User:Filippo Morsiani/Open access in the United States of America

Open access in the United States of America, were initially embraced in the 1960s developing Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) and Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) Initiatives. e.g. PubMed Central continue and offer repository facilities and access to international medical scholarship. As of May 2015, there are 469 OA repositories registered in OpenDOAR and 1053 OA journals from USA indexed in the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), making it the world’s largest OA publisher.

The Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources (ROAD) currently lists 1 Scholarly Blog from the USA.

As of February 2015, 127 OA policies are registered in the Registry of Open Access Repositories (ROARMAP).

Enabling environment
There is strong support for Open Access in USA. The NIH mandate mandates the deposit of medical research. As of May 2015, USA has 4 funding mandates registered in ROARMAP and over 50 institutional mandates at public and private institutions, research universities and liberal arts colleges.

In Feb 2013, the US government announced its new OA policy which mandated all publications arising from taxpayer-funded research to be made free to read after a one-year embargo period. This is an expansion of a policy that had till then applied only to the biomedical sciences.

Potential barriers
Major barriers are a widespread misunderstanding around OA; a well-funded publishing lobby.

Major projects and initiatives
USA has many institutional and collaborative OA projects, an important current project being that of the Creative Commons (CC).

Raising the Floor Consortium is a collaboration between Creative Commons (CC), Carnegie Mellon Open Learning Initiative (OLI), Center for Applied Special Technology (CAST) and the Washington State Board for Community & Technical Colleges (SBCTC). (Source: Creative Commons)

The following websites give current news and information on OA initiatives:
 * American Scientist Open Access Forum
 * Coalition of Open Access Policy Institutions (COAPI)
 * Harvard Open Access Project
 * Open Access Directory (OAD)
 * OA Tracking Project (OATP)
 * SPARC Open Access Newslette r
 * Open Access Archivangelism by Stevan Harnad

National and institutional level policies and mandates
National Institutes of Health (NIH), largest medical research funder has a mandaterequiring OA deposit within 12 months of publication.

USA pro-OA legislation proposed in America Federal Research Public Access Act (FRPPA) Public Law 111-358 would require all federal research agencies with a research budget of $100 million per year to make research output available in open access within 6 months. It has been proposed twice but remains to be voted on.

There are 7 funding mandates operating in USA from:
 * Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF)
 * Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI)
 * Institute of Educational Sciences (IES)
 * MacArthur Foundation
 * National Institutes of Health (NIH)
 * Phelan-McDermid Syndrome Foundation.

Key organizations

 * Alliance for Taxpayer Access (ATA) is a consortium of patient groups, physicians, researchers, educational institutions, publishers, and health promotion organizations administered by SPARC and working towards open access of taxpayer-funded research.
 * Open Access Working Group (OAWG): initiated by SPARC in 2003, to build a framework for collective advocacy of open access to research. The group seeks to build broad-based recognition that the economic and societal benefits of scientific and scholarly research investments are maximized through open access to the results of that research. OAWG aims to bring about changes within stakeholder institutions enabling viable open access models to be widely and successfully implemented and accepted. (Source: OAWG)
 * Public Knowledge (PK): is a Washington, D.C.-based public interest group working to defend citizens' rights in the emerging digital culture. Public Knowledge will seek to fulfill four broad goals: Ensuring that U.S. intellectual property law and policy reflect the “cultural bargain” intended by the framers of the constitution: providing an incentive to creators and innovators while benefiting the public through the free flow of information and ideas; Preserving an Internet that is built upon open standards and protocols and “end-to-end” architecture, thereby fostering innovation and user control; Protecting consumers of digital technology from market practices designed to erode competition, choice and fairness; Ensuring that international intellectual property policies are adopted through democratic processes and with public interest participation. (Source: PK)
 * Scholarly Publishing Academic Resources Coalition (SPARC): is an international alliance of academic and research libraries working to correct imbalances in the scholarly publishing system. Developed by the Association of Research Libraries, SPARC has become a catalyst for change. Action by SPARC in collaboration with stakeholders – including authors, publishers, and libraries – builds on the unprecedented opportunities created by the networked digital environment to advance the conduct of scholarship. Leading academic organizations have endorsed SPARC. (Source: SPARC)

Projects and initiatives
There are special collections that have been digitalised within most universities and research organizations.

