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India This article is about the Republic of India. For other uses, see India (disambiguation). India (IAST: Bhārat), also known as the Republic of India (IAST: Bhārat Gaṇarājya),[19][e] is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country (with over 1.2 billion people), and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;[f] China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.

Republic of India Bhārat Gaṇarājya Horizontal tricolor flag bearing, from top to bottom, deep saffron, white, and green horizontal bands. In the centre of the white band is a navy-blue wheel with 24 spokes. Flag Three lions facing left, right, and toward viewer, atop a frieze containing a galloping horse, a 24-spoke wheel, and an elephant. Underneath is a motto: "सत्यमेव जयते". State emblem Motto: "Satyameva Jayate" (Sanskrit) "Truth Alone Triumphs"[1] Anthem: "Jana Gana Mana" (Hindi)[2] "Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People"[3][2] National song "Vande Mataram" (Sanskrit) "I Bow to Thee, Mother"[a][1][2] Image of a globe centred on India, with India highlighted. Area controlled by India shown in dark green; claimed but uncontrolled regions shown in light green. Capital New Delhi 28°36′50″N 77°12′30″E Largest city Mumbai 18°58′30″N 72°49′40″E Official languages HindiEnglish[b][6] Recognised regional languages State level and Eighth Schedule[7] AssameseBengaliBodoDogriGujaratiKannadaKashmiriKokborokKonkaniMaithiliMalayalamManipuriMarathiMizoNepaliOdiaPunjabiSanskritSantaliSindhiTamilTeluguUrdu National language None[8][9][10] Religion 79.8% Hinduism 14.2% Islam 2.3% Christianity 1.7% Sikhism 0.7% Buddhism 0.4% Jainism 0.9% others[c][11] Demonym Indian Membership UN, WTO, BRICS, SAARC, SCO, G8+5, G20, Commonwealth of Nations Government Federal parliamentary constitutional socialist[12] republic[1] • President Ram Nath Kovind • Vice President Venkaiah Naidu • Prime Minister Narendra Modi • Chief Justice Dipak Misra • Speaker of the Lok Sabha Sumitra Mahajan Legislature Parliament • Upper house Rajya Sabha • Lower house Lok Sabha Independence from the United Kingdom • Dominion 15 August 1947 • Republic 26 January 1950 Area • Total 3,287,263[5] km2 (1,269,219 sq mi)[d] (7th) • Water (%) 9.6 Population • 2016 estimate Increase1,324,171,354[13] (2nd) • 2011 census 1,210,854,977[14][15] (2nd) • Density 398.5/km2 (1,032.1/sq mi) (31st) GDP (PPP) 2018 estimate • Total $10.385 trillion[16] (3rd) • Per capita $7,783[16] (116th) GDP (nominal) 2018 estimate • Total $2.848 trillion[16] (6th) • Per capita $2,134[16] (133rd) Gini (2013) 33.9[17] medium · 79th HDI (2017) Increase 0.640[18] medium · 130th Currency Indian rupee (₹) (INR) Time zone UTC+05:30 (IST) DST is not observed Date format dd-mm-yyyy Drives on the left Calling code +91 ISO 3166 code IN Internet TLD .in (others) The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE. In the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, and Buddhism and Jainism arose. Early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires; the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as Southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, and Sikhism emerged, all adding to the region's diverse culture. Much of the north fell to the Delhi Sultanate; the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal Empire. In the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance and led to India's independence in 1947.

In 2017, the Indian economy was the world's sixth largest by nominal GDP[20] and third largest by purchasing power parity.[16] Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the fastest-growing major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, and inadequate public healthcare. A nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the second largest standing army in the world and ranks fifth in military expenditure among nations. India is a federal republic governed under a parliamentary system and consists of 29 states and 7 union territories. A pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society, it is also home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats.

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