User:Evkulesza/sandbox

I am making a link.

Article on Nectar This article has very little on nectaries and what is there seems to be fairly disorganized. I would plan to improve the floral nectaries and septal nectaries sectionsby adding more information on the floral nectaries and clarifying the difference between the two.

Nectar Draft Ideas
The floral nectaries subsection needs a lot of addition. I would like to add more on the anatomy of the nectaries, its currently very basic and only describes their position on the flower. There is also no mention on the function of floral nectaries in the article so I would add more on that topic.

There is also a section on septal nectaries that is more filled out then the floral nectaries. Both seem very similar so I need to do some reading to determine the differences. If there aren't much differences between the two then I plan on combining the two sections and differentiating then under one subheading. I would add more explaining the mechanisms of nectar secretion from the nectary tissues. I also plan to organize the part that discusses the plant animal interactions.

Floral Nectaries Draft
Removed section on septal nectaries and made one subsection in floral nectaries.

A nectary is floral tissue found in different locations in the flower. The different types of floral nectaries include septal nectaries found on the sepal, petal nectaries, staminal nectaries found on the stamen, and gynoecial nectaries found on the ovary tissue. The nectaries also may vary in color, number, and symmetry. Nectaries can also be categorized as structural or non-structural. Structural nectaries refer to specific areas of tissue that exude nectar, such as the types of floral nectaries previously listed. Non-structural nectaries secrete nectar infrequently from non-differentiated tissues. The different types of floral nectaries coevolved depending on the pollinator that feeds on the plant's nectar. Nectar is secreted from epidermal cells of the nectaries by means of trichomes or modified stomata. The nectar comes from phloem with additional sugars that are secreted from the cells through vesicles packaged by the endoplasmic reticulum. Flowers that have longer nectaries sometimes have a vascular strand in the nectary to assist in transport over a longer distance. .

Floral nectaries are used by plants to attract pollinators such as insects, hummingbirds, and other vertebrates. The pollinators feed on the nectar and depending on the location of the nectary the pollinator assists in fertilization and outcrossing of the plant as they brush against the reproductive organs, the stamen and pistil, of the plant and pick up or deposit pollen. Nectar from floral nectaries is sometimes used as a reward to insects, such as ants, that protect the plant from predators. Many floral families have evolved a nectar spur. These spurs are projections of various lengths formed from different tissues, such as the petals or sepals. They allow for pollinators to land on the elongated tissue and more easily reach the nectaries and obtain the nectar reward. Different characteristics of the spur, such as its length or position in the flower, may determine the type of pollinator that visits the flower.

Defense from herbivory is often one of the roles of extrafloral nectaries. Floral nectaries can also be involved in defense. In addition to the sugars found in nectar, certain proteins may also be found in nectar secreted by floral nectaries. In tobacco plants, these proteins have antimicrobial and antifungal properties and can be secreted to defend the gynoecium from certain pathogens.

Floral nectaries have evolved and diverged into the different types of nectaries due to the various pollinators that visit the flowers. In Melastomataceae, different types of floral nectaries have evolved and been lost many times. Flowers that ancestrally produced nectar and had nectaries may have lost their ability to produce nectar due to a lack of nectar consumption by pollinators, such as certain species of bees. Instead they focused on energy allocation to pollen production. Species of angiosperms that have nectaries use the nectar to attract pollinators that consume the nectar, such as birds and butterflies. In Bromeliaceae, septal nectaries are common in species that are insect or bird pollinated. In species that are wind pollinated, nectaries are often absent because there is no pollinator to provide a reward for. . In flowers that are generally pollinated by long-tongued organism such as certain flies, moths, butterflies, and birds, nectaries in the ovaries are common because they are able to reach the nectar reward when pollinating. Septal and petal nectaries are often more common in species that are pollinated by short-tongued insects that cannot reach so far into the flower.

List of sources on Nectar

 * Not all sources used, many repeated information and others had extraneous information that I did not use*

-"Pollination and floral ecology" Pat Wilmer. Book in the lib QK926 .W55 2011

-"The reason for flowers: their history, culture, biology, and how they change our lives" Stephen L. Buchmann. Book in the lib SB404.9 .B83 2015

-Fahn, Abraham. “On the Structure of Floral Nectaries.” Botanical Gazette, vol. 113, no. 4, 1952, pp. 464–470. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/2472434

-Razem, Fawzi A., and Arthur R. Davis. "Anatomical and ultrastructural changes of the floral nectary ofPisum sativum L. during flower development." Protoplasma 206.1-3 (1999): 57-72.

-Fahn, A. “Ultrastructure of Nectaries in Relation to Nectar Secretion.” American Journal of Botany, vol. 66, no. 8, 1979, pp. 977–985. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/2442240.

-Heil, Martin. "Nectar: generation, regulation and ecological functions." Trends in plant science 16.4 (2011): 191-200.

-Smets, E. F., and E. M. Cresens. "Types of floral nectaries and the concepts ‘character’and ‘character-state’—a reconsideration." Acta Botanica Neerlandica 37.1 (1988): 121-128.

-Rudall, Paula. "Homologies of inferior ovaries and septal nectaries in monocotyledons." International Journal of Plant Sciences 163.2 (2002): 261-276.

-Rudall, Paula. “Homologies of Inferior Ovaries and Septal Nectaries in Monocotyledons.” International Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 163, no. 2, 2002, pp. 261–276. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/338323.

-Sajo, M. G., P. J. Rudall, and C. J. Prychid. "Floral anatomy of Bromeliaceae, with particular reference to the evolution of epigyny and septal nectaries in commelinid monocots." Plant Systematics and Evolution 247.3-4 (2004): 215-231.

Unused articles
Article on Sympetalae This is a very short article and it is linked with sympataly. This article discusses the group of flowers that show sympetaly but doesn't go into much detail about the actual process of fusion. For this article I would either create a new article for the process of sympetaly or I would create a subsection in this article.

Article on Lenticel Article could use some editing, some parts contain more information than others, there is a section on fruits and a brief section on tubers but no section on trees.

Article on Living stump This article is a stub so it has very little information in it. I can expand more on the topic discussing grafting and how it is able to stay alive.