a wood-burning stove based on two simple principles.[1] One: It draws in fresh, cooler air from outside the building, then sends that air through interior steel pipes, before releasing it near the rear of the stove for combustion. This prevents cold air being drawn in to the premises. Two: Additional exterior drawn cold, fresh air is released to flow gently up the stove's outside rear plenum, where it is heated and released in to the room at the top of the plenum. This now hot, moist, oxygen-rich air creates a slight positive air pressure within the building.[2] Since this positive air pressure is minimal, there is need for a corresponding exit somewhere up high in the building, to allow the subtle air pressure differential to continue. This double effect, i.e. drawing air for combustion from the exterior as well as introducing fresh air in to the dwelling, makes this unit the 'reverse-process' wood-burning stove.[3] Present day wood heating stoves are "95% more efficient than in earlier times" according to Carol Forsloff.[4] Additionally, the stove's very large cast iron baffle, when closed, forces the combustion gasses up to the bottom of the baffle, where (temperature allowing) they hopefully ignite. Remnant gasses and air then travel forwards and over the opening at the front of the baffle to be finally released up the rear positioned chimney/pipe.[5][3][6] It must be understood that the potential British thermal unit (BTU) output allowed by wood-fuel comes mainly from its inherent combustible gasses which are released upon heating. About 70% of these potential heat-releasing BTUs are created by these gasses upon combustion. Many stoves' temperatures do not reach the required 700 plus degrees Fahrenheit to allow these volatile gasses to combust within the confines of the stove. [7] For wood to become optimum fuel, it must have as little moisture content as possible. Differing wood types, i.e. the faster growing, Softwood trees such as cedar and alder, will at best have half the potential BTUs, when compared to the harder, denser growing trees, such as fir and oak, etc.[8] Additional features, such as a water jacket, can be installed inside the stove.[9] Although the most solid are cast-iron, experience teaches that water heated through a copper coil is better on the skin. Iron in the water makes a skin quite itchy from the build up of iron bacteria.[10] However, it must be realized that anything that hinders the process of combustion, by drawing away degrees of heat from the chamber, interferes with the potential of complete combustion. History Jan Steen is the innovator of the Chinook (later named 'Sunrise') reverse-process wood burning stove. After settling on an island in the Salish Sea on British Columbia's west coast in 1976, the Franklin stove installed in the rented farm house was far from satisfactory.[11] Air leakage through badly fitting doors, a broad and narrow depth combustion chamber and an insatiable need for small pieces of wood because of its short, uncontrolled burns, led Jan to begin his experiments towards the creation of a more efficient vehicle. After 12 prototype models and refining the double airflow configuration, the reverse-process wood-burning stove was born as a far more efficient, time saving, low-tech device. Sadly, with the need for his own foundry, and the industry's costly new safety requirements, the stove never went in to production.[3] The Sunrise 'reverse-process Stove' is a non-catalytic stove which, as a forerunner to the re-introduction of Wood-burning Stoves in the late seventies, was never certified by the United States, or Canada. It was an improvement, created by an entrepreneur at the time. Steen managed to deliver some 75 stoves across Canada with several ending up in Oregon.[3] Design With its large firebox design, and extended cast-iron baffle, this barrel shaped stove works as a highly efficient heat producer. However, its uniqueness continues to lie in its reverse-process air flow of releasing hot, moist oxygen air in to the house. [12][13] Baffles radiate wood gasses back into the heat, allowing for a more complete, secondary combustion. Additionally, the preheated fresh air supply helps keep the primary and secondary combustion temperatures high.[14] As Matthew Stein notes, "the most efficient wood stoves allow for ducting the air intake to draw air directly from outside your home."[5] Open fireplaces are essentially totally in-efficient. While they doradiate heat, giving a sense of immediate comfort to those sitting in front of it, the fact they draw air directly from the room, sending hot air up the chimney, ultimately results in lowering the overall temperature of the premises.[15] This can be verified by reading a temperature gauge located away from the fireplace. Safety Any indoor closed heating appliance used to heat up a building requires the oxygen in fresh air for burning the wood. Upon combustion there is an output of carbon monoxide (CO). Carbon monoxide is a poisonous, odorless gas which exits via the chimney. [16] During the cold winter months, wood stoves are employed for heat. In the 1970s building codes were adopted introducing new construction standards. These required tighter sealed windows and doors, and plastic vapor barriers in walls and ceilings. While this created a tighter sealed barrier to the exterior of the building, it stopped fresh air from entering. This increased the build up of indoor pollution by creating stale air. That in turn led to condensation, with the result of the formation of highly toxic molds and mildews. So with all good intentions, while improving in one area, it created problems in an other.[17][18] A wood stove employing indoor air for combustion creates problems, since cold air is sucked in to the premise, while on its way to the stove to ultimately disappear up the chimney. The reverse process wood burning stove provides a means of fresh warm air entering the home, rather than creating constant drafts of cold air being drawn in from small openings around windows and doors. By releasing fresh air into the room, the building breathes outwards rather inwards, allowing for a slight positive pressure to build up inside. [19] A passive solar building design maximizes heating efficiency and due to its tight heat conserving principles and seals must consider adequate air exchange. The building codes for solar homes necessitate a back up heating system. In this regards the highly insulated solar home will also benefit from preheated fresh air entering the home from a back up wood burning stove such as the reverse-process stove.[20] The National Building Code of Canada mandates new sealed air-tight homes with improved air and vapour barriers including a ventilation system which can replace one third of the volume of interior air each hour.[21] Similarly, the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, recommend that air in a dwelling should be replaced totally every three hours.[22] Fresh air intake is needed to reduce the dangers of indoor pollutants such as particle board formaldehyde releases and radon gas infiltration.[23] With a reverse-process wood burning stove, or fireplace, fresh air is drawn into the home directly, eliminating cold air draft while conserving costs by creating heating efficiency. A reverse-process stove reduces indoor air pollution with its constant intake of fresh air from outdoors.[24]

