User:Firespeaker/sandbox


 * 41.15338°N, 72.11685°W
 * 42.15608°N, 77.13333°W
 * 42.83853°N, 74.62835°W — my apartment
 * 42.83852°N, 74.62832°W — my computer
 * 40.82315°N, 75.28877°W — top of Tash Rabat
 * 41.12302°N, 75.70042°W — corner of Qoshoy Qorgon
 * 42.29795°N, 78.2543°W — falls at Jeti Ögüz
 * 41.15338°N, 72.11685°W — Qızıl Jar
 * 41.16687°N, 72.11873°W — bridge

Pulmonic consonants
A pulmonic consonant is a consonant made by obstructing the glottis (the space between the vocal cords) or oral cavity (the mouth) and either simultaneously or subsequently letting out air from the lungs. Pulmonic consonants make up the majority of consonants in the IPA, as well as in human language. All consonants in the English language fall into this category.

The pulmonic consonant table, which includes most consonants, is arranged in rows that designate manner of articulation, meaning how the consonant is produced, and columns that designate place of articulation, meaning where in the vocal tract the consonant is produced. The main chart includes only consonants with a single place of articulation.


 * Notes
 * Asterisks (*) next to symbols mark reported sounds that do not (yet) have official IPA symbols. See the respective articles for ad hoc symbols found in the literature.
 * Daggers (†) mark IPA symbols that have recently been added to Unicode. As of Unicode 5.1.0, this is the case of the labiodental flap, symbolized by a v with a right-hook: [[Image:Labiodental flap (Gentium).svg|10px]]. These display properly with a recent version of Charis SIL, Doulos SIL or DejaVu fonts installed.
 * In rows where some symbols appear in pairs (the obstruents), the symbol to the right represents a voiced consonant (except breathy-voiced ). However, cannot be voiced, and the voicing of  is ambiguous. In the other rows (the sonorants), the single symbol represents a voiced consonant.
 * Although there is a single symbol for the coronal places of articulation for all consonants but fricatives, when dealing with a particular language, the symbols may be treated as specifically dental, alveolar, or post-alveolar, as appropriate for that language, without diacritics.
 * Shaded areas indicate articulations judged to be impossible.
 * The symbols represent either voiced fricatives or approximants.
 * In many languages, such as English, and  are not actually glottal, fricatives, or approximants. Rather, they are bare phonation.
 * It is primarily the shape of the tongue rather than its position that distinguishes the fricatives, , and.

Coarticulation
Coarticulated consonants are sounds that involve two simultaneous places of articulation (are pronounced using two parts of the vocal tract). In English, the [w] in "went" is a coarticulated consonant, because it is pronounced by rounding the lips and raising the back of the tongue. Other languages, such as French and Swedish, have different coarticulated consonants.


 * Note
 * is described as a "simultaneous and ". However, this analysis is disputed. (See voiceless palatal-velar fricative for discussion.)

Affricates and double articulation
Affricates and doubly articulated stops are represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar, either above or below the symbols. The six most common affricates are optionally represented by ligatures, though this is no longer official IPA usage, because a great number of ligatures would be required to represent all affricates this way. Alternatively, a superscript notation for a consonant release is sometimes used to transcribe affricates, for example for, paralleling  ~. The symbols for the palatal plosives,, are often used as a convenience for or similar affricates, even in official IPA publications, so they must be interpreted with care.


 * Note
 * On browsers that use Arial Unicode MS to display IPA characters, the following incorrectly formed sequences may look better due to a bug in that font:.