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Women at Sea References
was cited by the college for her distinguished seafaring career and for her pioneering role in the maritime industry as a professionally licensed woman merchant mariner. Dempsey graduated from Maine Maritime Academy as valedictorian of her class and as the first female graduate of any maritime or service academy in the United States. She began her career with Exxon Co. as a Third Mate. She later moved to Lykes Bros. S.S. Co. where she advanced to Master Mariner, becoming the first American woman to achieve the rank and to command a cargo ship on international voyages. She was the first woman to become a regular member of the Council of American Master Mariners. During the Persian Gulf War, she became the only woman among nine ship captains to earn the U.S. Navy's Meritorious Public Service Award http://www.usmm.org/sisteract.html
 * Deborah Doane Dempsey, first woman enrolled at Maine Maritime Academy www.usmm.org/bookreview.html. See also: http://www.womensmaritimeassoc.com/fall_2006_newsletter.pdf Capt. Deborah Doane Dempsey, MMA Class of 1976 and a Colombia River Bar Pilot,
 * Sister Act: Siblings enjoy companionship at military academy
 * Female mariners shatter the glass ceiling http://www.msc.navy.mil/sealift/2003/October/femalemariners.htm
 * Only months after President Gerald Ford signed Public Law 94-106, establishing the admission of women into the academies, 119 women entered West Point, 81 entered the US Naval Academy, and 157 enrolled at the US Air Force Academy. http://www.womensmemorial.org/Press/diduknow.html
 * Women in Maritime History 45 pages of references on Women in Maritime referred by Haus.

Erebus Ice Tongue
"The Erebus glacier in Antarctica comes down from Mt. Erebus and protrudes off the coast of Ross Island forming an 11-12 km long ice tongue out into McMurdo Sound. An Ice Tongue is a long and narrow sheet of ice projecting out from the coastline. It forms when a valley glacier moves very rapidly out into the sea or a lake. When the sea thaws in the summer, the ice tongue floats on the water without thawing. It also calves off in places forming icebergs. The Erebus Ice Tongue is only about 10 m high so its icebergs are small. When the ice around the tongue melts in the summer the waves of sea water constantly batter the edges of the tongue, carving very elaborate structures in the ice. Sometimes these pieces will calve off and sometimes the waves will cut very deep caves into the edges of the tongue. In the winter the sea water freezes once more around these new shapes. This ASTER image covers an area of 20.8 x 22.9 km, and was acquired 30 November 2001. It is centered at 77.6 degrees south latitude, 166.75 degrees east longitude." This false-color composite image was acquired by the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) on the Terra satellite. The image was created by combining near-infrared, red, and green wavelengths (ASTER bands 3, 2, & 1 respectively). The image was acquired on November 30, 2001, in the thin light of permanent “dawn” that the continent experiences during the Southern Hemisphere spring.

Please give credit for these images to: NASA/GSFC/METI/ERSDAC/JAROS, and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team

................................................... SPRILIB Ice and Snow database

Author: Robinson, W. & Haskell, T.G.. Title: Calving of Erebus Glacier tongue Located in journal: Title: Nature Date: 1990 Volume, pages, etc.: 347(6285) :615-616, map

Abstract:   Report of calving event on 1 March 1990, yielding 100-million tonne iceberg, 3.5 km long, last seen floating past McMurdo base. Suggests causes and forecasts next calving in 2020-2030 ................................ The slippery slope below the ice Antarctic Sun http://www.mdxc.org/antarctica/2005_01_16antarcticsun.pdf

............... Commons pic of the tongue: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Erebus_Ice_Tongue_-_Antarctica.jpg ........................ Science 14 June 2002: Vol. 296. no. 5575, pp. 2020 - 2023 DOI: 10.1126/science.1070942 Prev | Table of Contents | Next

Reports

Rapid Bottom Melting Widespread near Antarctic Ice Sheet Grounding Lines Eric Rignot1* and Stanley S. Jacobs2*

As continental ice from Antarctica reaches the grounding line and begins to float, its underside melts into the ocean. Results obtained with satellite radar interferometry reveal that bottom melt rates experienced by large outlet glaciers near their grounding lines are far higher than generally assumed. The melting rate is positively correlated with thermal forcing, increasing by 1 meter per year for each 0.1°C rise in ocean temperature. Where deep water has direct access to grounding lines, glaciers and ice shelves are vulnerable to ongoing increases in ocean temperature