1. Wood-burning stove – A wood-burning stove is a heating appliance capable of burning wood fuel and wood-derived biomass fuel, such as wood pellets. Generally the appliance consists of a solid metal closed fire chamber, a fire-brick base and an adjustable air control. The first wood burning stove was patented in Strasbourg in 1557, two centuries before the Industrial Revolution would make iron an inexpensive and common material, so such stoves were high end consumer items and only gradually spread in use. The stove is connected by ventilating stove-pipes to a suitable chimney or flue (up higher), which will fill with hot combustion gases once the fuel is ignited. The chimney or flue gases must be hotter than the outside temperature to ensure combustion gases are drawn out of the fire chamber and up the chimney. Many wood-burning stoves are engineered such that they can be converted to multi-fuel stoves with the addition of a grate. Keeping the air flowing correctly through a wood-burning stove is essential for safe and efficient operation of the stove.

2. Efficiency of combustion

3. Baffle (in vessel) – Baffles are flow-directing or obstructing vanes or panels used in some industrial process vessels, such as shell and tube heat exchangers, chemical reactors, static mixers. Baffles are an integral part of the shell and tube heat exchanger design. A baffle is designed to support tube bundles and direct the flow of fluids for maximum efficiency. The main roles of a baffle in a shell and tube heat exchanger are to: Hold tubes in position, both in production and operation Prevent the effects of vibration, increased with both fluid velocity and the length of the exchanger Direct shell-side fluid flow along tube field. This increases fluid velocity and the effective heat transfer co-efficient of the exchanger In a static mixer, baffles are used to promote mixing. In a chemical reactor, baffles are often attached to the interior walls to promote mixing and thus increase heat transfer and possibly chemical reaction rates. Implementation of baffles is decided on the basis of size, cost and their ability to lend support to the tube bundles and direct Longitudinal Flow Baffles Impingement Baffles Orifice Baffles Single segmental Double segmental Support/Blanking baffles Deresonating baffles used to reduce tube vibration As mentioned, baffles deal with the concern of support and fluid direction in heat exchangers. Baffle (in vessel) – Cross-sectional diagram of stirred tank reactor

