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After the 1945 Nuremburg Trials by the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg, British authorities established British Military War Crimes Courts to prosecute Nazis and others for war crimes in Europe. Parallel prosecutions were held by the US in the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials, and other prosecutions were carried out by French and Russian courts, and by national courts in Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, and many other European countries. More than 500 trials were held by British courts in Germany (Lüneburg, Hamburg, Essen, Borken, Elten, Hannover, Brunswick, Helmstedt, Burgsteinfurt, and Wupperthal), the Netherlands (Almelo), Austria (Klagenfurt) and Italy (Bari, Rome, Venice and Padua). Of the 524 cases heard before British courts that were reported to the United Nations War Crimes Commission, 27 were included in the 15 volumes of the Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals selected and prepared by the Commission before it was disbanded in March 1948.

The British Military Court was established under a Royal Warrant dated 14 June 1945 (Army Order 81/45) to bring prosecutions for "violations of the laws and usages of war"; that is, war crimes. The Royal Warrant did not provide jurisdiction to deal with the two other categories of crimes identified in the Nuremberg principles as punishable under international law: crimes against humanity and crimes against peace. Jurisdiction for the British trials was also based on the fact that the UK, France, the US and the USSR, as Allied Powers occupying Germany, had assumed "supreme authority" over Germany under the 1945 Berlin Declaration. The UK asserted the right to try German nationals for crimes of any kind as part of its duties in administering the British Occupation zone of Germany. In addition, the UK asserted the general doctrine of universality of jurisdiction over war crimes set out in the Nuremberg principles, and that the United Kingdom has a direct interest in punishing the perpetrators of crimes if the victim was a national of an ally engaged in a common struggle against a common enemy.

Commissions were also established for the trial of war criminals in Wupperthal and Hamburg, like the courts established by US authorities in Dachau, under Law No.10 (punishment of persons guilty of war crimes, crimes against peace and crimes against humanity) of the Allied Control Council, made on 10 December 1945. This Law was given effect in the British Zone by the creation of Control Commission Courts, established by Ordinance No.68 of the British Zone on 1 January 1947, replacing the Military Government Courts established under Ordinance No.2 of General Eisenhower as Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force on 18 September 1944. As cooperation between Allies became more difficult, the Allied Control Council issued Directive No.38 on 12 October 1946, which allowed the four occupation governments discretion as to treatment of persons suspected of war crimes arrested by them, including the right to grant amnesty.

After Generalfeldmarschall Walther von Brauchitsch died in Hamburg in 1948 before he could be prosecuted, and a decision was taken not to prosecute Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt and Generaloberst Adolf Strauss on medical grounds, the last British war crimes trial in Germany was that of Generalfeldmarschall Erich von Manstein in 1949. Von Manstein was the only exception to the announcement made by Ernest Bevin, the British Foreign Secretary, of a Cabinet decision not to prosecute any more war criminals after 31 August 1948, with any remaining cases to be dealt with by domestic German criminal courts.

By October 1949, British military tribunals had tried 937 people in the British zone in Germany on war crimes charges, convicting 677, of whom 230 were sentenced to death and 174 executed. Another 447 were sentenced to custodial sentences. These figures do not include the trials were conducted before Control Commission Courts for crimes against humanity committed against Allied nationals, and before German domestic courts for crimes committed against German nationals or stateless persons. None of the death sentences passed after the end of 1946 were carried out. Some officers were transferred for trial in Italy, where the trials often turned out to be more favourable to the defendants. The most senior SS commanders in Italy, Obergruppenführer Karl Wolff and Himmler's personal representative in Italy, SS Standartenführer Eugen Dollmann, escaped prosecution.

Many of the defendants who were sentenced to death were hanged by British executioner Albert Pierrepoint, who travelled to Germany and Austria 25 times to execute 200 war criminals. Others, such as Heinz-Wilhelm Eck, were executed by firing squad.

