User:Evetrack36/sandbox

evetrack   Jump to navigation Jump to search Online video platform owned by Google .mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em} For the company's channel on YouTube, see YouTube (channel).

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YouTube is an American online video sharing and <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media platform</a> owned by <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>. It was launched on February 14, 2005, by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Chen" title="Steve Chen">Steve Chen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad_Hurley" title="Chad Hurley">Chad Hurley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jawed_Karim" title="Jawed Karim">Jawed Karim</a>. It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_popular_websites" class="mw-redirect" title="List of most popular websites">second most visited</a> website, right after Google itself. YouTube has more than one billion monthly users<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">&#x5B;7&#x5D;</a> who collectively watch more than one billion hours of videos each day.<sup id="cite_ref-1_billion_hours_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1_billion_hours-8">&#x5B;8&#x5D;</a> As of May 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=YouTube&amp;amp;action=edit">&#x5B;update&#x5D;</a>, videos were being uploaded at a rate of more than 500 hours of content per minute.<sup id="cite_ref-500_hours_per_minute_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-500_hours_per_minute-9">&#x5B;9&#x5D;</a> <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">&#x5B;10&#x5D;</a>

In October 2006, YouTube was bought by Google for $1.65 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">&#x5B;11&#x5D;</a> Google's ownership of YouTube has also changed its business model; it no longer generates revenue from advertisements alone. YouTube now offers paid content such as movies and exclusive content. YouTube and approved creators participate in Google's <a href="/wiki/Google_AdSense" title="Google AdSense">AdSense</a> program, which generates more revenue for both parties. It has since evolved from a small video streaming platform to a large service with reported revenues of $19.8 billion in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-2020revenue_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020revenue-1">&#x5B;1&#x5D;</a>

Since its purchase by Google, YouTube has expanded beyond the website into <a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">mobile apps</a>, network television, and the <a href="/wiki/Interoperability" title="Interoperability">ability to link</a> with other services. Video categories on YouTube include <a href="/wiki/Music_video" title="Music video">music videos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_clip" title="Video clip">video clips</a>, <a href="/wiki/News" title="News">news</a>, <a href="/wiki/Short_film" title="Short film">short films</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">feature films</a>, <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentaries</a>, audio recordings, <a href="/wiki/Trailer_(promotion)" title="Trailer (promotion)">movie trailers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teaser_campaign" title="Teaser campaign">teasers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Live_stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Live stream">live streams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vlog" title="Vlog">vlogs</a>, and more. Most content is <a href="/wiki/User-generated_content" title="User-generated content">generated by individuals</a>. This includes collaborations between <a href="/wiki/YouTuber" title="YouTuber">YouTubers</a> and corporate sponsors. Since 2015, established media corporations such as <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">Disney</a>, <a href="/wiki/ViacomCBS" title="ViacomCBS">ViacomCBS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/WarnerMedia" title="WarnerMedia">WarnerMedia</a> have created and expanded their corporate YouTube channels to advertise to a larger audience.

YouTube <a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_YouTube" title="Social impact of YouTube">has had an unprecedented social impact</a>, influencing popular culture, internet trends, and creating multimillionaire celebrities. Despite all its growth and success, YouTube has been widely criticized. Criticism of YouTube includes; the website being used to facilitate the spread of <a href="/wiki/Misinformation" title="Misinformation">misinformation</a>, <a href="/wiki/YouTube_copyright_issues" title="YouTube copyright issues">copyright issues</a>, <a href="/wiki/YouTube_and_privacy" title="YouTube and privacy">routine violations of its users' privacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_YouTube" title="Censorship of YouTube">enabling censorship</a>, and endangering <a href="/wiki/Child_protection" title="Child protection">child safety and wellbeing</a>.

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Contents
<label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox">


 * <a href="#History"> 1 History </a>
 * <a href="#Founding_and_initial_growth_(2005–2006)"> 1.1 Founding and initial growth (2005–2006) </a>
 * <a href="#Broadcast_Yourself_era_(2006–2013)"> 1.2 Broadcast Yourself era (2006–2013) </a>
 * <a href="#YouTube&amp;#39;s_new_CEO_(2014–2018)"> 1.3 YouTube's new CEO (2014–2018) </a>
 * <a href="#Consolidation_and_controversy_(2019–present)"> 1.4 Consolidation and controversy (2019–present) </a>
 * <a href="#Features"> 2 Features </a>
 * <a href="#Video_technology"> 2.1 Video technology </a>
 * <a href="#Uploading"> 2.1.1 Uploading </a>
 * <a href="#Quality_and_formats"> 2.1.2 Quality and formats </a>
 * <a href="#Live_streaming"> 2.1.3 Live streaming </a>
 * <a href="#User_features"> 2.2 User features </a>
 * <a href="#Community"> 2.2.1 Community </a>
 * <a href="#Comment_system"> 2.2.2 Comment system </a>
 * <a href="#Content_accessibility"> 2.3 Content accessibility </a>
 * <a href="#Platforms"> 2.3.1 Platforms </a>
 * <a href="#International_and_localization"> 2.4 International and localization </a>
 * <a href="#Videos"> 3 Videos </a>
 * <a href="#Copyright_issues"> 3.1 Copyright issues </a>
 * <a href="#Content_ID"> 3.1.1 Content ID </a>
 * <a href="#Moderation_and_offensive_content"> 3.2 Moderation and offensive content </a>
 * <a href="#YouTube_as_a_tool_to_promote_conspiracy_theories_and_far-right_content"> 3.2.1 YouTube as a tool to promote conspiracy theories and far-right content </a>
 * <a href="#Use_among_white_supremacists"> 3.2.2 Use among white supremacists </a>
 * <a href="#Handling_of_COVID-19_pandemic_and_other_misinformation"> 3.2.3 Handling of COVID-19 pandemic and other misinformation </a>
 * <a href="#Child_safety_and_wellbeing"> 3.2.4 Child safety and wellbeing </a>
 * <a href="#Sexualization_of_children_and_pedophilia"> 3.2.5 Sexualization of children and pedophilia </a>
 * <a href="#April_Fools_gags"> 3.3 April Fools gags </a>
 * <a href="#Services"> 4 Services </a>
 * <a href="#YouTube_Community"> 4.1 YouTube Community </a>
 * <a href="#YouTube_Kids"> 4.2 YouTube Kids </a>
 * <a href="#YouTube_Movies"> 4.3 YouTube Movies </a>
 * <a href="#YouTube_Music"> 4.4 YouTube Music </a>
 * <a href="#YouTube_Premium"> 4.5 YouTube Premium </a>
 * <a href="#YouTube_Shorts"> 4.6 YouTube Shorts </a>
 * <a href="#YouTube_Stories"> 4.7 YouTube Stories </a>
 * <a href="#TestTube"> 4.8 TestTube </a>
 * <a href="#YouTube_TV"> 4.9 YouTube TV </a>
 * <a href="#Social_impact"> 5 Social impact </a>
 * <a href="#Finances"> 6 Finances </a>
 * <a href="#Partnership_with_corporations"> 6.1 Partnership with corporations </a>
 * <a href="#2017_advertiser_boycott"> 6.1.1 2017 advertiser boycott </a>
 * <a href="#YouTuber_earnings"> 6.2 YouTuber earnings </a>
 * <a href="#Revenue_to_copyright_holders"> 6.3 Revenue to copyright holders </a>
 * <a href="#Censorship_and_bans"> 7 Censorship and bans </a>
 * <a href="#See_also"> 8 See also </a>
 * <a href="#References"> 9 References </a>
 * <a href="#Further_reading"> 10 Further reading </a>
 * <a href="#External_links"> 11 External links </a>