4. Gas Gas – Drifting smoke particles provide clues to the movement of the surrounding gas. Gas – Gas phase particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) move around freely in the absence of an applied electric field. Gas – Shuttle imagery of re-entry phase. Gas – 21 April 1990 eruption of Mount Redoubt, Alaska, illustrating real gases not in thermodynamic equilibrium.

5. Fahrenheit – Fahrenheit is a temperature scale based on one proposed in 1724 by the physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit, after whom the scale is named. It uses the degree Fahrenheit as the unit. There exist several accounts of how he originally defined his scale. The lower defining point, 0 °F, was established as the temperature of a solution of brine made from equal parts of ice and salt. Further limits were established as the melting point of ice and his best estimate of the average human body temperature. The scale is now usually defined by two fixed points: the temperature at which water freezes into ice is defined as 32 °F, the boiling point of water is defined to be 212 °F, a 180 °F separation, as defined at sea level and standard atmospheric pressure. By the end of the 20th century, Fahrenheit was used as the official temperature scale only in the United States, its freely associated states in the Western Pacific, the Bahamas, Belize, the Cayman Islands. Fahrenheit – Thermometer with Fahrenheit and Celsius units Fahrenheit – Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit

6. Softwood – Softwood is wood from gymnosperm trees such as conifers. Softwood is the source of about 80% of the world's production of timber, with traditional centres of production being the Baltic region, North America and China. The term is opposed to hardwood, the wood from angiosperm trees. Softwoods are not necessarily softer than hardwoods. In both groups there is an enormous variation in actual wood hardness, with the range in density in hardwoods completely including that of softwoods; some hardwoods are softer than most softwoods, while the hardest hardwoods are much harder than any softwood. The woods of longleaf pine, douglas fir, yew are much harder in the mechanical sense than several hardwoods. United States – Canada softwood lumber dispute Softwood – Scots Pine, a typical and well-known softwood

7. Alder – Alder is the common name of a genus of flowering plants belonging to the birch family Betulaceae. The genus comprises about 35 species of monoecious trees and shrubs, a few reaching a large size, distributed throughout the north temperate zone with a few species extending into Central America, as well as the northern and southern Andes. The common name alder evolved from Old English alor, which in turn is derived from Proto-Germanic root aliso. The generic name Alnus is the equivalent Latin name. Both the Latin and the Germanic words derive from the Proto-Indo-European root el-, meaning "red" or "brown", also a root for the English words elk and another tree: elm, a tree distantly related to the alders. With a few exceptions, alders are deciduous, the leaves are alternate, simple, serrated. The flowers are catkins with elongate male catkins on the same plant as shorter female catkins, often before leaves appear; they are mainly wind-pollinated, but also visited by bees to a small extent. Alder – Alder Alder – Alder trees by the Beaulieu River at Longwater Lawn, England Alder – Whole root nodule Alder – Sectioned root nodules

8. Hardwood – Hardwood is wood from dicot angiosperm trees. The term may also be used for the trees from which the wood is derived; these are usually broad-leaved temperate and tropical forests. In temperate and boreal latitudes they are mostly deciduous, but in tropics and subtropics mostly evergreen. Hardwood contrasts with softwood. Hardwood should not be confused with the term "heartwood", which can be from hardwood or softwood. Hardwoods are produced by angiosperm trees that reproduce by flowers, have broad leaves. Many species are deciduous. Hardwood – Beech is a popular temperate zone hardwood Hardwood – SEM images showing the presence of pores in hardwoods (oak, top) and absence in softwoods (pine, bottom)