Other prosecutions were carried out by British Military Courts in the Far East.

Timeline

 * 1945 - Eck (Peleus), Heyer (Essen lynching), Killinger (Stalag Luft trial), Kramer (Belsen), Oenning (Velen), Sandrock (Almelo), Bellomo (Italy)
 * 1946 - Amberger and Rauer (Dreierwalde), von Falkenhorst (Norway), Gerike (Velpke), Grumpelt (scuttling U-boats), Korbel (Wolfsberg), Moehle (U-boat), Oenning, Renoth (Elten), Röhde (Natzweiler-Struthof), Schonfeld, Student (Crete), Tesch (Zyklon B), Tilburg, Heering and Mackensen (marches), Buck and Golkel and others (SAS), Hartjenstein (Natzweiler-Struthof)
 * 1947 - Grahame (...), von Ruckteschell (commerce raider), Max Weilen (Stalag Luft III), Wolf (Blechhammer), Gallenkamp and Koestlin (Poitier), Loibel Pass, Kesselring (Italy), von Mackensen and Mälzer (Italy), Craseman (Italy), Simon (Italy), Müller (Kiel)
 * 1948 - Fritz Knoechlein (Le Paradis)
 * 1949 - von Manstein

Lüneburg
Two Belsen Trials were held in Lüneburg in 1945 and 1946 (with a third Belsen trial in Hamburg in 1948).

The first trial started on 17 September 1945, in which Josef Kramer and 44 others (former SS men, women and kapos) were tried for the murder and ill-treatment at Bergen-Belsen and Auschwitz concentration camps. The trial lasted 54 days and judgment was announced on 17 November 1945, with 11 defendants sentenced to death and hanged on 13 December 1945, one sentenced to life imprisonment, 18 to terms of one to 15 years; 14 were acquitted.

A second group of officials from the Bergen-Belsen camp were tried by a British court at Celle and Lüneberg from 16 May to 30 May 1946, with three sentenced to death and five imprisoned.

Generaloberst Kurt Student was tried in Lüneburg from 6 to 10 May 1946 for war crimes for which he was alleged to bear responsibility as commander-in-chief of German forces occupying Crete in May and June 1941. He was convicted on three of eight charges, relating to British prisoners of war who were required to unload arms and ammunition from German aircraft at Maleme airfield during the Battle of Crete, prisoners of war who were killed for refused to undertake that work, and the killing of three British prisoners near Galatos after they had surrendered. He was sentenced to five years imprisonment, but the conviction and sentence were not confirmed. He was released on medical grounds in 1948 and died in 1978.

Hamburg

 * See related article in German Wikipedia: de:Curiohaus-Prozesse

Many British war crimes trials were held at the Curiohaus in the Rotherbaum quarter of Hamburg.

The Peleus Trial was held in Hamburg from 7 to 10 October 1945 before a mixed British and Greek tribunal. Kapitänleutnant Heinz-Wilhelm Eck and four others were tried for using guns and grenades to kill crew from SS Peleus in the water after the vessel was sunk by the German submarine U-852. Eck and two others were sentenced to death on 20 October 1945, and two others were imprisoned. Eck and the two others were shot on 23 November 1945.

Oberleutnant Gerhard Grumpelt was tried in on 12 and 13 February 1946 for scuttling the German Type XVII submarines U-1406 and U-1407 at Cuxhaven on 6-7 May 1945, in direct contravention of the second paragraph of the Instrument of Surrender signed on 4 May 1945. He was found guilty and sentenced to seven years' imprisonment, later reduced to five years. Both boats were salvaged, with U-1406 allocated to the US and U-1407 to Britain and becoming HMS Meteorite.

Korvettenkapitän Karl-Heinz Moehle, commander of 5th U-Boat Flotilla, was tried by a British court in Hamburg in on 15 and 16 October 1946, accused of giving the Laconia Order requiring U-Boat commanders to kill survivors of torpedoed ships. He was sentenced to five years' imprisonment on 16 October 46, but released in November 1949. He died in 1996.