<span class="anchor" id="Company_history"> <span class="anchor" id="Website_history"> History
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/> Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_YouTube" title="History of YouTube">History of YouTube</a>

Founding and initial growth (2005–2006)
<a href="/wiki/File:Youtube_founders.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Youtube_founders.jpg/400px-Youtube_founders.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Youtube_founders.jpg/600px-Youtube_founders.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Youtube_founders.jpg/800px-Youtube_founders.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1317" data-file-height="480" /></a>  <a href="/wiki/File:Youtube_founders.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a> From left to right: <a href="/wiki/Chad_Hurley" title="Chad Hurley">Chad Hurley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Chen" title="Steve Chen">Steve Chen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jawed_Karim" title="Jawed Karim">Jawed Karim</a>, the founders of YouTube YouTube was founded by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Chen" title="Steve Chen">Steve Chen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad_Hurley" title="Chad Hurley">Chad Hurley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jawed_Karim" title="Jawed Karim">Jawed Karim</a>. The trio were all early employees of <a href="/wiki/PayPal" title="PayPal">PayPal</a>, which left them enriched after the company was bought by <a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-12">&#x5B;12&#x5D;</a> Hurley had studied design at <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_of_Pennsylvania" title="Indiana University of Pennsylvania">Indiana University of Pennsylvania</a>, and Chen and Karim studied <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> together at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign">University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">&#x5B;13&#x5D;</a>

According to a story that has often been repeated in the media, Hurley and Chen developed the idea for YouTube during the early months of 2005, after they had experienced difficulty sharing videos that had been shot at a dinner party at Chen's apartment in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>. Karim did not attend the party and denied that it had occurred, but Chen remarked that the idea that YouTube was founded after a dinner party "was probably very strengthened by marketing ideas around creating a story that was very digestible".<sup id="cite_ref-YouTube_gurus_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YouTube_gurus-14">&#x5B;14&#x5D;</a>

Karim said the inspiration for YouTube first came from the <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXVIII_halftime_show_controversy" title="Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy">Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Janet_Jackson" title="Janet Jackson">Janet Jackson</a>'s breast was briefly exposed by <a href="/wiki/Justin_Timberlake" title="Justin Timberlake">Justin Timberlake</a> during the halftime show. Karim could not easily find video clips of the incident and <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami">2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami</a> online, which led to the idea of a video sharing site.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">&#x5B;15&#x5D;</a> Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an <a href="/wiki/Online_dating_service" title="Online dating service">online dating service</a>, and had been influenced by the website <a href="/wiki/Hot_or_Not" title="Hot or Not">Hot or Not</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-YouTube_gurus_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YouTube_gurus-14">&#x5B;14&#x5D;</a> <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">&#x5B;16&#x5D;</a> They created posts on <a href="/wiki/Craigslist" title="Craigslist">Craigslist</a> asking attractive women to upload videos of themselves to YouTube in exchange for a $100 reward.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">&#x5B;17&#x5D;</a> Difficulty in finding enough dating videos led to a change of plans, with the site's founders deciding to accept uploads of any type of video.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">&#x5B;18&#x5D;</a>

<a href="/wiki/File:Youtube_logo.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Youtube_logo.jpg/220px-Youtube_logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="47" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Youtube_logo.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="60" /></a>  <a href="/wiki/File:Youtube_logo.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a> The YouTube logo was used from its launch until 2011. Another version of this logo without their "Broadcast Yourself" slogan was used until 2015. YouTube began as a <a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">venture capital</a>–funded technology <a href="/wiki/Startup_company" title="Startup company">startup</a>. Between November 2005 and April 2006, the company raised money from a variety of investors with <a href="/wiki/Sequoia_Capital" title="Sequoia Capital">Sequoia Capital</a>, $11.5 million, and Artis Capital Management, $8 million, being the largest two.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-12">&#x5B;12&#x5D;</a> <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">&#x5B;19&#x5D;</a> YouTube's early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in <a href="/wiki/San_Mateo,_California" title="San Mateo, California">San Mateo, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">&#x5B;20&#x5D;</a> In February 2005, the company activated .<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">&#x5B;21&#x5D;</a> The first video was uploaded April 23, 2005. Titled <a href="/wiki/Me_at_the_zoo" title="Me at the zoo">Me at the zoo</a>, it shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Zoo" title="San Diego Zoo">San Diego Zoo</a> and can still be viewed on the site.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">&#x5B;22&#x5D;</a> <sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">&#x5B;23&#x5D;</a> In May, the company launched a public beta and by November, a Nike ad featuring <a href="/wiki/Ronaldinho" title="Ronaldinho">Ronaldinho</a> became the first video to reach one million total views.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">&#x5B;24&#x5D;</a> <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">&#x5B;25&#x5D;</a> The site launched officially on December 15, 2005, by which time the site was receiving 8 million views a day.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">&#x5B;26&#x5D;</a> <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">&#x5B;27&#x5D;</a> Clips at the time were limited to 100 megabytes, as little as 30 seconds of footage.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">&#x5B;28&#x5D;</a>