9. Oak – An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus Quercus of the beech family, Fagaceae. There are approximately 600 extant species of oaks. The common name "oak" may also appear in the names of species in related genera, notably Lithocarpus. The genus is native to the Northern Hemisphere, includes deciduous and evergreen species extending from cool temperate to tropical latitudes in the Americas, Asia, Europe, North Africa. North America contains the largest number of oak species, with approximately 90 occurring in the United States, while Mexico has 160 species of which 109 are endemic. The second greatest center of oak diversity is China, which contains approximately 100 species. Oaks have spirally arranged leaves, with lobate margins in many species; some have serrated leaves or entire leaf with smooth margins. Oak – Oak Oak – Oak at Schönderling Oak – A hybrid white oak, possibly Quercus stellata × Q. muhlenbergii Oak – Heart of oak beams of the frame of Saint-Girons church in Monein, France

10. Iron bacteria – In the management of water-supply wells, iron bacteria are bacteria that derive the energy they need to live and multiply by oxidizing dissolved ferrous iron. The resulting ferric oxide is insoluble, appears as brown gelatinous slime that will stain plumbing fixtures, clothing or utensils washed with the water carrying it. They are known to grow and proliferate in waters containing as low as 0.1 mg/l of iron. However, at least 0.3 ppm of dissolved oxygen is needed to carry out oxidation. Bacteria known to feed on iron include Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans. Iron bacteria colonize the transition zone where de-oxygenated water from an anaerobic environment flows into an aerobic environment. Groundwater containing dissolved organic material may be de-oxygenated by microorganisms feeding on that dissolved organic material. Iron bacteria – Iron bacteria in surface water Iron bacteria – A burn in Scotland with Iron bacteria.

11. Stove – A stove is an enclosed space in which fuel is burned to provide heating, either to heat the space in which the stove is situated, or to heat the stove itself and items placed on it. This article is principally concerned with enclosed stoves burning solid fuels for room heating. A kitchen stove is used to cook food. A wood-burning stove or a coal stove is typically used for heating a dwelling. Enclosed stoves are more efficient and prevents air from being sucked from the room into the chimney. Due to concerns about air pollution, efforts have been made to improve stove design. Pellet stoves, for example are a type of clean-burning stove. Stove – Alsatian stove with large exhaust gas heat exchanger, in Fouday church Stove – A fully neoclassical glazed ceramic ofen [sic], early 19th century, at Schloss Wolfshagen, Prignitz, Brandenburg Stove – Tile stove (for heating) in the dining room of the Catherine Palace, St. Petersburg. Stove – The pentagonal self-cleaning wood stove, is an EPA style secondary combustion air wood stove with a fan forced heat exchanger, thermostat, outside air intake with throttle, shakers, and ash drop for easy cleanup.

12. Franklin stove Franklin stove – A Franklin stove Franklin stove – The Franklin stove. Cool air enters the baffle through a duct under the floor. Smoke exits through a U-shaped duct in the floor.

13. Passive solar building design – In passive solar building design, windows, walls, floors are made to collect, store, distribute solar energy in the form of heat in the winter and reject solar heat in the summer. This is called passive solar design because, unlike active solar heating systems, it does not involve the use of mechanical and electrical devices. The key to design a passive solar building is to best take advantage of the local climate performing an accurate site analysis. Elements to be considered include window placement and size, glazing type, thermal insulation, thermal mass, shading. Passive solar design techniques can be applied most easily to new buildings, but existing buildings can be adapted or "retrofitted". Passive solar technologies use sunlight without active mechanical systems. Such technologies convert sunlight into usable heat, cause air-movement for ventilating, or future use, with little use of other energy sources. Passive solar building design – Darmstadt University of Technology in Germany won the 2007 Solar Decathlon in Washington, D.C. with this passive house designed specifically for the humid and hot subtropical climate.

