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The Charter Fragment, ca. 1400


The Charter Fragment is a short poem about marriage, believed to be the earliest extant connected text in the language. It was identified in 1877 by Henry Jenner among charters from Cornwall in the British Museum and published by Jenner and by Whitley Stokes.

Middle Cornish

Golsoug ty coweȝ

byȝ na borȝ meȝ

dyyskyn ha powes

ha ȝymo dus nes   4

mar coȝes ȝe les

ha ȝys y rof mowes

ha feſt onan dek

genes mara plek	  8

ha tanha y

kymmerr y ȝoȝ wrek

sconye ȝys ny vek

ha ty a vyȝ hy   12

Hy a vyȝ gwreg ty da

ȝys ȝe synsy hy

pur wyr a lauara

ha govyn worty   16

Lemen yȝ torn my as re

ha war en greyz my an te

nag vs y far

an barȝ-ma ȝe pons tamar   20

my ad pes worty byȝ da

ag ol ȝe voȝ hy a wra

rag flog yw ha gensy doȝ

hag a ffy ȝe gafus y boȝ   24

ken es mos ȝymmo ymmyug

eug alema ha fystynyug

Dallaȝ avar in freȝ darwar

oun ma porȝo   28

ef emſettye worȝes sy

kam na veȝo

Maraȝ herg ȝys gul nep tra

lauar ȝesy byȝ ny venna   32

lauar ȝoȝo gwra mar mennyȝ

awos a gallo na wra tra vyȝ

in vr-na yȝ sens ȝe ves meystres

hedyr vywy hag arluȝes   36

Ras o ganso ren offeren

Curtes yw ha deboner

ȝys dregyn ny wra

maran kefyȝ in danger   40

sens e fast indella

Kernowek Standard

Goslow, ty goweth;

byth na borth meth.

Dieskynn ha powes

ha dhymmo deus nes,  4

mar codhes dha les

ha dhis y rov mowes

ha fest onen deg.

Genes mara pleg,  8

â, tanha y.

Kemmer hy dhe’th wreg.

Sconya dhis ny vêk,

ha te a’fÿdh hy. 12

Hy a vÿdh gwreg ty dhâ

dhis dh’y synsy hy.

Pòr wir a lavara’.

Â, govyn worty. 16

Lemmyn i’th torn me a’s re

ha wàr an Gres my a’n te

nag eus hy far

a’n barth-ma dhe bons Tamar. 20

My a’th pës worty bÿdh dâ,

hag oll dha vodh hy a wra,

rag flogh yw ha gensy doth;

hag a fy dhe gafos hy bodh. 24

Kyn ès mos dhymmo, emmowgh.

Ewgh alemma ha fystenowgh.

Dallath avarr; yn freth darwar

own na bortho,  <small style="color:#0000FF">28

ev omsettya orthys sy

camm na vetho.

Mara’th ergh dhis gul neb tra,

lavar dhesy “Bÿth ny venna’.”  <small style="color:#0000FF">32

Lavar dhodho, “Gwra mar mennyth!”

Awos a allo, na wra tra vÿth.

I’n eur-na y’th sens dhe vos mêstres

hedyr vywy, hag arlodhes. <small style="color:#0000FF">36

Ras o ganso, ren Oferen.

Cortes yw ha debonêr;

Dhis dregyn ny wra.

Mara’n kefyth in danjer,  <small style="color:#0000FF">40

sens e fast indella.

Translation

[The older man speaks to the young man]

Listen, you comrade;

never be bashful.

Dismount and rest

and come close to me,  <small style="color:#0000FF">4

if you know what is good for you,

and I will give you a girl

and a very pretty one.

If she pleases you,  <small style="color:#0000FF">8

go, take her.

Take her as your wife

She will not presume to refuse you,

and she will be yours. <small style="color:#0000FF">12

She will be a good wife,

for you to hold her.

I tell you the very truth.

Go, ask her. <small style="color:#0000FF">16

Now into your hand I place her

and by the Creed I swear

that there is not her equal

from here to the Tamar bridge. <small style="color:#0000FF">20

I beg you be good to her,

and she will do all your will,

for she is a child and well-behaved as well;

and she scorns to get her own way. <small style="color:#0000FF">24

[The older man speaks to them both]

Before I go, kiss.

Go hence and hasten.

[The older man speaks to the girl]

Begin early; be assiduously careful

that he is not alarmed,	  <small style="color:#0000FF">28

so that he does not dare

in any way to oppose you.

If he ask you to do anything,

do you say “I never will.”  <small style="color:#0000FF">32

Say to him, “Do it if you want!”

In spite of all his efforts, do nothing.