After two Belsen Trials in Lüneburg, a third Belsen Trial was held in Hamburg from 14 to 16 April 1946. SS Hauptsturmführer Kurt Meyer, leader of the guard battalion of the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. He was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment, but was released early in 1954. [ not Kurt Meyer ]

Kapitän zur See Helmuth von Ruckteschell, commander of the commerce raiders "Schiff 21" and "Schiff 28", was tried in Hamburg between 5 and 21 May 1947, for continuing to fire on merchant vessels after they had surrendered, and for failing to rescue the survivors. He was found guilty on three of the five charges and sentenced to 10 years imprisonment on 12 May 1947, later commuted to seven years, but he died in 1948.

The Stalag Luft III Trial was held in Hamburg from 1 July to 3 September 1947. Obersturmbannführer Max Weilen and 17 other defendants were tried for killing prisoners of war involved in the mass escape from Stalag Luft III in March 1944. Verdicts and sentences were announced on 6 November 1947. Weilen was sentenced to life imprisonment; 15 other defendants were sentenced to death, one commuted to life imprisonment, and two others sentenced to imprisonment for 10 years. A second trial began in Hamburg on 11 October 1948 and lasted for eight days, with verdicts and sentences being reached on 6 November 1948. result? need more details of the second trial two sentenced to death, one commuted to life imprisonment and one quashed on review; one acquitted

General der Flakartillerie August Schmidt was tried for ordering his men not to protect captured Allied airmen from mistreatment by German civilians. He was tried in Hamburg in 1947 and sentenced to life imprisonment, later reduced to ten years' imprisonment, He was released on health grounds in November 1950 and died in 1955.

Numerous trials in Hamburg related to Nazi concentration camps, mainly subcamps of Neuengamme:


 * Between December 1946 to July 1948, there was a series of seven trials of camp officials from the Ravensbrück concentration camp.


 * Three trials relating to Neuengamme concentration camp were held from 18 March to 13 May 1946. Fourteen officials were tried first, and eleven, including Obersturmführer Max Pauly, commandant of Stutthof concentration camp and later commandant of Neuengamme concentration camp, were sentenced to death.  A second group of officials from Neuengamme were tried in July 1946, and sentenced, one to death and five to periods of imprisonment.  A third group of three officials were sentenced in August 1946, two were sentenced to death and one to a period of imprisonment.


 * A trial relating to Beendorf Concentration Camp, a subcamp of Neuengamme concentration camp, was held in 1946. One of the accused was sentenced to death and two to periods of imprisonment on 13 August 1946.


 * A group of 22 officials from Hamburg-Sasel, at Poppenbüttel, a subcamp of Neuengamme, were tried in Hamburg, with 17 sentenced to periods of imprisonment.


 * A group of 9 officials from Kiel-Hasse Internment Camp were tried [in Hamburg?]. Two were sentenced to death and six to periods of imprisonment.
 * A group of 14 officials from Neugraben-Tiefstack Camp were tried in Hamburg; 10 were sentenced to periods of imprisonment.


 * A group of officials from Schandelah Concentration Camp were tried [in Hamburg?] on 3 February 1947, with two sentenced to death and five to periods of imprisonment.


 * The Zyklon B case involved Bruno Tesch - owner of Tesch & Stabenow - and two other civilians involved in the production of the cyanide-releasing pesticide pellets used to kill many of those sent to the concentration camps. Tesch and Karl Weinbacher were sentenced to death by hanging on 8 March 1946; Joachim Drosihn was acquitted.  Tesch and Weinbacher were hanged on 16 May 1946.


 * Two groups of officials from Fuhlsbüttel prison were tried [in Hamburg?] in September and November 1947. Three were sentenced to death and 14 to imprisonment.