14. Particle board – Particle board, also known as particleboard and chipboard, is an engineered wood product manufactured from wood chips, sawmill shavings, or even sawdust, a synthetic resin or other suitable binder, pressed and extruded. Oriented strand board, also known as flakeboard, waferboard, or chipboard, is similar but uses machined wood flakes offering more strength. All of these are composite materials that belong to the spectrum of fiberboard products. Particle board is cheaper, denser and more uniform than conventional wood and plywood and is substituted for them when cost is more important than strength and appearance. However, particleboard can be made more attractive by painting or the use of wood veneers onto surfaces that will be visible. Though it is denser than conventional wood, it is the lightest and weakest type of fiberboard, except for insulation board. Medium-density fibreboard and hardboard, also called high-density fiberboard, are stronger and denser than particleboard. Particle board – Particleboard with veneer Particle board – The cross section of a particle board

15. Radon gas – Radon is a chemical element with symbol Rn and atomic number 86. It is a radioactive, colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas, occurring naturally as a decay product of radium. Its most stable isotope, 222Rn, has a half-life of 3.8 days. Radon is one of the densest substances that remains a gas under normal conditions. It is also the only gas under normal conditions that has no stable isotopes, is considered a health hazard due to its radioactivity. Intense radioactivity has also hindered chemical studies of radon and only a few compounds are known. Radon is formed as one intermediate step in the normal radioactive decay chains through which thorium and uranium slowly decay into lead. Radon gas – Relative risk of lung cancer mortality by cumulative exposure to radon decay products (in WLM) from the combined data from 11 cohorts of underground hard rock miners. Though high exposures (>50 WLM) cause statistically significant excess cancers, the case of small exposures (10 WLM) is inconclusive and appears slightly beneficial in this study. Radon gas – Spectral lines of radon Radon gas – A radon test kit

16. Space heater Space heater – Space Heater Space heater – back cover

17. Air-tight stove – A stove is an enclosed space in which fuel is burned to provide heating, either to heat the space in which the stove is situated, or to heat the stove itself and items placed on it. This article is principally concerned with enclosed stoves burning solid fuels for room heating. A kitchen stove is used to cook food. A wood-burning stove or a coal stove is typically used for heating a dwelling. Enclosed stoves are more efficient and prevents air from being sucked from the room into the chimney. Due to concerns about air pollution, efforts have been made to improve stove design. Pellet stoves, for example are a type of clean-burning stove. Air-tight stove – Alsatian stove with large exhaust gas heat exchanger, in Fouday church Air-tight stove – A fully neoclassical glazed ceramic ofen [sic], early 19th century, at Schloss Wolfshagen, Prignitz, Brandenburg Air-tight stove – Tile stove (for heating) in the dining room of the Catherine Palace, St. Petersburg. Air-tight stove – The pentagonal self-cleaning wood stove, is an EPA style secondary combustion air wood stove with a fan forced heat exchanger, thermostat, outside air intake with throttle, shakers, and ash drop for easy cleanup.

18. Rocket stove – A rocket stove is an efficient and hot burning portable stove using small diameter wood fuel. Fuel is burned in a simple combustion chamber containing an insulated vertical chimney, which ensures almost complete combustion prior to the flames' reaching the cooking surface. It uses the same principle as the Dakota fire pit. Rocket stove designs are most often used for portable stoves for cooking but the design is also used to make rocket mass heaters for heating. Like the Beverage-can stove it is made from found materials, but generally uses wood rather than alcohol. In field tests in India, rocket stoves used 18 to 35 per cent less fuel compared to the traditional stoves and reduced fuel used 39-47 per cent compared to the three stone fire, as well as a large reduction in emissions. A precursor of the rocket stove was the Argand lamp. Rocket stove – A small manufactured rocket cooking stove Rocket stove – A rocket stove Rocket stove – Rocket stove attached to a heat exchanger to heat water