User:Fateha146/sandbox

Effect of global warming on marine lives
Global warming is one of the most important and apprehensive topics for this decade as it is very concerning to the people related to what is happening in the world right now. Effect of global warming can be seen in every aspect of regular life. Among the effects on the environment global warming has a profound impact on marine life. Marine refers to anything related to the ocean or the sea. It is a board term that has a wide range of marine subjects such as marine biology, oceanography and marine engineering. Life in the sea is not only involving fish but also ocean plants that take care of the ocean ecosystem such as sea reefs, seaweed, algae and others. Global warming affects all these things beyond the shadow of a doubt. Reasons behind the climate change or global warming mostly caused by greenhouse gas emission in our atmosphere for burning fossil fuel. By burning fossil fuel greenhouse gas like carbon emission increases by a great number.

Effects on marine lives such as:


 * Changes of temperature & ecosystem: Oceans getting warmer as a consequence of rising global temperatures have had an impact on the physiology, behavior and distribution of marine life. Considering many species rely upon specific climates for sustenance, even small changes in temperature can cause destruction to their habitats and life cycle. Climate change affects the physical and chemical composition of the ocean, which has a huge impact on marine ecosystems. For instance, the temperature of the water affects the kinds of animals that can exist there. The capacity of many species to form shells or skeletons is impacted by acidification, and hypoxia, or dead zones, can result from low oxygen levels. Warm temperatures have the potential to worsen the consequences of hypoxia and acidity.Six  An ecosystem as a whole may be impacted by actions taken on one species. For instance, the temperature and oxygen content of the water can have an impact on plankton, which are microscopic organisms found at the base of many marine food chains. If the water becomes too warm, they may disappear. When this occurs, animals higher up the food chain, such as whales, may experience food shortages.


 * Ocean acidification: Ocean acidification happens due to seawater absorbing more carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. Corals, shellfish, and plankton are a few of the marine creatures that are impacted by this acidification since they depend on calcium carbonate for their skeletons and shells. These organisms may become more susceptible to predators and environmental stressors as their shells weaken. The availability of calcium carbonate for organisms is decreased due to ocean acidification, which is mostly brought about by carbon dioxide emissions. Due to this, it becomes more challenging for certain plankton, mollusks, and corals to develop and preserve their skeletons and shells. Since the pre-industrial era, the pH of the ocean has decreased by about 30% due to a rapid increase in ocean acidification (IPCC, 2023 ). Due to acidification and carbonate skeleton loss, there could be serious effects on cold water corals in the North Atlantic Ocean (Fransner et al., 2022 ). When organisms are affected by ocean acidification, the impacts spread across the food chain and have an influence on ecosystem services like fisheries.
 * Habitat loss: The increase in sea levels carried due to the melting of polar ice caps and glaciers affect the disappearance of coastal habitats including salt marshes, mangroves and seaweed beds. A lot of marine species rely on these environments for mating, eating and refuge. As a result population declines and changes in ecosystems may result from their disappearance.
 * Impact on fisheries: Fisheries and fish populations are going to be affected by global warming in several ways. Worldwide commercial and subsistence fisheries are impacted by changes in fish behavior, migration patterns, and reproductive success caused by fluctuations in water temperature, oxygen level, and food availability. Changes in fish population size and distribution driven by climate change create a serious threat to both commercial and recreational marine fisheries in certain areas. In reaction to climate change, certain fish species have already changed their geographic range. For instance, when local ocean temperatures rise, pollock and cod are migrating north to colder waters.  Fish migration causes disturbances to the ecosystems they inhabit. It may also lead to misunderstandings over which fishing laws are relevant. Fish population shifts may also require boats to sail farther from ports, which could raise expenses.

The ocean is a vital part of the global ecosystem. It controls global climate and weather and maintains millions of different forms of life. Sustainable marine ecosystems provide Americans with food, medicine, employment, and enjoyment. The ocean also ties humans to the environment and is essential for numerous Native cultures.

Oceans around the world are changing. The rate at which the ocean is warming (0.88°C greater in 2011–2020 compared to 1850–1900), losing oxygen (3–4% by 2100), and the acidifying (30% lower in 2023 compared to 1700) may be too quick for species to adjust to.

The primary impacts of climate change on the continent's oceans include growing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, rising world temperatures, and decreasing water oxygen concentrations. Approximately 30% of carbon emissions and 91% of the heat produced by rising greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere have already been absorbed by the ocean globally (IPCC, 2021 ; UNFCC 2021 )

Marine changes are caused by rising greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere caused by the burning of fossil fuels. These changes might impact which marine species are most likely to thrive in particular locations. For instance, as water temperatures rise, many fish have moved beyond their usual habitat. On the other hand, it is anticipated that some species may become less common or relocate to less conducive environments. Both fishing communities and marine ecosystems may be significantly impacted by these changes.

The only way to prevent many of the effects of climate change is to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Oceanic changes brought on by climate change are inspiring people to come up with solutions for the new problems. For instance, the fishing industry may adapt by using modern forecasting methods in order to predict changes in ocean conditions. In order to save coral reefs from threats including bleaching, infectious illnesses, siltation suffocation, declines in fish populations, and other problems, numerous groups are collaborating. Marine resources can be preserved and protected with the aid of such tactics. However, it will take decades or more for the ocean to recover despite these efforts.

The marine environment and the economy
Numerous American industries rely on the ocean. Over one-third of the $665 billion in sales generated by the marine sector in 2019 came from tourism and recreation, which includes recreational fishing. Additionally, the maritime economy produced $397 billion in GDP, or 1.9% of the country's total GDP.

Commercial fishing has a significant role in the economy. They generated 9.3 billion pounds of fish in 2019, with a $5.5 billion market value. Fishery-related goods and services also benefit other companies, like restaurants, grocery stores, and tackle shops.

Almost 2.4 million Americans employed in industries including construction, real estate, fishing, tourism, food service, and transportation that were impacted by the ocean as of 2019. Major shipping routes for importing and exporting products are the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The United States also uses the ocean to extract gas, oil, sand, and gravel.

In addition, the water offers a host of advantages that are more difficult to quantify financially. We refer to these as ecosystem services. Ocean ecosystem services include carbon storage, water purification, and coastal protection, to name just a few.