Contrary to popular belief, YouTube was not the first video-sharing site on the Internet; <a href="/wiki/Vimeo" title="Vimeo">Vimeo</a> was launched in November 2004, though that site remained a side project of its developers from <a href="/wiki/CollegeHumor" title="CollegeHumor">CollegeHumor</a> at the time and did not grow much, either.<sup id="cite_ref-fortune_vimeo_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fortune_vimeo-29">&#x5B;29&#x5D;</a> The week of YouTube's launch, NBC-Universal's <a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live" title="Saturday Night Live">Saturday Night Live</a> ran a skit "<a href="/wiki/Lazy_Sunday_(The_Lonely_Island_song)" title="Lazy Sunday (The Lonely Island song)">Lazy Sunday</a>" by <a href="/wiki/The_Lonely_Island" title="The Lonely Island">The Lonely Island</a>. Besides helping to bolster ratings and long-term viewership for Saturday Night Live, "Lazy Sunday"'s status as an early <a href="/wiki/Viral_video" title="Viral video">viral video</a> helped establish YouTube as an important website.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-30">&#x5B;30&#x5D;</a> Unofficial uploads of the skit to YouTube drew in more than five million collective views by February 2006 before they were removed when <a href="/wiki/NBCUniversal" title="NBCUniversal">NBCUniversal</a> requested it two months later based on copyright concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">&#x5B;31&#x5D;</a> Despite eventually being taken down, these duplicate uploads of the skit helped popularize YouTube's reach and led to the upload of more third-party content.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">&#x5B;32&#x5D;</a> <sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">&#x5B;33&#x5D;</a> The site grew rapidly and, in July 2006, the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">&#x5B;34&#x5D;</a>

The choice of the name  led to problems for a similarly named website,. That site's owner, <a href="/wiki/Universal_Tube_%26_Rollform_Equipment" title="Universal Tube &amp;amp; Rollform Equipment">Universal Tube &#x26; Rollform Equipment</a>, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube subsequently changed its website to .<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">&#x5B;35&#x5D;</a> <sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">&#x5B;36&#x5D;</a>

Broadcast Yourself era (2006–2013)
<a href="/wiki/File:901_Cherry_Avenue.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/901_Cherry_Avenue.jpg/250px-901_Cherry_Avenue.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="140" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/901_Cherry_Avenue.jpg/375px-901_Cherry_Avenue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/901_Cherry_Avenue.jpg/500px-901_Cherry_Avenue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5004" data-file-height="2800" /></a>  <a href="/wiki/File:901_Cherry_Avenue.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a> YouTube's headquarters in San Bruno, California On October 9, 2006, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">&#x5B;37&#x5D;</a> <sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">&#x5B;38&#x5D;</a> The deal was finalized on November 13, 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">&#x5B;39&#x5D;</a> <sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">&#x5B;40&#x5D;</a> Google's acquisition launched new newfound interest in video-sharing sites; <a href="/wiki/IAC_(company)" title="IAC (company)">IAC</a>, which now owned Vimeo, focused on supporting the content creators to distinguish itself from YouTube.<sup id="cite_ref-fortune_vimeo_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fortune_vimeo-29">&#x5B;29&#x5D;</a> It is at this time YouTube issued the slogan "Broadcast Yourself".

<a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_YouTube_(2015-2017).svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Logo_of_YouTube_%282015-2017%29.svg/200px-Logo_of_YouTube_%282015-2017%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="84" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Logo_of_YouTube_%282015-2017%29.svg/300px-Logo_of_YouTube_%282015-2017%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Logo_of_YouTube_%282015-2017%29.svg/400px-Logo_of_YouTube_%282015-2017%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="211" /></a>  <a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_YouTube_(2015-2017).svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a> YouTube logo from 2015 until 2017 The company experienced rapid growth. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a> wrote that in 2007, YouTube consumed as much <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">bandwidth</a> as the entire Internet in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">&#x5B;41&#x5D;</a> By 2010, the company had reached a <a href="/wiki/Market_share" title="Market share">market share</a> of around 43% and more than 14 billion views of videos, according to <a href="/wiki/ComScore" class="mw-redirect" title="ComScore">comScore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">&#x5B;42&#x5D;</a> That year, the company simplified its interface in order to increase the time users would spend on the site.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">&#x5B;43&#x5D;</a> In 2011, more than three billion videos were being watched each day with 48 hours of new videos uploaded every minute.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">&#x5B;44&#x5D;</a> <sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">&#x5B;45&#x5D;</a> <sup id="cite_ref-48-60_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48-60-46">&#x5B;46&#x5D;</a> However, most of these views came from a relatively small number of videos; according to a software engineer at that time, 30% of videos accounted for 99% of views on the site.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">&#x5B;47&#x5D;</a> That year, the company again changed its interface and at the same time, introduced a new logo with a darker shade of red.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">&#x5B;48&#x5D;</a> <sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">&#x5B;49&#x5D;</a> A subsequent interface change, designed to unify the experience across desktop, TV, and mobile, was rolled out in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-tnw-one_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tnw-one-50">&#x5B;50&#x5D;</a> By that point, more than 100 hours were being uploaded every minute, a number that would increase to 300 hours by November 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">&#x5B;51&#x5D;</a> <sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">&#x5B;52&#x5D;</a>

During this time, the company also went through some organizational changes. In October 2006, YouTube moved to a new office in <a href="/wiki/San_Bruno,_California" title="San Bruno, California">San Bruno, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">&#x5B;53&#x5D;</a> Hurley announced that he would be stepping down as a chief executive officer of YouTube to take an advisory role and that <a href="/wiki/Salar_Kamangar" title="Salar Kamangar">Salar Kamangar</a> would take over as head of the company in October 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">&#x5B;54&#x5D;</a>

YouTube's new CEO (2014–2018)
<a href="/wiki/File:YouTube_Logo_2017.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/YouTube_Logo_2017.svg/200px-YouTube_Logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="45" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/YouTube_Logo_2017.svg/300px-YouTube_Logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/YouTube_Logo_2017.svg/400px-YouTube_Logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="114" /></a>  <a href="/wiki/File:YouTube_Logo_2017.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a> YouTube logo since 2017 <a href="/wiki/Susan_Wojcicki" title="Susan Wojcicki">Susan Wojcicki</a> was appointed <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a> of YouTube in February 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">&#x5B;55&#x5D;</a> In January 2016, YouTube expanded its headquarters in San Bruno by purchasing an office park for $215 million. The complex has 51,468 square metres (554,000 square feet) of space and can house up to 2,800 employees.<sup id="cite_ref-office_park_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-office_park-56">&#x5B;56&#x5D;</a> YouTube officially launched the "polymer" redesign of its user interfaces based on <a href="/wiki/Material_Design" title="Material Design">Material Design</a> language as its default, as well a redesigned logo that is built around the service's play button emblem in August 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">&#x5B;57&#x5D;</a>

