User:FFLaguna/Jeon Du-hwan

Chun Doo-hwan (also transliterated as Jeon Du-hwan; born 18 January 1931) is a retired former ROK Army general who served as President of South Korea from 1980 to 1988. Chun was sentenced to death in 1996 for authorizing the Gwangju massacre, but later pardoned by President Kim Young-sam on the advice of then President-elect Kim Dae-jung, whom Chun himself had sentenced to death some 20 years earlier.

Road to power
Chun was a graduate of the eleventh class of the Korea Military Academy in 1955, and a member of Hanahoe, a powerful private group of military officers that supported his actions. As head of the Defense Security Command, he was in charge of the investigation into the assassination of President Park Chung-hee. On 12 December 1979, in what became known as the Incident of 12 December, Chun ordered the arrest of General Jeong Seung-hwa (정승화, 鄭昇和), ROK Army Chief of Staff, without authorization from then-President Choi Kyu-ha, needing to further investigate his involvement in the assassination. Jeong Seung-hwa resisted, leading to a bloody shoot-out at the Army Headquarters and the Ministry of Defense. By the next morning, Chun and his fellow eleventh class military academy graduates including Major General Roh Tae-woo, commanding general of 9th Infantry Division and Major General Jeong Ho-yong were in charge of the Korean military.

On 17 May 1980, Chun dropped all pretense of civilian rule, extending martial law to the entire country and disbanding the National Assembly. Many politicians were arrested, including opposition left-wing liberal politician Kim Dae-jung, who was later sentenced to death despite protests from the U.S. Later, Chun commuted Kim's sentence in return for U.S. support. Protests across the nation were suppressed. Residents of Gwangju resisted by means of arms, arming themselves with stolen guns and military jeeps. South Korean army units were dispatched to quell the protest. In the end at least 207 people were killed and 987 injured in what became known as the Gwangju massacre.

Choi resigned in August, and Chun was elected his successor by the National Conference for Unification, then the puppet electoral college of South Korea. In February 1981, Chun was elected president under a revised constitution as the candidate of the Democratic Justice Party (the renamed Democratic Republican Party), having resigned from the army after promoting himself to four star general.

Years in office
As president, Chun promoted strong centralized government, and the rapid economic growth of the Park era continued.

Although Chun ruled in an authoritarian manner, he had far less power than Park, and for the most part his rule was much milder. The revised 1981 constitution was less authoritarian than its 1972 predecessor, the Yushin Constitution, but still granted very broad powers to the president. However, it restricted the president to one seven-year term, and Chun did not attempt to amend the document so he could run for reelection in 1987.

By 1986, despite the Korean economy enjoying rapid growth combined with modest inflation, there was much antipathy against Chun's regime among the people, led by activist students who later became known as the 386s.

In June 1987, Chun named Roh as the ruling party's candidate in the 1987 elections. The nationwide discontent boiled over, leading to nationwide protests. In the same month, U.S. President Ronald Reagan sent a letter to Chun in support of the establishment of "democratic institutions." Following these events, on 29 June, Roh announced a programme of reform. This included direct presidential elections, restoration of banned politicians including Kim Dae-jung, and other liberalizing measures. This enabled Roh to differentiate himself from Chun, and helped by a divided opposition, he was elected as the next president of South Korea. It later became known that this was a move orchestrated by Chun.

During Chun's visit to Rangoon, Burma (now Myanmar) in 1983, a bomb exploded at a mausoleum he was about to visit, killing 21 people, including South Korean Cabinet members. Chun himself narrowly escaped death as he arrived at the scene two minutes late. While no firm evidence of North Korean involvement has been established, they are widely suspected to have been the responsible party.

An embattled ex-President
After he stepped down, under the vengeful political atmosphere, much public scrutiny fell upon the faults of Chun's regime. Chun's family is said to have embezzled $4,000,000,000 during his rule. On 23 November 1988, the embattled Chun chose to go into the Baekdamsa Buddhist temple as a symbolic gesture of repentance for the excesses of his regime. He spent two years in Baekdamsa.

In 1996, former presidents Chun and Roh were jailed on charges of corruption. On 16 December, they were also convicted of treason and mutiny connected with their takeover of power. Many of Chun's supporters argue that accusation is baseless and it's nothing but a work of vengeful politicians. Chun was initially sentenced to death, which was later commuted to a life sentence. He and Roh were pardoned a year later in a move of conciliation initiated by then President-elect Kim Dae Jung.