Related activities

 * 29-30 March 2015- Library Publishing Forum 2015, Portland, Oregon, USA.
 * 25 March 2015- "How GW's OA Policy Works for You", George Washington University, USA.
 * 19 March 2015- Open Humanities and Digital Scholarship: Access, Innovation and Support, Boston, MA, USA.
 * 11-12 March 2015- Center for Open Science Workshop, University of California, USA.
 * 10 March 2015- Introduction to Authors' Rights, CUNY, New York, USA.
 * 27 Feb 2015- Open Textbook Workshop, Virginia Tech, USA.
 * 19 Feb 2015- Open Science Workshop, University of Maryland, USA.
 * 17 Feb 2015- Paving the Way for Open Educational Resources, Ohio State University, USA.
 * 12 Feb 2015- How to Share Your Data and Ethically Re-Use Data Created by Others, University of Minnesota, USA.
 * 29-30 Jan 2015- Tackling Textbook Costs Through Open Educational Resources: A Primer, Chicago, USA.
 * 29 Jan 2015- Publishing Choices: Evaluating Traditional and Open Access Journals, George Mason University, USA.
 * 25 February 2014- Sustainable, Successful Open Data Publication, 9th International Digital Curation Conference, San Francisco, US.
 * 2011 Webcast invitation: Open Access Week Idea Swap.
 * 9-10 November 2011- Berlin9 Open Access Conference: The impact of Open Access in Research and Scholarship, Washington DC is organised jointly by SPARC, Max Planck Society, Association of Research Libraries, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Marine Biological Laboratory.
 * 11-13 March 2012- The SPARC 2012 Open Access meeting will be held at the Kansas City Intercontinental Hotel.

List of publications

 * Albert, K (2006) Open access: implications for scholarly publishing and medical libraries J Med Libr Assoc.; 94(3): 253–262.
 * Bastian, J et al. (2011) From Teacher to Learner to User: Developing a Digital Stewardship Pedagogy Library Trends, Volume 59 (4) Spring 2011: 607-622 DOI: 10.1353/lib.2011.0012
 * Björk B-C, Welling P, Laakso M, Majlender P, Hedlund T, et al. (2010) Open Access to the Scientific Journal Literature: Situation 2009. PLoS ONE 5(6): e11273. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011273
 * Boissy, R., & Schatz, B. (2011). Scholarly Communications from the Publisher Perspective. Journal of Library Administration, 51(5/6), 476-484. doi:10.1080/01930826.2011.589355
 * De Bellis, N (2009) Bibliometrics and Citation analysis: From the Science Citation Index to Cybernetics. Scarecrow Press: Lanham, MD
 * Gargouri Y, Hajjem C, Larivière V, Gingras Y, Carr L, et al. (2010) Self-Selected or Mandated, Open Access Increases Citation Impact for Higher Quality Research. PLoS ONE 5(10): e13636. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0013636
 * Dazey, M., & Parks, B. (2010) Thoughts on Open Access: An Interview with Diane Graves. Serials Review, 36(2), 112-115. doi:10.1016/j.serrev.2010.03.002
 * Greco, A.N. et al. (2007) The Changing College and University Library Market for University Press Books and Journals: 1997–2004 Journal of Scholarly Publishing, Vol 39, (1) October 2007: 265-296. DOI: 10.1353/scp.2007.0032
 * Suber, P (2011) Access to dangerous knowledge: reflections on 9/11 ten years later, SPARC Open Access Newsletter, September 2, 2011.
 * Suber, P (2011) Another US federal OA mandate, SPARC Open Access Newsletter, February 2, 2011.
 * Suber, P (2006) Open Access in the United States, In Open Access: Key Strategic, Technical and Economic Aspects (ed. Neil Jacobs, 2006).
 * Suber, P (2011) Open access in 2010, SPARC Open Access Newsletter, January 2, 2011.
 * Suber, P SPARC Open Access Newsletter (online newsletter offering news, information and debate on OA issues; updated monthly)
 * Utter, T & Holley, R. P (2009). The Scholarly Communication Process within the University Research Corridor (Michigan State University, the University of Michigan, and Wayne State University): A Case Study in Cooperation. Resource Sharing & Information Networks, 20(1/2), 3-17. Doi: 10.1080/07377790903018444
 * Van der Veer Martens, B Approaching the Anti-Collection Library Trends, Volume 59, (4) Spring 2011: 568-587 DOI: 10.1353/lib.2011.0021
 * Vrana, R. (2011) Digital repositories and the future of preservation and use of scientific Informatologia, 44(1), 55-62.
 * Young, P. (2009). Open access dissemination challenges: a case study. OCLC Systems & Services, 25(2), 93-104. Doi: 10.1108/10650750910961893
 * Wagner, A. B (2009) A&I, Full Text, and Open Access: Prophecy from the Trenches Learned Publishing, Vol 22, (1) January 2009: 73-74.