Through this period, YouTube tried several new ways to generate revenue beyond advertisements. In 2013, YouTube launched a pilot program for content providers to offer premium, subscription-based channels within the platform.<sup id="cite_ref-subscription_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-subscription-58">&#x5B;58&#x5D;</a> <sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">&#x5B;59&#x5D;</a> This effort was discontinued in January 2018 and relaunched in June, with US$4.99 channel subscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">&#x5B;60&#x5D;</a> <sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">&#x5B;61&#x5D;</a> These channel subscriptions complemented the existing Super Chat ability, launched in 2017, which allows viewers to donate between $1 and $500 to have their comment highlighted.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">&#x5B;62&#x5D;</a> In 2014, YouTube announced a subscription service known as "Music Key," which bundled ad-free streaming of music content on YouTube with the existing <a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Music" title="Google Play Music">Google Play Music</a> service.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">&#x5B;63&#x5D;</a> The service continued to evolve in 2015, when YouTube announced YouTube Red, a new premium service that would offer ad-free access to all content on the platform (succeeding the Music Key service released the previous year), premium original series, and films produced by YouTube personalities, as well as background playback of content on mobile devices. YouTube also released <a href="/wiki/YouTube_Music" title="YouTube Music">YouTube Music</a>, a third app oriented towards streaming and discovering the music content hosted on the YouTube platform.<sup id="cite_ref-Youtubered_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Youtubered-64">&#x5B;64&#x5D;</a> <sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">&#x5B;65&#x5D;</a> <sup id="cite_ref-Engadget-ytmusic_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engadget-ytmusic-66">&#x5B;66&#x5D;</a>

The company also attempted to create products to appeal to specific kinds of viewers. YouTube released a mobile app known as <a href="/wiki/YouTube_Kids" title="YouTube Kids">YouTube Kids</a> in 2015, designed to provide an experience optimized for children. It features a simplified user interface, curated selections of channels featuring age-appropriate content, and parental control features.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">&#x5B;67&#x5D;</a> Also in 2015, YouTube launched YouTube Gaming—a <a href="/wiki/Video_gaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming">video gaming</a>-oriented vertical and app for videos and live streaming, intended to compete with the <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a>-owned <a href="/wiki/Twitch_(service)" title="Twitch (service)">Twitch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">&#x5B;68&#x5D;</a>

Consolidation and controversy (2019–present)
By February 2017, one billion hours of YouTube were watched every day, and 400 hours of video were uploaded every minute.<sup id="cite_ref-1_billion_hours_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1_billion_hours-8">&#x5B;8&#x5D;</a> <sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">&#x5B;69&#x5D;</a> Two years later, the uploads had risen to more than 500 hours per minute.<sup id="cite_ref-500_hours_per_minute_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-500_hours_per_minute-9">&#x5B;9&#x5D;</a> During the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, when most of the world was under <a href="/wiki/Stay-at-home_order" title="Stay-at-home order">stay-at-home orders</a>, usage of services such as YouTube greatly increased. One data firm estimated that YouTube was accounting for 15% of all internet traffic, twice its pre-pandemic level.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">&#x5B;70&#x5D;</a> In response to EU officials requesting that such services reduce bandwidth as to make sure medical entities had sufficient bandwidth to share information, YouTube along with Netflix stated they would reduce streaming quality for at least thirty days as to cut bandwidth use of their services by 25% to comply with the EU's request.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">&#x5B;71&#x5D;</a> YouTube later announced that they would continue with this move worldwide: "We continue to work closely with governments and network operators around the globe to do our part to minimize stress on the system during this unprecedented situation."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">&#x5B;72&#x5D;</a>

The company was attacked on April 3, 2018, when <a href="/wiki/2018_YouTube_headquarters_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 YouTube headquarters shooting">a shooting</a> occurred at YouTube's headquarters in San Bruno, California, which wounded four and resulted in one death (the shooter).<sup id="cite_ref-shooting_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shooting-73">&#x5B;73&#x5D;</a>

Following a 2018 complaint alleging violations of the <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Online_Privacy_Protection_Act" title="Children&amp;#39;s Online Privacy Protection Act">Children's Online Privacy Protection Act</a> (COPPA),<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">&#x5B;74&#x5D;</a> the company was fined $170 million by the FTC for collecting personal information from minors under the age of 13.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">&#x5B;75&#x5D;</a> YouTube was also ordered to create systems to increase children's privacy.<sup id="cite_ref-verge-coppafine_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verge-coppafine-76">&#x5B;76&#x5D;</a> <sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">&#x5B;77&#x5D;</a> Following criticisms of its implementation of those systems, YouTube started treating all videos designated as "made for kids" as liable under COPPA on January 6, 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">&#x5B;78&#x5D;</a> <sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">&#x5B;79&#x5D;</a> Joining the YouTube Kids app, the company created a supervised mode, designed more for <a href="/wiki/Preadolescence" title="Preadolescence">tweens</a>, in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">&#x5B;80&#x5D;</a> Additionally in an effort to compete with <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a>, YouTube has released YouTube Shorts which allows users to create short videos to music.

During this period, YouTube entered disputes with other tech companies. For over a year, in 2018 and 2019, there was no YouTube app available for <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Fire_TV" title="Amazon Fire TV">Amazon Fire</a> products. In 2020, <a href="/wiki/Roku" title="Roku">Roku</a> removed the YouTube TV app from its streaming store after the two companies were unable to reach an agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">&#x5B;81&#x5D;</a> <sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">&#x5B;82&#x5D;</a>

After testing earlier in 2021, YouTube removed public display of dislike counts on videos in November 2021, citing its internal research that found users often used the dislike feature as a form of <a href="/wiki/Cyberbullying" title="Cyberbullying">cyberbullying</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vote_brigading" title="Vote brigading">brigading</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_YouTube_dislikes_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_YouTube_dislikes-83">&#x5B;83&#x5D;</a> While some users praised the move as a way to discourage <a href="/wiki/Internet_troll" title="Internet troll">trolls</a>, others felt that hiding dislikes would make it harder for viewers to recognize clickbait or unhelpful videos, and that other features already existed for creators to limit bullying. Some theorised the removal of dislikes was influenced by <a href="/wiki/YouTube_Rewind_2018" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube Rewind 2018">YouTube Rewind 2018</a>, which was universally panned and became the <a href="/wiki/List_of_most-disliked_YouTube_videos" title="List of most-disliked YouTube videos">most-disliked video</a> on the platform.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_YouTube_dislikes_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_YouTube_dislikes-83">&#x5B;83&#x5D;</a> YouTube co-founder Jawed Karim referred to the update as "a stupid idea", and that the reason behind the change was "not a good one, and not one that will be publicly disclosed." Karim felt that the ability for users on a social platform to identity bad content was essential, saying, "The process works, and there's a name for it: the wisdom of the crowds. The process breaks when the platform interferes with it. Then, the platform invariably declines."<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">&#x5B;84&#x5D;</a> <sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">&#x5B;85&#x5D;</a> <sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">&#x5B;86&#x5D;</a>

