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Local Government


Apart from Bhatkal Town, Bhatkal Taluka has 15 Gram Panchayats, one Town Panchayat, and one Town Municipal Council. And it has 59 villages, 2 census towns, and Bhatkal as its headquarter.


 * Ternamakki is a sub-village of Kaikini
 * Chitrapur is a sub-village of Shirali
 * Murdeshwar is a sub-village of Mavalli

State and Central Government
Bhatkal is a State Assembly constituency in Uttara Kannada district and the coastal Karnataka region of Karnataka. It is a part of the Uttara Kannada Parliamentary constituency where, Anantkumar Hegde is incumbent MP, of the BJP. Mankal Vaidya, of the INC, is the incumbent MLA.


 * https://archive.citykemp.com/2016/07/23/3832/ (ref for nayakas of Ikkeri)
 * https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144513374.pdf
 * https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144526781.pdf

Geography
Bhatkal taluk, a port town in Uttara Kannada district, has the highest population density (161,576 persons per km2) in the district. It is connected by the Konkan Railway line that runs from Mangalore to Mumbai and is located on NH-66, which runs between Mumbai and Kanyakumari. Moreover, the area contains a rich lateritic belt that makes up about 7.43% of the open space. Evergreen to semi-evergreen and moist deciduous forests predominate here. Built-up area has expanded from 0.22% to 5.1%, while croplands have increased from 7.91% to 23.5%, according to the land use analysis. The percentage of scrub-type forests has grown from 2.28% to 7.36%. The decline of evergreen forests in the Western Ghats from 61.39% to 30.38% highlights the necessity of forest protection.
 * https://kbb.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/Completed%20Projects/SCR28_ETR56_Land%20Use%20Land%20Cover%20(LULC)%20Dynamics%20in%20Uttara%20Kannada%20District,%20Central%20West%20Coast.pdf

Venkatapur River
River Venkatapura is spread across the Western Ghats in Uttara Kannada and Shimoga districts of Karnataka Originating at Sagara, Originating near Bhimeshwara temple-Sagara (Shimoga), Venkarapura flows for a distance of nearly 50 km, before it joins Arabian Sea at Alvekodi/ Tenginagundi - Bhatkal (Uttara Kannada). Venkatapura river has a catchment area of 459.70 sq.km spread across districts of Uttara Kannada (Bhatkal) and Shimoga (Sagar).

Sharabi River
The banks of the River Sharabi have a history that goes back to when Arab traders navigated along this river in smaller boats after anchoring their ships in the Arabian Sea. They brought great Arabian horses and traded them for spices, mainly pepper, from the local chief. and it has one of the major harbor in the town, which includes a 186m long wharf.

Nawayath Sultanate
Nawayath Sultanate (13th century C.E. to 14th Century C.E.) was a tiny kingdom in the coast of karavali present-day Uttara Kannada district of karnataka, it was established by Nawayath Merchant Hasan Nakhuda in Hospattan, a village in Honnavar. Initially it was an independent kingdom, in 1340, Harihara-nripala, the king of unknown kingdom of Gersoppa (which was controlling eastern part of nawayath sultanate) under whose suzerainty the sultan jamal-ud-din was ruling.

The sultanate has patronized many the architectural work, but it is under ruins or inhabitable or it hasbeen vanished from the map of history, including the mosque built by sultan hasan Nakhuda which resembles grand mosque of Baghdad, the Mirjan Fort and the fort of Hospattan in Honnavar.

Origin
The sultan hasan and jamaluddin were from nawayath descendent of arab community. The term has been given different meaning by different authors, the suyuthi describe Nawayath as the as the corrupt word of Banu-Wayat it means children of wayat who the the descendent of abdullah-Wayat. on the other hand jafar Sharif states the origin differently  that it is originated from arabic word 'Nuwa-A-ay-t'hay' which means 'newcomer'. Wilk supports the meaning given by jafar Sharif but he describe the word Nevayet has the indian origin which may be the corruption of Hindustani and Marathi term. another opinion is that it is apperently a Konkani word connected with Sanskrit nava (i.e., new) and implying new convert.

By Collaborating all the opinions of above and many others victor D'souza concluded by critisizing and not satisfying with those opinion. he state that it is not possible that the word navayat is the common corruption of the terms for "newcomer " in different languages. Nor is it probable that the people speaking different languages selected the Sanskrit words, by common consent as it were, to name these newcomers. and other terms like those who came by boat or new converts, also cannot be regarded as being correct. and some gives the meaning of Navayats as sailors.