SS-Obersturmbannführer Fritz Knoechlein was tried for his part in the Le Paradis massacre in 1940. He was sentenced to death on 11 October 1948, and executed on 28 January 1949.

The last of the British war crimes trials was that of Generalfeldmarschall Erich von Manstein in August 1949. He was tried in Hamburg for war crimes and was convicted of "neglecting to protect civilian lives" and using scorched earth tactics which denied vital food supplies to the local population in Russia. Von Manstein was recognised as one of the Wehrmacht's best military strategists and many in the British military establishment openly expressed sympathy for him and donated money for his defence. Nonetheless, he was sentenced to 18 years in prison, later reduced to 12, but he only served for years before being released. He died in 1973.

Essen
The Essen lynching trial was held in Essen from 18 to 22 December 1945. Seven defendants - Hauptmann Erich Heyer, a German Army private and five civilians - were tried for the killing of three unidentified British airmen taken as prisoners of war in Essen, who were thrown over the parapet of a bridge in the town and killed by the fall or subsequently shot or beaten to death. Judgment was announced on 22 December 1945, with Heyer and one civilian convicted and sentenced to death by hanging, three others sentenced to periods of imprisonment, and two of the civilians were acquitted. The executions took place on 8 March 1946.

need more on: Hans Wandke

Ten men were tried [in Essen] on 11 to 26 June 1946 for killing airmen from the RAF, RAAF and RCAF on 9 July 1944, shot after they were captured at a raid on a house in Tilburg. Six were acquitted but four were convicted and sentenced to death by hanging. sentences carried out?

Borken
Johannes Oenning, a boy of 15 in the Hitler Youth, and Emil Nix, a German policemen, were tried in Borken on 21 and 22 December 1945, for killing an RAF officer at Velen on 25-26 March 1945. Nix was acquitted but Oenning was convicted and sentenced to 8 years imprisonment.

Elten
Hans Renoth and three others were tried on 8 to 10 January 1946 for killing an Allied prisoner of war, a British pilot who crash landed at Elten on 16 September 1944, who was beaten and then shot. Renoth was convicted and sentenced to death and the others to periods of imprisonment.

Hannover
Hauptmann Arno Heering and was tried in Hannover on 25 and 26 January 1946 for his part in the ill-treatment of Allied prisoners of war on a forced march between 24 January and 24 March 1945 from Marienburg to Brunswick. He was convicted and sentenced one day in prison, taking account of the period he had been detained before the trial.

Hauptmann Willi Mackensen was tried on 28 January 1946 for his part in the ill-treatment of Allied prisoners of war on a forced march between 20 January and 12 April 1945 from Thorn in Poland to Hannover in Germany which led to the deaths of at least 30 prisoners. He changed his plea from one of not guilty to guilty and was sentenced to death by hanging.

Brunswick

 * See related article in German Wikipedia: de:Ausländerkinder-Pflegestätte (Velpke)

The Velpke Baby Home Trial was held in Brunswick from 3 March to 3 April 1946. Heinrich Gerike and seven others were tried for wilful neglect leading to the death of 80 children taken from Polish slave labourers at the Ausländerkinder-Pflegestätte in Velpke between May and December 1944. One defendant, Gestapo officer Fritz Flint, died during the trial, and three were acquitted. Sentences for the four who were convicted were announced on 3 April 1946, with Gerike and Deutsche Arbeitsfront official Georg Hessling sentenced to death, and two others, camp leader Valentina Bilien and doctor Richard Demmerick, to periods of 15 and 10 years' imprisonment.

Two officials from the Stocken-Ahlen Concentration Camp were tried in Brunswick, with one sentenced to death and one to life imprisonment on 25 June 1946.

