User:Fflorendo/Foix-Chavany-Marie Syndrome

Foix-Chavany-Marie Syndrome (FCMS), also known as bilateral anterior opercular syndrome, is a neuropathological disorder characterized by paralysis of the facial, lingual, pharyngeal, and masticatory muscles. The disorder is caused primarily by a stroke, which causes bilateral lesions to form in the fronto-temporal, parietal cortical, and subcortical regions of the brain. The disorder may also arise as result of congenital defect. FCMS may arise at any age, and is typically diagnosed through MRI scanning. Case studies have shown that there is are varying degrees of severity of the disorder. The treatment that patients receive are specific to the types of symptoms that patients exhibit, and mainly involves a multidisciplinary approach.

Symptoms
Symptoms include paralysis of the facial, lingual, pharyngeal and masticatory muscles. This paralysis causes speech disruption, which patient may end up speechless, tongue is immobile, chewing and swallowing in the oral stage is critically perturbed and jaw reflex is excessive. Patients may have symptoms of mild mental retardation, seizures, impaired fine finger movements, drooling and absent gag reflexes.

Causes
Causations include “thrombotic or embolic multiple strokes, head trauma, tumor, developmental perisylvian dysplasia, multiple sclerosis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, moyamoya disease, vasculitis, and neurodegenerative disease”. (Milanlioglu, et al., 2013) It has been found that the cause could be congenital. (Nisipenau et al., 2008)

Neuropathology
FCMS is characterized by delayed psychomotor milestones plus epilepsy and can occur at any age. Usually, FCMS in adults is linked with ischemic vascular events, neoplasms, and epileptic disorders.

Diagnosis
Different types of imaging are essential for the diagnosis of the FCM syndrome such as an MRI. If there are lesions showing bilateral opercular then a patient can be diagnosed with this syndrome.

Treatment
Treatment of FCMS depends on the onset of symptoms and  requires and involves a multidisciplinary approach.

History
In 1837, an 81 yr. old male presented with symptoms of facio-labio-glosso-pharyngo-laryngo- paralysis. This was the first known case report  of Opercular syndrome documented by german physician, Magnus. The syndrome was first described in neurological literature by French physician, Foix in 1926.Further case reports were confined to French literature until 1980. During which time, computed tomography imaging allowed more comprehensive reports on clinical observations.

Research
Research surrounding FCMS primarily revolves around observation through case studies of individuals with the disorder. These case studies reveal that there are varying degrees of severity in symptoms. Voluntary motor functions are assessed through tasks that require the use of facial, pharyngeal, and masticatory muscles.

Formal Group Work Plan
This agreement was made on February 20th, 2017 by and between Francesca Florendo, Katherine Ramos, Ana Silva, Nigeria Sewell

The purpose of this agreement is to set forth and define an arrangement under which each member will contribute to the Wikipedia Project on behalf of the group.

As a group member of the Neurobiology course, one must promise to fulfill these responsibilities to the best of his or her ability, including but not limited to, the following:

1.      Attend all weekly group meetings and discussions

2.      Be punctual and prepared for one’s own section on the project

3.      Exercise best practices for interacting with others in and outside of class

4.      Work efficiently, consistently, and timely, and providing sufficient feedback on others’ works

5.      Report instances of academic dishonesty as directed if encountering any.

This Agreement may not be modified in any manner unless in writing and signed by all Parties. This document and any attachments hereto constitute the entire agreement between the Parties.

Group Members and Responsibilities

 * Francesca Florendo: Main research focuses on the different experiments/treatments carried out over the last decade in patients with the FCM syndrome.
 * Katherine Ramos Delgado: Main research focuses on the neuropathology of this syndrome, with an emphasis on the central nervous system and on what is taken into consideration when diagnosing a patient with this syndrome.
 * Nigeria Sewell: Research focuses on the history of the disease with a focus on how these scientists were able to differentiate this syndrome from other common diseases. Also, research focuses on the different treatments currently used to treat this syndrome.
 * Ana Silva: Research focuses on symptoms and causations of the disorder.

Signatures

 * Francesca Marie A. Florendo 19:25, 20 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Katherine Ramos Delgado 19:25, 20 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Ana Silva 19:25, 20 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Nigeria Sewell 19:25, 20 February 2017 (UTC)