User:Faata Rizantara/sandbox

Ugandan Student Protests
Ugandan student political and activism movement has become a part of the country educational endeavors for so many decades since the 20th century. Since the British Imperial occupation in Uganda, schools and universities has become a part of revolutionary movement especially focused on the fight for the independence from the British. After the Ugandan independence in 1966, these endeavors shift focus to the internal affairs. Universities around Uganda were very affiliated with the government and politics. Schools and Universities in Uganda play a central role against the opression from the government of Uganda for many years and decades, through multiple leaders. Student leadership group election really tied with the political movement in Uganda, especially the Makerere University. Student movement and activities were always actively tied to the opposition movement to the government, especially during Milton Obote and Idi Amin leadership. During Amin’s leadership, student often experiencing various persecution. Even after post-dictactorship era of Milton Obote and Idi Amin, Uganda still far from a democratic nation. In the Yoweri Musevni's era, which is known for the first democratically elected leader of Uganda, student still conducting protest and facing persecutions. One of the event is when the students conducting huge protest against Yoweri Musevni’s leadership when he wants to change the presidential term limit in 2006. These constant protests to Yoweri Musevni’s presidency lead to shutdown to Makerere University for three times.

20th Century Student Movements and Protests in Uganda
British colonial era

There was a Pan-Africanism and national  indepence movement during the 1950’ in Uganda that supported by many national universities in Uganda, such as Makerere College. Along with the support from National Union of Ghana Student, they support the welfare society that was considered to be one of the most significance movement in Africa during the British colonial rule. There was also a protest against the British colonial rule by the student body of Uganda in the mid 1950’. Post - Independence era (After 1966)

After the independence from the British, Uganda was ruled by Milton Obote. He was the political ruler of Uganda from independence era from 1961-1971. During his presidency, there were some small clashes with the students in Uganda. These protest including the anti-British protest after the hanging of three Rhodesian African, protest against British arms export from to South Africa, and the arrest of president of student guild in 1969. Later that case, Obote’s also established a spy from the General Service Unit in the university. Idi Amin’s Leadership

Milton Obote was overthrown in 1971. A week after that, Idi Amin quickly seized the power and become the famous Ugandan dictator. During the Idi Amin’s dictatorship. There were various prosecution against the students. In the 1972, Amin banned the National Union of Students of Uganda, there was also protest against Asian student expulsion. Amin replied with the instruction for student to return to normalcy after the expulsion that the student refused to do so and continue to conduct several demonstrations afterward. In 1976, a student named  Paul Serwanga was shot by an Ugandan soldier during the Amin’s authoritarian demonstration just because the soldier liked his girlfriend. Not so long, a student named Ester Chesire disappeared and speculated that the reason is that she was the witness of Serwanga shooting. After a series of demonstration, Amin start to cut basic necessities in Makerere University including foods, books and electricity.

Second Milton Obote Leadership

Idi Amin was overthrown after the Tanzanian-Ugandan war in 1979. Opiyo Oloya, a political scientist at Makerere University re-established the student guild during this era. However, he was forced out of the country in 1981. Due the political instability, civil wars and the HIV pandemic during this era, 11.9% student fleeing the country in 1980’.

21st Century Student Movements and Protests in Uganda
Yoweri Musevni Leadership Era

In 1996 Yoweri Musevni was the first democratically elected president in Uganda. Although he was democratically elected, the constitution of Uganda still far from democratic. Musevni still runs the Ugandan government with Iron hands. In 2005 he enforced the Ugandan constitution to allow himself to run for a third term. The first protest was In 2006, where at least 300 students took action against ecological violation in Uganda.

In 2006, Musevni closed the Makerere University using his authority that he granted from the Makerere semi-national funding scheme. However, in 2007 the university was re-opened.

In 20013, students and the teachers of Makerere University went on strike in demand of salary increase. The government however did not grant the request. The government reasoned that demand off 100% salary increase is not affordable by the state.

2019 Student protest “Fees Must Fall”

In 2019, there was a protest from the Ugandan student movement in demand of decreasing the tuition fees. There was a clash between the students and the military and police authorities. At least eleven students went hospitalized in the clash. It was speculated that the soldiers were entered the student housing and beating as many as they can and left some people hospitalized. Following the demonstration, 15 female students were arrested. Followed by many students stormed the Kampala Police Station in demand of releasing their friends. However, there was no response from the University nor form the Yoweri Musevni about the demonstration. Later that day, the students gathered in the front of Kampala Police station, resulting in the police arrested 5 more students.

My Peer Assesment Reviews
User talk:Solar782/sandbox

User talk:AnonCheikou/sandbox

Annotated Bibliography

 * BRYAN LANGLANDS, STUDENTS AND POLITICS IN UGANDA, African Affairs, Volume 76, Issue 302, January 1977, Pages 3–20


 * Mills, D. (2006). Life on the Hill: Students and the Social History of Makerere. Africa, 76(2), 247-266. doi: 10.3366/afr.2006.76.2.247


 * Byaruhanga, F. (2013). Student power in Africa's higher education. London: Routledge.


 * Violence Escalates following Ugandan Students' ‘Fees Must Fall’ Protest. (2021). Retrieved 20 November 2021, from https://www.okayafrica.com/ugandan-students-storm-police-station-chanting-fees-must-fall/