The trial of Generaloberst Nikolaus von Falkenhorst, formerly Commander-in-Chief of the German Armed Forces in Norway, started on 29 July 1946 in in Brunswick, before a mixed British and Norwegian tribunal. Von Falkenhorst was tried for his part in the killing of British soldiers and sailors who were taken as prisoners of war in Norway, under the Führerbefehl (known as the "Commando Order") issued by Adolf Hitler on 18 October 1942. Von Falkenhorst was convicted on seven of nine charges and sentenced to death on 2 August 1946, but the sentence was commuted to imprisonment for 20 years in December 1946. He was released in 1953.

Obergruppenführer Kurt Wolff was tried in March 1947 for exposing British prisoners of war to air raids at the at the Blechhammer prisoner of war camp. He was convicted and sentenced to seven years imprisonment on 25 March 1947.

Helmstedt

 * See related article in German Wikipedia: de:Kinderlager Rühen

Ten officials from the Wolfsberg-Ruehen Baby Farm were tried by a British war crimes court at Helmstedt from 20 May to 24 June 1946, for wilful neglect of the children of Polish and Russian slave labourers at Wolfsberg and Ruehen between April 1943 and April 1945 leading to many deaths. Dr. Hans Körbel was convicted and sentenced to death, and executed on 7 March 1947. A nurse was also sentenced to death, but the sentence was commuted to a period of imprisonment, and another nurse sentenced to a period of imprisonment. Seven others were acquitted.

Burgsteinfurt
SS Oberbrigadefuhrer Karl Eberhard Schöngarth and six others were tried in Burgsteinfurt from 7 to 11 February 1947 for their part in the shooting of an American airman taken as a prisoner of war near the local headquarters of German security forces near Enschede on 21 November 1944. All were convicted, with five including Schöngrath sentenced to death and executed by hanging on 16 May 1946. Two others were sentenced to periods of imprisonment.

Wupperthal
Erich Killinger and four others were tried for the ill-treatment of British prisoners of war at the Auswertestelle West (Dulag Luft) Luftwaffe interrogation centre near Oberursel, for mistreating prisoners by putting them in small cells with hot electric heaters, and for withholding medical treatment. The trial was held at Wuppertal from 26 November to 3 December 1945. Three were convicted and sentenced to periods of imprisonment of three to five years, and two were acquitted.

Oberfeldwebel Karl Amberger was accused of shooting four prisoners of war and wounding a fifth at Dreierwalde airfield hear Hopsten on 22 March 1945. After a trial from 11 to 14 March 1946, he was sentenced to death by hanging, and executed on 15 May 1946..

Major Karl Rauer, commander of Dreierwalde airfield, and six others were tried on 18 February 1946 for their part in the killing of Allied prisoners of war at the airfield in on 22, 24 and 25 March 1945. All were acquitted of charges relating to the killings by Amberger on 22 March but convicted on other charges and sentenced to death by hanging, but Rauer's sentence was commuted to life imprisonment.


 * See related article in German Wikipedia: de:Karl Buck and de:Sicherungslager Rotenfels

Hauptsturmführer Karl Buck, commander of the camps at Schirmeck and of Rotenfels Security Camp near Gaggenau in Alsace, and ten others were tried on 6 to 10 May 1946 for their part in the killing of six British prisoners of war from No.2 Special Air Service Regiment, four American prisoners of war and four French civilians, who were shot in woods near Rotenfels Camp on 25 November 1944. All but one were found guilty with five, including Buck, sentenced to death and the others to periods of imprisonment. His death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment and he was released in 1955. Attempts to try him in Germany failed, on the grounds that he had already been convicted by Allied courts, and he died in 1977.

Captain Karl Adam Golkel and 13 others were tried for killing eight British parachutists from No.2 Special Air Service Regiment, after they were taken as prisoners of war and moved from the security headquarters at Saales in Alsace to a wood near La Grande-Fosse where they were shot on 15 October 1944. The trial was held from 15 to 31 May 1946; six were acquitted, and eight were sentenced to periods of imprisonment.