Video technology
YouTube primarily uses the <a href="/wiki/VP9" title="VP9">VP9</a> and <a href="/wiki/H.264/MPEG-4_AVC" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264/MPEG-4 AVC">H.264/MPEG-4 AVC</a> video codecs, and the <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Adaptive_Streaming_over_HTTP" title="Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP">Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP</a> protocol.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">&#x5B;87&#x5D;</a> <a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">MPEG-4 Part 2</a> streams contained within <a href="/wiki/3GP_and_3G2" title="3GP and 3G2">3GP</a> containers are also provided for low bandwidth connections.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-88">&#9#91;88&#x5D;</a> By January 2019, YouTube had begun rolling out videos in <a href="/wiki/AV1" title="AV1">AV1</a> format.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">&#x5B;89&#x5D;</a> In 2021 it was reported that the company was considering requiring AV1 in streaming hardware in order to decrease bandwidth and increase quality.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">&#x5B;90&#x5D;</a> Video is usually streamed alongside the Opus and AAC audio codecs.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-88">&#x5B;88&#x5D;</a>

At launch in 2005, viewing YouTube videos on a personal computer required the <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash_Player" title="Adobe Flash Player">Adobe Flash Player</a> plug-in to be installed in the browser.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">&#x5B;91&#x5D;</a> In January 2010, YouTube launched an experimental version of the site that used the built-in multimedia capabilities of web browsers supporting the <a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a> standard.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-92">&#x5B;92&#x5D;</a> This allowed videos to be viewed without requiring Adobe Flash Player or any other plug-in to be installed.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">&#x5B;93&#x5D;</a> On January 27, 2015, YouTube announced that HTML5 would be the default playback method on <a href="/wiki/HTML5_video_support" class="mw-redirect" title="HTML5 video support">supported browsers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-92">&#x5B;92&#x5D;</a> With the switch to HTML5 video streams using <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Adaptive_Streaming_over_HTTP" title="Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP">Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP</a> (MPEG-DASH), an adaptive bit-rate HTTP-based streaming solution optimizing the bitrate and quality for the available network.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">&#x5B;94&#x5D;</a>

The platform can serve videos at optionally lower resolution levels starting at 144p for smoothening playback in areas and countries with limited <a href="/wiki/Internet_speed" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet speed">Internet speeds</a>, improving compatibility, as well as for the preservation of limited cellular <a href="/wiki/Data_plan" title="Data plan">data plans</a>. The resolution setting can be adjusted automatically based on detected connection speed, as well as be set manually.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">&#x5B;95&#x5D;</a> <sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">&#x5B;96&#x5D;</a>

From 2008 to 2017, users could add "annotations" to their videos—such as pop-up text messages and hyperlinks and which allowed for <a href="/wiki/Interactive_video" title="Interactive video">interactive videos</a>. By 2019 all annotations had been removed from videos, breaking some videos which depended on the feature. YouTube introduced standardized <a href="/wiki/Widget_(GUI)" class="mw-redirect" title="Widget (GUI)">widgets</a> intended to replace annotations in a cross-platform manner, including "end screens" (a customizable array of thumbnails for specified videos displayed near the end of the video).<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">&#x5B;97&#x5D;</a> <sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">&#x5B;98&#x5D;</a> <sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">&#x5B;99&#x5D;</a>

In 2018, YouTube became an <a href="/wiki/ISNI" class="mw-redirect" title="ISNI">ISNI</a> registry, and announced its intention to begin creating ISNI identifiers to uniquely identify the musicians whose videos it features.<sup id="cite_ref-ISNIYouTube1_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISNIYouTube1-100">&#x5B;100&#x5D;</a>

Uploading
All YouTube users can upload videos up to 15 minutes each in duration. Users can verify their account, normally through a mobile phone, to gain the ability to upload videos up to 12 hours in length, as well as produce live streams.<sup id="cite_ref-videolength_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-videolength-101">&#x5B;101&#x5D;</a> <sup id="cite_ref-intro_to_live_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intro_to_live-102">&#x5B;102&#x5D;</a> When YouTube was launched in 2005, it was possible to upload longer videos, but a 10-minute limit was introduced in March 2006 after YouTube found that the majority of videos exceeding this length were unauthorized uploads of television shows and films.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">&#x5B;103&#x5D;</a> The 10-minute limit was increased to 15 minutes in July 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">&#x5B;104&#x5D;</a> Videos can be at most 256 <a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">GB</a> in size or 12 hours, whichever is less.<sup id="cite_ref-videolength_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-videolength-101">&#x5B;101&#x5D;</a> <span class="anchor" id="closed_captioning"> As of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=YouTube&amp;amp;action=edit">&#x5B;update&#x5D;</a>, automatic <a href="/wiki/Closed_captioning" title="Closed captioning">closed captions</a> using <a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">speech recognition</a> technology when a video is uploaded is available in 13 languages, and can be <a href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">machine-translated</a> during playback.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">&#x5B;105&#x5D;</a>

YouTube also offers manual closed captioning as part of its creator studio.<sup id="cite_ref-captioning_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-captioning-106">&#x5B;106&#x5D;</a> YouTube formerly offered a 'Community Captions' feature, where viewers could write and submit captions for public display upon approval by the video uploader, but this was deprecated in September 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-community_captions_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-community_captions-107">&#x5B;107&#x5D;</a>

YouTube accepts the most common <a href="/wiki/Digital_container_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital container format">container formats</a>, including <a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_14" title="MPEG-4 Part 14">MP4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matroska" title="Matroska">Matroska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flash_Video" title="Flash Video">FLV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Interleave" title="Audio Video Interleave">AVI</a>, <a href="/wiki/WebM" title="WebM">WebM</a>, <a href="/wiki/3GP_and_3G2" title="3GP and 3G2">3GP</a>, <a href="/wiki/MPEG_program_stream" title="MPEG program stream">MPEG-PS</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/QuickTime_File_Format" title="QuickTime File Format">QuickTime File Format</a>. Some intermediate video formats (i.e., primarily used for professional video editing, not for final delivery or storage) are also accepted, such as <a href="/wiki/Apple_ProRes" title="Apple ProRes">ProRes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">&#x5B;108&#x5D;</a> YouTube provides recommended encoding settings.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">&#x5B;109&#x5D;</a>

Each video is identified by an eleven-character <a href="/wiki/Case-sensitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Case-sensitive">case-sensitive</a> alphanumerical <a href="/wiki/Base64#The_URL_applications" title="Base64">Base64</a> string in the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Resource Locator">Uniform Resource Locator</a> (URL) which can contain letters, digits, an underscore, and a dash .<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">&#x5B;110&#x5D;</a>

In 2018, YouTube added a feature called Premiere which displays a notification to the user mentioning when the video will be available for the first time, like for a live stream but with a prerecorded video. When the scheduled time arrives, the video is aired as a live broadcast with a two-minute countdown. Optionally, a premiere can be initiated immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">&#x5B;111&#x5D;</a>