Then he will consider you mistress

as long as you live, and lady. <small style="color:#0000FF">36

He was gracious, by the Mass.

He is polite and good natured;

He will do you no harm.

If you get him in your power,  <small style="color:#0000FF">40

keep him firmly like that.

=Kernowek Standard=

Orthography
Kernowek Standard implements an orthography which is historically based and which recognizes the actual pronunciations found in Revived Cornish. Its devisors note that most RC pronunciation, even by users of Kernowek Kemmyn orthography, owes much to the pronunciation of Unified Cornish. The close distinction made by the SWF between Revived Middle Cornish (RMC), Tudor Cornish (TC) and Revived Late Cornish (RLC) is perhaps too granular, particularly where the SWF posits phonemes for RMC which are (1) at odds with UC and (2) "aspirational" distinctions based on the theories behind Kernowek Kemmyn but which few if any speakers make.

Monophthongs
Unstressed vowels are always short. Stressed vowels in monosyllables are long when word-final or when followed by a voiced consonant, e.g. gwag [gwæːg] 'empty', lo [loː] ('spoon'), and short when followed by a double consonant or a consonant cluster, e.g. ass RMC [as], RLC [æs] ('how'); hons RMC [hɔns], RLC [hɔnz] ('yonder'). Exceptions are that long vowels precede st, e.g. lost RMC [lɔːst], RLC [loːst] ('tail'), and also sk and sp in RMC, e.g. Pask [paːsk] ('Easter'). Stressed vowels in polysyllables are short except in the case of conservative RMC speakers, who may pronounce vowels long before single consonants and st (and, for some, sk and sp), e.g. gwagen RMC [gwa(ː)gɛn], RLC [gwægɐn] ('a blank').
 * {| class="wikitable"

! rowspan="2" | Letter ! colspan="2" | RMC ! colspan="2" | TC & RLC ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long
 * align="center" |a
 * align="center" |[a]
 * align="center" |[aː]
 * align="center" |[æ]
 * align="center" |[æː]
 * align="center" |e
 * align="center" |[ɛ]
 * align="center" |[ɛː]
 * align="center" |[ɛ]
 * align="center" |[eː]
 * align="center" |eu
 * align="center" |[œ]
 * align="center" |[øː]
 * align="center" |[ɛ]
 * align="center" |[eː]
 * align="center" |i
 * align="center" |[i]
 * align="center" |[iː]
 * align="center" |[ɪ]
 * align="center" |[iː]
 * align="center" |o
 * align="center" |[ɔ], [ɤ]
 * align="center" |[ɔː]
 * align="center" |[ɔ], [ɤ]
 * align="center" |[oː]
 * align="center" |oa
 * align="center" |-
 * align="center" |-
 * align="center" |-
 * align="center" |[ɒː]
 * align="center" |oo
 * align="center" |-
 * align="center" |[oː]
 * align="center" |-
 * align="center" |[oː], [uː]
 * align="center" |ou
 * align="center" |[u]
 * align="center" |[uː]
 * align="center" |[ʊ]
 * align="center" |[uː]
 * align="center" |u
 * align="center" |[ʏ]
 * align="center" |[yː]
 * align="center" |[ɪ]
 * align="center" |[iː]
 * align="center" |y
 * align="center" |[ɪ]
 * align="center" |[ɪː]
 * align="center" |[ɪ]
 * align="center" |[iː]
 * }
 * align="center" |[yː]
 * align="center" |[ɪ]
 * align="center" |[iː]
 * align="center" |y
 * align="center" |[ɪ]
 * align="center" |[ɪː]
 * align="center" |[ɪ]
 * align="center" |[iː]
 * }
 * }

May be reduced to [ɐ] when unstressed, which is given as [ə] in the original Specification but as [ɐ] in the updated online dictionary.

Unrounded to [ɛ] when unstressed.

Given as [œ] in the original Specification but as [øː] in the updated online dictionary.

Often realised as [əɪ] in RLC in stressed open syllables, in which case it is written with the variant graph ei.

Can either represent [ɔ], the short version of long o [ɔː/oː], or [ɤ], the short counterpart to oo [oː/uː]. When representing [ɤ], the 2013 Review suggests o could be written as ò for clarity in "dictionaries and teaching materials".

Used as a variant graph by RLC speakers in a few words where RMC and TC speakers use long a, [aː] and [æː] respectively. After the 2013 Review, used solely in boas ('be'), broas ('big'), doas ('come'), moas ('go') and their derivatives.

