User:Fa suisse/sandbox1

COVID-19 contact tracing is the process of identifying persons ("contacts") who may have been in contact with an individual infected by SARS-COV-2. A part of COVID-19 surveillance, its main aim is to rapidly identify contacts in order to prevent further infections by means such as testing and isolation. The World Health Organisation has advised that contact tracing, together with testing, isolation and treatment, must be "the backbone of the response [to COVID-19] in every country". Contact tracing efforts during the COVID-19 pandemic have consisted in large part of interviews of infected individuals, with some communities also using digital information such as mobile phone tracking, video surveillance, and credit card records. Many countries have developed a digital contact tracing strategy focusing on the use of COVID-19 contact tracing apps. Such apps tend to use geolocation or Bluetooth Low Energy.

Use of contact tracing in conjunction with other measures
Some public health authorities do not conduct contact tracing above a certain number of cases. Ireland

Human contact tracing operations
Contact tracing is a decades-old method used by public health workers to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.

Digital contact tracing
Digital contact tracing for COVID-19 cases was first used in East Asia, where the pandemic began.

Singapore

 * conducted systematic tracing, going backward 14 days
 * Police help
 * Army helped, all sorts of means

Japan

 * CT considered a crucial part of the so-called cluster based approach
 * relied on existing contact tracing system based on local health agencies. Practice going back to tuberculosis
 * Manual, no publication of information (fax)
 * Introduction of QR codes for clubs later on

Europe
The ECDC which many countries refer to, defines CT as forward CT

Switzerland

 * Zug only canton to conduct during first wave, with Lungenliga
 * April 26 strategy, recommending forward contact tracing starting tree days before symptoms, citing various scientific papers including Ferretti et al.
 * DP-3T group basis for SwissCovid app and impotant input for GAEN. Voluntary app with legal basis voted on X.
 * To add: based on decentralized exchange of keys between users and alert passing pseudonymously through a central server, which is not designed to identify contacts and clusters, (due to a decision to prioritize privacy)

Contact tracers in activity and available by country and region
The following table lists the number of contact tracers that have worked or are working on a daily basis across various countries and regions, and the declared capacity in terms of contact tracers and number of cases of infection for which each country/region can theoretically conduct tracing for on a given day.

Table of comparison

Contact tracing staff / per 100'000 / Mandatory testing for cases / Digital contact tracing measures (yes ; starting when)

Backward contact tracing (days before symptoms)

Forward contact tracing (days before symptoms)

CT team access to databases and investigation means

Cellphone location, Police collaboration

Consumption-based emissions
Post-Kyoto greenhouse gas inventories: production versus consumption

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10584-007-9280-1

Consumption-based emissions reporting: twelfth report of session ..., Volume 1 -- De Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Energy and Climate Change Committee. -- https://books.google.ch/books?id=GlKqZgRTPt4C&pg=RA1-PA6&lpg=RA1-PA6&dq=trade-adjusted+emissions&source=bl&ots=-K-W4WrAsO&sig=ACfU3U3R-BmkN5-kRGwbn4mQObwJFUjQWg&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjMsMvd_47nAhXLjKQKHaeKDAYQ6AEwCHoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=trade-adjusted%20emissions&f=false

Evolution : The Technology-Adjusted Balance of Emissions Embodied in Trade: Assessing Global Carbon Emission Displacement from 1995 to 2009Baumert, Nicolai LU (2017) EKHM52 20171Department of Economic History --- https://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/search/publication/8916041

Offshoring

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/04/climate/outsourcing-carbon-emissions.html.

https://www.carbonbrief.org/are-the-uks-emissions-really-falling-or-has-it-outsourced-them-to-china

https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2017/4/18/15331040/emissions-outsourcing-carbon-leakage

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