Quality and formats
YouTube originally offered videos at only one quality level, displayed at a resolution of 320×240 <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixels</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Sorenson_codec" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorenson codec">Sorenson Spark</a> codec (a variant of <a href="/wiki/H.263" title="H.263">H.263</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-incomplete-h263_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-incomplete-h263-112">&#x5B;112&#x5D;</a> <sup id="cite_ref-flash-video_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flash-video-113">&#x5B;113&#x5D;</a> with mono MP3 audio.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">&#x5B;114&#x5D;</a> In June 2007, YouTube added an option to watch videos in <a href="/wiki/3GP_and_3G2" title="3GP and 3G2">3GP</a> format on mobile phones.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">&#x5B;115&#x5D;</a> In March 2008, a high-quality mode was added, which increased the resolution to 480×360 pixels.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">&#x5B;116&#x5D;</a> In December 2008, <a href="/wiki/720p" title="720p">720p</a> <a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">HD</a> support was added. At the time of the 720p launch, the YouTube player was changed from a <a href="/wiki/4:3" class="mw-redirect" title="4:3">4:3</a> <a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)" title="Aspect ratio (image)">aspect ratio</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Widescreen" title="Widescreen">widescreen</a> <a href="/wiki/16:9" class="mw-redirect" title="16:9">16:9</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">&#x5B;117&#x5D;</a> With this new feature, YouTube began a switchover to <a href="/wiki/H.264/MPEG-4_AVC" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264/MPEG-4 AVC">H.264/MPEG-4 AVC</a> as its default video compression format. In November 2009, <a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">1080p</a> HD support was added. In July 2010, YouTube announced that it had launched a range of videos in <a href="/wiki/4K_resolution" title="4K resolution">4K</a> format, which allows a resolution of up to 4096×3072 pixels.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">&#x5B;118&#x5D;</a> <sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">&#x5B;119&#x5D;</a> In July 2010, support for <a href="/wiki/4K_resolution" title="4K resolution">4K resolution</a> was added, with the videos playing at 3840 × 2160 pixels.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120">&#x5B;120&#x5D;</a> In June 2015, support for <a href="/wiki/8K_resolution" title="8K resolution">8K resolution</a> was added, with the videos playing at 7680×4320 pixels.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121">&#x5B;121&#x5D;</a> In November 2016, support for <a href="/wiki/High-dynamic-range_video" title="High-dynamic-range video">HDR video</a> was added which can be encoded with <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_log%E2%80%93gamma" title="Hybrid log–gamma">hybrid log–gamma</a> (HLG) or <a href="/wiki/Perceptual_quantizer" title="Perceptual quantizer">perceptual quantizer</a> (PQ).<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122">&#x5B;122&#x5D;</a> HDR video can be encoded with the <a href="/wiki/Rec._2020" title="Rec. 2020">Rec. 2020</a> color space.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123">&#x5B;123&#x5D;</a>

In June 2014, YouTube began to deploy support for <a href="/wiki/High-frame-rate" class="mw-redirect" title="High-frame-rate">high-frame-rate</a> videos up to 60 <a href="/wiki/Frames_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Frames per second">frames per second</a> (as opposed to 30 before), becoming available for user uploads in October. YouTube stated that this would enhance "motion-intensive" videos, such as <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video game</a> footage.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">&#x5B;124&#x5D;</a> <sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">&#x5B;125&#x5D;</a> <sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">&#x5B;126&#x5D;</a> <sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127">&#x5B;127&#x5D;</a>

YouTube videos are available in a range of quality levels. Viewers only indirectly influence the video quality. In the mobile apps, users choose between "Auto", which adjusts resolution based on the internet connection, "High Picture Quality" which will prioritize playing high-quality video, "Data saver" which will sacrifice video quality in favor of low data usage and "Advanced" which lets the user choose a stream resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128">&#x5B;128&#x5D;</a> On desktop, users choose between "Auto" and a specific resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">&#x5B;129&#x5D;</a> It is not possible for the viewer to directly choose a higher <a href="/wiki/Bitrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitrate">bitrate</a> (quality) for any selected resolution.

Since 2009, viewers have had the ability watch 3D videos.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130">&#x5B;130&#x5D;</a> In 2015, the company began natively supporting <a href="/wiki/360-degree_video" title="360-degree video">360-degree video</a>. Since April 2016, allowed live streaming 360° video, and both normal and 360° video at up to 1440p, and since November 2016 both at at up to 4K (2160p) resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">&#x5B;131&#x5D;</a> <sup id="cite_ref-Verge_2016_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verge_2016-132">&#x5B;132&#x5D;</a> <sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">&#x5B;133&#x5D;</a> Citing the limited number of users who watched more than 90-degrees, the company began supporting an alternative stereoscopic video format known as VR180 which it said was easier to produce.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134">&#x5B;134&#x5D;</a> The company now allows users to watch any video using virtual reality headsets.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135">&#x5B;135&#x5D;</a>

In response to increased viewership during the COVID-19 pandemic, the company temporarily downgraded the quality of its videos.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136">&#x5B;136&#x5D;</a> <sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137">&#x5B;137&#x5D;</a> The company developed its own chip, called Argos, to help with encoding higher resolution videos in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138">&#x5B;138&#x5D;</a>

Live streaming
YouTube carried out early experiments with <a href="/wiki/Live_streaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Live streaming">live streaming</a>, including a concert by <a href="/wiki/U2" title="U2">U2</a> in 2009, and a question-and-answer session with US President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> in February 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_2010_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN_2010-139">&#x5B;139&#x5D;</a> These tests had relied on technology from 3rd-party partners, but in September 2010, YouTube began testing its own live streaming infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_2010_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_2010-140">&#x5B;140&#x5D;</a> In April 2011, YouTube announced the rollout of YouTube Live. The creation of live streams was initially limited to select partners.<sup id="cite_ref-YT_Blog_2011_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YT_Blog_2011-141">&#x5B;141&#x5D;</a> It was used for real-time broadcasting of events such as the 2012 Olympics in London.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142">&#x5B;142&#x5D;</a> In October 2012, more than 8 million people watched <a href="/wiki/Felix_Baumgartner" title="Felix Baumgartner">Felix Baumgartner</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Red_Bull_Stratos" title="Red Bull Stratos">jump from the edge of space</a> as a live stream on YouTube.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143">&#x5B;143&#x5D;</a>