Used in word only when both Kernewek Kemmyn (KK) writes oe and RLC realises the sound [uː]. Therefore, oo does not always correspond to KK, e.g. SWF loor, KK loer ('moon') both [loːr], but SWF hwor [ʍɔːr], KK hwoer [ʍoːr] ('sister'). This is because evidence suggests the second group of words with o underwent a different phonological development to the first group with oe.

Pronounced solely as [uː] in RLC.

Given as [y] in the original Specification but as [ʏ] in the updated online dictionary. Reduced to [ɪ] when unstressed.

Reduced to [ɪʊ] when stressed and word-final or before gh. In a small number of words, u can represent [ʊ] when short or [uː] or [ɪʊ] when long in TC and RLC. The 2013 Review recommends these be spelt optionally as ù and û respectively in "dictionaries and teaching materials".

Can be pronounced [ɛ, eː] and therefore spelt e in TC and RLC.

Diphthongs

 * {|class="wikitable"

! Letter ! RMC ! TC ! RLC
 * align="center"|aw
 * align="center"|[aʊ]
 * colspan=2 align="center"|[æʊ]
 * align="center"|ay
 * align="center"|[aɪ]
 * colspan=2 align="center"|[əɪ], [ɛː]
 * align="center"|ei
 * colspan=2 align="center"|-
 * align="center"|[əɪ]
 * align="center"|ew
 * colspan=3 align="center"|[ɛʊ]
 * align="center"|ey
 * align="center"|[ɛɪ]
 * colspan=2 align="center"|[əɪ]
 * align="center"|iw
 * align="center"|[iʊ]
 * colspan=2 align="center"|[ɪʊ]
 * align="center"|ow
 * colspan=2 align="center"|[ɔʊ]
 * align="center"|[ɔʊ], [uː]
 * align="center"|oy
 * colspan=3 align="center"|[ɔɪ]
 * align="center"|uw
 * align="center"|[ʏʊ]
 * colspan=2 align="center"|[ɪʊ]
 * align="center"|yw
 * colspan=2 align="center"|[ɪʊ]
 * align="center"|[ɛʊ]
 * }
 * colspan=3 align="center"|[ɔɪ]
 * align="center"|uw
 * align="center"|[ʏʊ]
 * colspan=2 align="center"|[ɪʊ]
 * align="center"|yw
 * colspan=2 align="center"|[ɪʊ]
 * align="center"|[ɛʊ]
 * }
 * align="center"|[ɛʊ]
 * }

Loanword spelt with aw are often pronounced [ɒ(ː)] in TC and RLC.

Used as a variant graph by RLC when i is diphthongised to [əɪ] in stressed open syllables.

Used in hiatus.

A few monosyllables may keep the more conservative pronunciation [ʊɪ] in RLC, e.g. moy [mʊɪ] ('more'), oy [ʊɪ] ('egg').

Given as [yʊ] in the original Specification but as [ʏʊ] in the updated online dictionary.

The variant graph ew may be used instead of yw to represent the pronunciation [ɛʊ].

Consonants

 * {|class="wikitable"

