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A microsleep is an episode of sleep which may last for a fraction of a second or up to thirty seconds. Often, it is the result of sleep deprivation, mental fatigue, depression, sleep apnea, hypoxia, narcolepsy, or hypersomnia. Microsleeping can occur at any time, typically without significant warning.

Symptoms

 * blank stare
 * head snapping
 * prolonged eye closure
 * failure to respond to outside information

Dangers
Microsleeps (or microsleep episodes) become extremely dangerous when occurring during situations which demand constant alertness, such as driving a motor vehicle or working with heavy machinery. People who experience microsleeps usually remain unaware of them, instead believing themselves to have been awake the whole time, or to have temporarily lost focus.

If microsleep occurs when driving an automobile, several seconds might pass before the driver realizes that they are asleep. It is not obvious to the driver that he or she was asleep during those missing seconds, although this is in fact what happened. The sleeping driver is at very high risk for having an accident during a microsleep episode. For example, a driver could miss a traffic signal turning red, or fail to notice a curve in the road.

Many accidents and catastrophes have resulted from microsleep episodes in these circumstances. For example, a microsleep episode is claimed to have been one factor contributing to the Waterfall train disaster in 2003; the driver had a heart attack and the guard who should have reacted to the train's increasing speed is said by his defender to have microslept, thus causing him to be held unaccountable.

Occurance
Microsleep usually occurs when a person is sleep deprived. The more sleep deprived a person is, the higher the chance of a microsleep occurance. Microsleeps are also most likely to occur at pre-dawn and late afternoon, when the body is "programmed" to sleep. However, microsleep can happen at any time.

Identifying Microsleep
There is little agreement on how best to identify microsleep episodes. Some experts define microsleep according to behavioral criteria (head nods, drooping eyelids, etc.), while others rely on EEG markers. One study at the University of Iowa defined EEG-monitored microsleeps in driving simulation as "a 3–14 second episode during which 4–7 Hz (theta) activity replaced the waking 8–13 Hz (alpha) background rhythm." However, at this time there is no agreed-upon clinical tool for assessing microsleep.