In May 2013, creation of live streams was opened to verified users with at least 1,000 subscribers; in August of that year the number was reduced to 100 subscribers,<sup id="cite_ref-Verge_2013_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verge_2013-144">&#x5B;144&#x5D;</a> and in December the limit was removed.<sup id="cite_ref-MacNN_2013_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNN_2013-145">&#x5B;145&#x5D;</a> In February 2017, live streaming was introduced to the official YouTube mobile app. Live streaming via mobile was initially restricted to users with at least 10,000 subscribers,<sup id="cite_ref-Ars_Technica_2017-02-08_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ars_Technica_2017-02-08-146">&#x5B;146&#x5D;</a> but as of mid-2017 it has been reduced to 100 subscribers.<sup id="cite_ref-create_live_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-create_live-147">&#x5B;147&#x5D;</a> Live streams support HDR, can be up to 4K resolution at 60 fps, and also support 360° video.<sup id="cite_ref-Verge_2016_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verge_2016-132">&#x5B;132&#x5D;</a> <sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148">&#x5B;148&#x5D;</a>

Community
On September 13, 2016, YouTube launched a <a href="/wiki/Public_beta" class="mw-redirect" title="Public beta">public beta</a> of Community, a <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>-based feature that allows users to post text, images (including <a href="/wiki/GIF" title="GIF">GIFs</a>), live videos and others in a separate "Community" tab on their channel.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149">&#x5B;149&#x5D;</a> Prior to the release, several creators had been consulted to suggest tools Community could incorporate that they would find useful; these <a href="/wiki/YouTuber" title="YouTuber">YouTubers</a> included <a href="/wiki/Vlogbrothers" title="Vlogbrothers">Vlogbrothers</a>, <a href="/wiki/AsapScience" title="AsapScience">AsapScience</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lilly_Singh" title="Lilly Singh">Lilly Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/MatPat" title="MatPat">The Game Theorists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karmin" title="Karmin">Karmin</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Key_of_Awesome" title="The Key of Awesome">The Key of Awesome</a>, The Kloons, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hollens" title="Peter Hollens">Peter Hollens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosianna_Halse_Rojas" title="Rosianna Halse Rojas">Rosianna Halse Rojas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Tsui" title="Sam Tsui">Sam Tsui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Threadbanger" title="Threadbanger">Threadbanger</a> and Vsauce3.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150">&#x5B;150&#x5D;</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (July 2021)">non-primary source needed </a>''&#x5D;

After the feature has been officially released, the community post feature gets activated automatically for every channel that passes a specific threshold of subscriber counts or already has more subscribers. This threshold was lowered over time<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (September 2019)">when? </a>&#x5D;, from 10,000 subscribers to 1500 subscribers, to 1000 subscribers,<sup id="cite_ref-community-activate_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-community-activate-151">&#x5B;151&#x5D;</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (July 2021)">non-primary source needed </a>''&#x5D; to 500 subscribers.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152">&#x5B;152&#x5D;</a>

Channels that the community tab becomes enabled for, get their channel discussions (the name before March 2013 "One channel layout" redesign finalization: "channel comments") permanently erased, instead of co-existing or migrating.<sup id="cite_ref-community-help_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-community-help-153">&#x5B;153&#x5D;</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (July 2021)">non-primary source needed </a>&#x5D;

Comment system
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/> See also: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Google#YouTube_user_comments" title="Criticism of Google">Criticism of Google § YouTube user comments</a> Most videos enable users to leave comments, and these have attracted attention for the <a href="/wiki/Troll_(Internet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Troll (Internet)">negative</a> aspects of both their form and content. In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> praised <a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a> for enabling "community and collaboration on a scale never seen before", and added that YouTube "harnesses the stupidity of crowds as well as its wisdom. Some of the comments on YouTube make you weep for the future of humanity just for the spelling alone, never mind the obscenity and the naked hatred".<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154">&#x5B;154&#x5D;</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> in 2009 described users' comments on YouTube as:<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155">&#x5B;155&#x5D;</a>

<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996844942">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0} <blockquote class="templatequote">Juvenile, aggressive, misspelt, <a href="/wiki/Sexist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexist">sexist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Homophobic">homophobic</a>, swinging from raging at the contents of a video to providing a pointlessly detailed description followed by a <a href="/wiki/LOL" title="LOL">LOL</a>, YouTube comments are a hotbed of infantile debate and unashamed ignorance—with the occasional burst of wit shining through. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a> commented in September 2008, that YouTube was "notorious" for "some of the most confrontational and ill-formed <a href="/wiki/Comments_section" title="Comments section">comment</a> exchanges on the internet", and reported on YouTube Comment Snob, "a new piece of software that blocks rude and illiterate posts".<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156">&#x5B;156&#x5D;</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a> noted in April 2012 that finding comments on YouTube that appear "<a href="/wiki/Offensive_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Offensive content">offensive</a>, stupid and crass" to the "vast majority" of the people is hardly difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157">&#x5B;157&#x5D;</a>

Google subsequently implemented a comment system oriented on Google+ on November 6, 2013, that required all YouTube users to use a Google+ account to comment on videos. The stated motivation for the change was giving creators more power to moderate and block comments, thereby addressing frequent criticisms of their quality and tone.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158">&#x5B;158&#x5D;</a> The new system restored the ability to include <a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">URLs</a> in comments, which had previously been removed due to problems with abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159">&#x5B;159&#x5D;</a> <sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160">&#x5B;160&#x5D;</a> In response, YouTube co-founder Jawed Karim posted the question "why the fuck do I need a google+ account to comment on a video?" on his YouTube channel to express his negative opinion of the change.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161">&#x5B;161&#x5D;</a> The official YouTube announcement<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162">&#x5B;162&#x5D;</a> received 20,097 "thumbs down" votes and generated more than 32,000 comments in two days.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163">&#x5B;163&#x5D;</a> Writing in the Newsday blog Silicon Island, Chase Melvin noted that "Google+ is nowhere near as popular a social media network like Facebook, but it's essentially being forced upon millions of YouTube users who don't want to lose their ability to comment on videos" and added that "Discussion forums across the Internet are already bursting with the outcry against the new comment system". In the same article Melvin goes on to say:<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164">&#x5B;164&#x5D;</a>

<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996844942"/><blockquote class="templatequote">Perhaps user complaints are justified, but the idea of revamping the old system isn't so bad. Think of the crude, <a href="/wiki/Misogynistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Misogynistic">misogynistic</a> and racially-charged mudslinging that has transpired over the last eight years on YouTube without any discernible moderation. Isn't any attempt to curb unidentified libelers worth a shot? The system is far from perfect, but Google should be lauded for trying to alleviate some of the damage caused by irate YouTubers hiding behind animosity and anonymity. Later, on July 27, 2015, Google announced in a blog post that it would be removing the requirement to sign up to a Google+ account to post comments to YouTube.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165">&#x5B;165&#x5D;</a> Then on November 3, 2016, YouTube announced a trial scheme which allows the creators of videos to decide whether to approve, hide or report the comments posted on videos based on an <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithm</a> that detects potentially offensive comments.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166">&#x5B;166&#x5D;</a> Creators may also choose to keep or delete comments with links or hashtags in order to combat spam. They can also allow other users to moderate their comments.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167">&#x5B;167&#x5D;</a>

In December 2020, it was reported that YouTube would launch a new feature that will warn users who post a comment that "may be offensive to others."<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168">&#x5B;168&#x5D;</a> <sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169">&#x5B;169&#x5D;</a>

Content accessibility
YouTube offers users the ability to view its videos on web pages outside their website. Each YouTube video is accompanied by a piece of <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> that can be used to embed it on any page on the Web.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170">&#x5B;170&#x5D;</a> This functionality is often used to embed YouTube videos in social networking pages and blogs. Users wishing to post a video discussing, inspired by, or related to another user's video can make a "video response". The eleven character YouTube video identifier (64 possible characters used in each position), allows for a theoretical maximum of 6411 or around 73.8 quintillion (73.8 billion billion) unique ids.