A further 15 accused were trued for shooting eight prisoners of war from No.2 Special Air Service Regiment taken from Schirmeck to Saint-Dié-des-Vosges in September, 1944. They were tried from 22 to 25 May 1946, with five acquitted, with three sentenced to death, and seven sentenced to periods of imprisonment.

[Generalleutnant Willy Seeger tried in Wuppertal in 1946] [need more details] [commander of 292. Infanterie-Division (Wehrmacht)]

Carl Oberg was a police commander in occupied Paris, known as the butcher of Paris. He was tried in 1946 and sentenced to death, and then transferred to be tried by a French court. He was convicted in Franch in 1954 and sentenced to death,commuted to life imprisonment in 1958, but was released in 1962. He died in 1965.

de:Erich Isselhorst

SS-Obersturmbannführer Dr. Erich Isselhorst was tried for his part in the killing of British prisoners of war in Natzweiler-Struthof in September 1944, while commander of the SD and Sicherheitspolizei southwest of Strasbourg. He sentenced to death in 11 July 1946, but then extradited to be tried in France in May 1947. He was tried for his involvement in the murder of 108 members of the French Resistance organization Réseau Alliance on 1 and 2 September 1944. He was convicted and sentenced to death a second time and shot by a firing squad in Strasburg on 23 Febraury 1948. He was not tried for his alleged involvement in giving the orders that led to "Schwarzwälder Blutwoche" in November 1944, with deaths in Kehl, Rastatt, Offenburg, Freiburg, Bühl, Pforzheim and Gaggenau.

de:Werner Rohde

Two trials relating to the Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camps were held in Wuppertal in 1946. In the first trial, 29 May to 1 June 1946, the commandant Obersturmbannführer Fritz Hartjenstein and camp doctor Werner Rohde and seven others were tried for the extrajudicial killing of four female British members of SOE held at the camp by lethal injections in July and August 1944. Verdicts and sentences were announced on 6 June 1946, with three acquitted. Rohde (the doctor who gave the lethal injection) was convicted and sentenced to death by hanging, Hartjenstein to life imprisonment, and four others imprisoned. A second group were tried immediately after, with another three sentenced to death. Hartjenstein was then retried for hanging an RAF prisoner of war, and sentenced to death by firing squad. He was then extradited to France where he was tried for his crimes at Natzweiler and sentenced to death, but died of a heart attack in October 1954 while awaiting execution.

General Curt Gallenkamp and General Herbert Koestlin, respectively commander and chief of staff of the German 80th Corp, were tried in March 1947, for their part in the murders of British parachutists and an American pilot near Poitier during Operation Bulbasket. On 25 March 1947, Gallenkamp was sentenced to be hanged, but the sentence was later commuted to life imprisonment and he was released in 1952. He died in 1958. Koestlin was sentenced to life imprisonment.

And SS Sturmbannführer Josef Kieffer.

Helmut Knochen was head of the Security Police in France, under Carl Oberg. He was tried on 7 March 1947 for murders of British parachutists in August 1944. On 12 March 1947, he was sentenced to death by hanging. The sentence was commuted to life imprisonment on 16 September 1948, and then commuted 21 years imprisonment in February 1950. He was extradited to France in 1947 and tried by a French court in 1954. He was convicted and sentenced to death, but this death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment in 1958 and he was released in 1962. He died in 2003..

Officials from the Lahde-Weser Concentration Camp were tried on 14 February 1947. Four were sentenced to terms of imprisonment, and one was sentenced to death on 16 December 1947.

Netherlands
Georg Otto Sandrock and three German NCOs were tried before a mixed British and Dutch tribunal in Almelo from 24 to 26 November 1945. They were accused of killing a British airman and the Dutch civilian who was hiding him near Almelo in March 1945. Two were convicted and sentenced to death, and executed by hanging on 13 December 1945. The other two were sentenced to periods of imprisonment.

