User:Faherty.14/sandbox

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In other words, when changes in at least two species’ genetic compositions reciprocally affect each other’s evolution, coevolution has occurred.

A general characterization that can be made of many viruses, widely known to be obligate parasites, is that they coevolved alongside their respective hosts. This is suggested by the similar genetic arrangement between virus and host (Adrian, 1995). Correlated mutations between the two species enter them into an evolution arms race: the host must develop a defense mechanism to overcome the parasite, and the parasite must overcome the new defense mechanism in order to persist and reproduce. Whichever organism, host or parasite, that cannot keep up with the other will be eliminated from their habitat, as the species with the higher average population fitness survives. This race is known as the Red Queen Hypothesis.

Annotated Bibliography

'''Heliconius. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliconius. Web 13 September 2014.''' General knowledge of the species and which evolutionary biological concepts the species most relate to. Helpful in finding related topics and concepts that should be looked into, like convergence, comimicry, hybrid speciation, assertive mating, and aposematism, to gain a better understanding of speciation and phylogenetics

'''Heliconius Homepage. www.heliconius.org. Web. 13 September 2014.''' A public domain for researchers posting about topics specifically related to heliconius butterflies. Information and diagrams for the following topics that will be useful for this project: species, phylogeny, mimicry, and genomics. There is also a list of references and articles that have contributed to research on heliconius, but still trying to gain access to the actual content.

'''Hoyal Cuthill J, Charleston M (2012) Phylogenetic Codivergence Supports Coevolution of Mimetic Heliconius Butterflies. PLoS ONE 7(5): e36464. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036464''' Phylogenetic codivergence used to support coevolution, based on repeated codivergence between Mullerian comimics.

'''Mallet, James, Dasmahapatra, Kanchon K. Hybrid sones and the speciation continuum in Heliconius butterflies. Molecular Ecology, 2012. Vol. 21. 5463-5645.'''	Evidence for assortive mating, as well as three different cases of hybridization within the species.

'''Martin, Simon H. Dasmahapatra, Kanchon K. Nadeau, Nicola J, et al. Genome-wide evidence for speciation with gene flow in Heliconius butterflies. CSH press. 17 September 2013.''' Clarifying the role of geographic isolation in speciation, and that species divergence is occurring over long periods of time alongside genome-wide admixture.