YouTube announced that it would remove video responses for being an underused feature on August 27, 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171">&#x5B;171&#x5D;</a> Embedding, rating, commenting and response posting can be disabled by the video owner.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172">&#x5B;172&#x5D;</a> YouTube does not usually offer a download link for its videos, and intends for them to be viewed through its website interface.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173">&#x5B;173&#x5D;</a> A small number of videos can be downloaded as <a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_14" title="MPEG-4 Part 14">MP4</a> files.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174">&#x5B;174&#x5D;</a> Numerous third-party web sites, applications and browser <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_(computing)" title="Plug-in (computing)">plug-ins</a> allow users to download YouTube videos.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175">&#x5B;175&#x5D;</a>

In February 2009, YouTube announced a test service, allowing some partners to offer video downloads for free or for a fee paid through <a href="/wiki/Google_Checkout" title="Google Checkout">Google Checkout</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176">&#x5B;176&#x5D;</a> In June 2012, Google sent <a href="/wiki/Cease_and_desist" title="Cease and desist">cease and desist</a> letters threatening legal action against several websites offering online download and conversion of YouTube videos.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177">&#x5B;177&#x5D;</a> In response, <a href="/wiki/Zamzar" title="Zamzar">Zamzar</a> removed the ability to download YouTube videos from its site.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178">&#x5B;178&#x5D;</a> Users retain copyright of their own work under the default Standard YouTube License,<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179">&#x5B;179&#x5D;</a> but have the option to grant certain usage rights under any <a href="/wiki/Public_copyright_license" title="Public copyright license">public copyright license</a> they choose.

Since July 2012, it has been possible to select a <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a> attribution license as the default, allowing other users to reuse and remix the material.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180">&#x5B;180&#x5D;</a>

Platforms
Most modern <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> are capable of accessing YouTube videos, either within an application or through an optimized website. YouTube Mobile was launched in June 2007, using <a href="/wiki/Real_Time_Streaming_Protocol" title="Real Time Streaming Protocol">RTSP</a> streaming for the video.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181">&#x5B;181&#x5D;</a> Not all of YouTube's videos are available on the mobile version of the site.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182">&#x5B;182&#x5D;</a>

Since June 2007, YouTube's videos have been available for viewing on a range of <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> products. This required YouTube's content to be transcoded into Apple's preferred video standard, <a href="/wiki/H.264/MPEG-4_AVC" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264/MPEG-4 AVC">H.264</a>, a process that took several months. YouTube videos can be viewed on devices including <a href="/wiki/Apple_TV" title="Apple TV">Apple TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPod_Touch" title="IPod Touch">iPod Touch</a> and the <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183">&#x5B;183&#x5D;</a>

The mobile version of the site was relaunched based on <a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a> in July 2010, avoiding the need to use Adobe Flash Player and optimized for use with touch screen controls.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184">&#x5B;184&#x5D;</a> The mobile version is also available as an app for the Android platform.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185">&#x5B;185&#x5D;</a> <sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186">&#x5B;186&#x5D;</a>

In September 2012, YouTube launched its first app for the iPhone, following the decision to drop YouTube as one of the preloaded apps in the iPhone 5 and iOS 6 operating system.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187">&#x5B;187&#x5D;</a> According to <a href="/wiki/GlobalWebIndex" title="GlobalWebIndex">GlobalWebIndex</a>, YouTube was used by 35% of smartphone users between April and June 2013, making it the third-most used app.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188">&#x5B;188&#x5D;</a>

A <a href="/wiki/TiVo" title="TiVo">TiVo</a> service update in July 2008 allowed the system to search and play YouTube videos.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189">&#x5B;189&#x5D;</a>

In January 2009, YouTube launched "YouTube for TV", a version of the website tailored for set-top boxes and other TV-based media devices with web browsers, initially allowing its videos to be viewed on the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_3" title="PlayStation 3">PlayStation 3</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a> <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">video game consoles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190">&#x5B;190&#x5D;</a> <sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191">&#x5B;191&#x5D;</a>

During the month of June that same year, YouTube XL was introduced, which has a simplified interface designed for viewing on a standard television screen.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192">&#x5B;192&#x5D;</a> YouTube is also available as an app on <a href="/wiki/Xbox_Live" class="mw-redirect" title="Xbox Live">Xbox Live</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193">&#x5B;193&#x5D;</a>

On November 15, 2012, Google launched an official app for the Wii, allowing users to watch YouTube videos from the Wii channel.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194">&#x5B;194&#x5D;</a> An app was available for <a href="/wiki/Wii_U" title="Wii U">Wii U</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_3DS" title="Nintendo 3DS">Nintendo 3DS</a>, but was discontinued in August 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195">&#x5B;195&#x5D;</a> Videos can also be viewed on the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Browser_(Wii_U)" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Browser (Wii U)">Wii U Internet Browser</a> using HTML5.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196">&#x5B;196&#x5D;</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (September 2019)">non-primary source needed </a>''&#x5D; Google made YouTube available on the <a href="/wiki/Roku" title="Roku">Roku</a> player on December 17, 2013,<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197">&#x5B;197&#x5D;</a> and, in October 2014, the Sony <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_4" title="PlayStation 4">PlayStation 4</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198">&#x5B;198&#x5D;</a>

YouTube launched as a downloadable app for the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Switch" title="Nintendo Switch">Nintendo Switch</a> in November 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199">&#x5B;199&#x5D;</a>

International and localization
On June 19, 2007, Google CEO <a href="/wiki/Eric_Schmidt" title="Eric Schmidt">Eric Schmidt</a> appeared in Paris to launch the new <a href="/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">localization</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-local_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-local-200">&#x5B;200&#x5D;</a> The interface of the website is available with localized versions in 104 countries, one territory (<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>) and a worldwide version.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201">&#x5B;201&#x5D;</a>