Hasan Nakhuda
Jamaluddin Nakhuda's father, according to Ibn-e Batuta's narrative, erected a huge mosque similar to grand Mosque of Baghdad after capturing Sindapur and founded a city there. Hasan Nakhuda may have served as governor of Sindapur under Kadambas, like in the 11th century, a Muslim named Sadhan, son of Muhammad of Arabia, who served as governor.

Jamaluddin Nakhuda
Sultan Jamaluddin Muhammed was pious to his religious duties and was one of the powerful rular in the coast of Kanara. Tribute were paid to him by Malabar king on yearly basis because of his miritime power, In 1338, Vira Ballala III stationed his army at Barkur to check agressive activities of Sultan jamaluddin which was threatening to overthrow the alupa king, the brother-in-law and vassal of Vira Ballala III. In 1343, a fleet of 52 vessels departed for Sindapur upon receiving a message from the king of Sindapur's son, leading to the capture of Sindapur. Subsequently, in 1344, the king of Sindapur launched a surprise assault while the Sultanate's army was scattered throughout the region, with no available information on the outcome of this conflict.

Cultural Influence
Hindus and jains were impacted by the Religious and Moral code of Muslims. When it comes to the Art of fighting, and they imitate Muslims, while in the ground force and navy, the majority of officers were Muslim. Conversely, the livelihood of Muslims was shaped by Jains. It was common to use hot water and rice, yet wheat could be readily imported from other nations. Each individual was provided with a separate plate and spoon for dining. Moreover, on a plate with rice, various types of curries were placed, a practice influenced by Hindus that persists to this day.

Mžik says that shaikh Muhammed Nagauri Considered his male and female slaves unclean and didnot have his food prepared by them because of his belief in untouchability.

Mahdi Husain rejects Mžik's remark about untouchability. According to him, the aforementioned shaikh was a saint with strict habits who carefully avoided any chance of contamination or impurity when performing his devotional practice. For this reason, he was concerned about his servent.

Education
There were 13 educational institutions dedicated to the education of female students, while 23 schools catered to the male student population. Furthermore, the female population during that historical period displayed a remarkable proficiency in memorizing the Quran. It is evident that there is a surplus of individuals holding the titles of alim and fazil residing within the specified geographical region.

Friar Jordanus
In the year 1328, a French missionary and explorer embarked on a visit to the kingdom, during which he meticulously documented a detailed and succinct narrative recounting his expedition to Bhatigala, a place also recognized as Bhatkal. Historical records indicate that the ruler of Bhatigala was affiliated with the Saracens, denoting his adherence to the Islamic faith. According to the insights of Yule, it is probable that Jordanus was making a veiled reference to the sovereign of Honnavar, thereby shedding light on the intricate web of political andzreligious dynamics prevalent during that era.

Ibn Battuta
The Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta visited the sultanate in 1343. According to Ibn Battuta, "The sultan of Hinawr, Jamal-ud-din Muhammad, son of Hasan, is one of the best and most powerful rulers, but he is subordinate to a heathen raja (Sultan) named Haryab." He met Faqqi Ismail Qazi of Bhatkal and the local Qazi Nuruddin Ali, and received hospitality from Shaikh Muhammed Nagauri (an-Naqauri). He speaks about their social, economic, religious, cultural, and administrative factors. He fought a battle of Sindapur alongside them and returned with victory; a year later, under uncertain circumstances, he was unable to return to Hinawr without giving further account.

Other

 * 1) https://books.google.co.in/books?id=e7nkDwAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y (Ibn-e-batuta)
 * 2) https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.47302/page/n275/mode/2up (Barbosa)
 * 3) https://archive.org/details/mirabiliadescrip00jord/page/40/mode/1up (Jordanus)
 * 4) https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.449692/page/n323/mode/2up?view=theater (Syed Sulaiman Nadvi)
 * 5) https://archive.org/details/Mukhtasar-Tareekh-i-Hind/page/n169/mode/2up?view=theater (Syed Abu zafar Nadvi)
 * 6) https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/09683445231161225 (Nagendra Rao)
 * 7) https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/%EF%BB%BF6-centuries-later-ktaka-threatens-goa%E2%80%99s-rights-over-mhadei-yet-again/94290.html (J M John Marshal)
 * 8) https://archive.org/details/jasb-volumes-15-for-1939/page/37/mode/1up?view=theater (George M. Mooraes)
 * 9) https://web.archive.org/web/20220108070407/https://irgu.unigoa.ac.in/drs/bitstream/handle/unigoa/1899/Indica_43(2)_2006_127-138.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (Nagendra Rao)