! Letter ! RMC ! TC ! RLC
 * align="center"|b
 * colspan=3 align="center"|[b]
 * align="center"|c
 * colspan=3 align="center"|[s]
 * align="center"|cch
 * align="center" |[tʃː]
 * colspan=2 align="center"|[tʃ]
 * align="center"|ch
 * colspan=3 align="center"|[tʃ]
 * align="center" |ck
 * align="center"|[kː], [k]
 * colspan=2 align="center"|[k]
 * align="center" |cy
 * align="center"|[sj]
 * colspan=2 align="center"|[ʃ(j)]
 * align="center"|d
 * colspan=3 align="center"|[d]
 * align="center"|dh
 * align="center"|[ð]
 * align="center"|[ð], [θ]
 * align="center"|[ð]
 * align="center"|f
 * colspan=2 align="center"|[f]
 * align="center"|[f], [v]
 * align="center"|ff
 * align="center"|[fː]
 * colspan=2 align="center"|[f]
 * align="center"|g
 * colspan=3 align="center"|[ɡ]
 * align="center"|gh
 * colspan=2 align="center"|[x]
 * align="center"|[h]
 * align="center"|ggh
 * align="center"|[xː]
 * colspan=2 align="center"|[h]
 * align="center"|h
 * colspan=3 align="center"|[h]
 * align="center"|hw
 * colspan=3 align="center"|[ʍ]
 * align="center"|j
 * colspan=3 align="center"|[dʒ]
 * align="center"|k
 * colspan=3 align="center"|[k]
 * align="center"|kk
 * align="center"|[kː]
 * colspan=2 align="center"|[k]
 * align="center"|ks
 * colspan=3 align="center"|[ks], [gz]
 * align="center"|l
 * colspan=3 align="center"|[l]
 * align="center"|ll
 * align="center"|[lː]
 * align="center"|[lʰ], [l]
 * align="center"|[lʰ]
 * align="center"|m
 * colspan=3 align="center"|[m]
 * align="center"|mm
 * align="center"|[mː]
 * align="center" |[m]
 * align="center" |[ᵇm]
 * align="center"|n
 * colspan=3 align="center"|[n]
 * align="center"|nn
 * align="center"|[nː]
 * align="center"|[nʰ], [n]
 * align="center"|[ᵈn]
 * align="center"|p
 * colspan=3 align="center"|[p]
 * align="center"|pp
 * align="center"|[pː]
 * colspan=2 align="center"|[p]
 * align="center"|r
 * align="center"|[r]
 * align="center"|[ɹ]
 * align="center"|[ɹ],[ɾ]
 * align="center"|rr
 * align="center"|[rː]
 * align="center"|[ɾʰ], [ɹ]
 * align="center"|[ɾʰ]
 * align="center"|s
 * colspan=3 align="center"|[s], [z]
 * align="center"|sh
 * colspan=3 align="center"|[ʃ]
 * align="center"|ss
 * align="center"|[sː], [s]
 * colspan=2 align="center"|[s]
 * align="center"|ssh
 * align="center"|[ʃː]
 * colspan=2 align="center"|[ʃ]
 * align="center"|t
 * colspan=3 align="center"|[t]
 * align="center"|th
 * colspan=3 align="center"|[θ]
 * align="center"|tt
 * align="center"|[tː]
 * colspan=2 align="center"|[t]
 * align="center"|tth
 * align="center"|[θː]
 * colspan=2 align="center"|[θ]
 * align="center"|v
 * align="center"|[v]
 * align="center"|[v], [f]
 * align="center"|[v]
 * align="center"|w
 * colspan=3 align="center"|[w]
 * align="center"|y
 * colspan=3 align="center"|[j]
 * align="center"|z
 * colspan=3 align="center"|[z]
 * }
 * colspan=3 align="center"|[s], [z]
 * align="center"|sh
 * colspan=3 align="center"|[ʃ]
 * align="center"|ss
 * align="center"|[sː], [s]
 * colspan=2 align="center"|[s]
 * align="center"|ssh
 * align="center"|[ʃː]
 * colspan=2 align="center"|[ʃ]
 * align="center"|t
 * colspan=3 align="center"|[t]
 * align="center"|th
 * colspan=3 align="center"|[θ]
 * align="center"|tt
 * align="center"|[tː]
 * colspan=2 align="center"|[t]
 * align="center"|tth
 * align="center"|[θː]
 * colspan=2 align="center"|[θ]
 * align="center"|v
 * align="center"|[v]
 * align="center"|[v], [f]
 * align="center"|[v]
 * align="center"|w
 * colspan=3 align="center"|[w]
 * align="center"|y
 * colspan=3 align="center"|[j]
 * align="center"|z
 * colspan=3 align="center"|[z]
 * }
 * align="center"|[v]
 * align="center"|w
 * colspan=3 align="center"|[w]
 * align="center"|y
 * colspan=3 align="center"|[j]
 * align="center"|z
 * colspan=3 align="center"|[z]
 * }
 * align="center"|z
 * colspan=3 align="center"|[z]
 * }

Used solely in words whose status as borrowings is in no doubt.

In certain borrowed words, such as fondacyon RMC [fɔnˈdasjɔn], RLC [fənˈdæʃjɐn] ('foundation').

TC speakers realise dh as [θ] and v as [f] word-finally in an unstressed syllable. RLC speakers may not even realise these sounds at all, although this is reflected in spelling, e.g. TC menedh [ˈmɛnɐθ], RLC mena [ˈmɛnɐ] ('mountain').

[v] often occurs morpheme-initially before vowels. The mutation of [f] to [v] found in some varieties of Cornish is not shown in writing.

A few words spelt with mm and nn lack pre-occlusion in RLC. These include words thought to have entered the language after pre-occlusion occurred, e.g. gramm ('gramme'), and words that fell out of use by the RLC period, e.g. gonn ('I know').

The distribution of [s] and [z] differs in each variety of Cornish. Some rules are common to almost all speakers, e.g. final s and medial s between vowels or a sonorant and a vowel are usually [z], whereas other rules are specific to certain varieties, e.g. RMC speakers usually realise initial s as [s] whereas RLC tend to prefer [z] (except in such clusters as sk, sl, sn, sp and st). The mutation of [s] to [z] found in some varieties of Cornish is not shown in writing.