Austria
de:Sigbert Ramsauer

Two doctors from Loibl Pass camp, a sub-camp of Mauthausen concentration camp, were sentenced to life imprisonment on 10 October 1947 at a trial in Klagenfurt. They were convicted for killing sick or injured prisoners by the injection of petrol. Sigbert Ramsauer was pardoned on 1 April 1954, and released early due to illness. He died in 1991.

Officials from the Loibl Pass camp were tried by a British court in Klagenfurt. Jacob Winkler, the commandant, and one other was sentenced to death, and eight others to periods of imprisonment on 10 October 1947.

Italy
General Nicola Bellomo of the Italian Army was tried by a British court in Bari for shooting escaped British prisoners of war after recapture. The trial took place on 28 July 1945, and he was sentenced to death within one hour. He was executed on 11 September 1945.

Generalfeldmarschall Albert Kesselring was tried by a British court in Venice for his part in the killing of 335 Italian civilians in the Ardeatine massacre near Rome on 24 March 1944, a reprisal ordered by Hitler for a bomb on Via Rasella near the Piazza di Spagna in Rome that killed 28 German policemen on 23 March, and for commanding other forces that killed Italian civilians as reprisals in the conflict with Italian partisans. The trial started on 17 February 1947 and he was found guilty on both charges and sentenced to death on 7 May 1947, but the sentence was commuted to life imprisonment in July 1947. Kesselring was released on grounds of ill health in October 1952 and died in 1960.

Generaloberst Eberhard von Mackensen, commander of the German Fourteenth Army, and Generalleutnant Kurt Mälzer of the Luftwaffe and the Commandant of Rome, were tried by British war crimes court in Rome for their part in Ardeatine massacre. Both denied knowledge of the manner in which the massacre was conducted by Obersturmbannführer Herbert Kappler of the Sicherheitsdienst, but they were both convicted and sentenced to death by firing squad on 30 November 1946. The sentence was commuted to life imprisonment in July 1947. Mälzer had earlier been sentenced to 10 years imprisonment, later reduced to 3 years, by a US military court in Florence in September 1946, for parading several hundred British and American prisoners of war through the streets of Rome on 2 Ferbruary 1944, in the manner of a Roman triumph, and thereby exposing them to "acts of violence, insults and public curiosity". Mälzer died in prison in March 1952. Von Mackensen was released in October 1952 and died in 1969.

General der Artillerie Eduard Crasemann was Commander of 26th Panzer Division. He was tried by a British court in Padua in April 1947 for the mass executions of Italian civilians in the Fucecchio Marshes near Florence in 1944. He was convicted and sentenced to ten years' imprisonment. He died in prison in 1950.

de:Willy Tensfeld

Other trials were also held in Padua between April and June 1947 for SS Brigadeführer Willy Tensfeld and Kapitänleutnant Waldemar Krummhaar. Tensfeld was acquitted. [and Krummhaar?] [need more details]

SS-Gruppenführer Max Simon, commander of the 16th SS Panzergrenadier Division Reichsführer-SS, was tried in Padua on six charges of massacres of Italian civilians, including the Marzabotto massacre. He was convicted and sentenced to death on 26 June 1947. The sentence was later changed to life imprisonment. Simon was pardoned in 1954 and released from prison. He died in 1961.

Simons's trial was the last held in Italy by the British.

Others

 * SS-Oberfuhrer August Flasche was a chief of police [need more details]

Friedrich Holborn was the chief of the Gestapo in Hagen. He was sentenced to death on 17 September 1946 and hanged in January 1947.

de:Arbeitserziehungslager Nordmark

Obersturmbannführer Bruno Müller, Chief of the Gestapo in Wilhelmshaven, was tried by a British crimes court in Germany [where?] in December 1947 for his part in the killings at the Hassee-Kiel slave labour camp. He was sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment on 9 December 1947, but released after 5 years. He died in 1960.