User:Flamingspinach/Rat antispectacled eye factor

Rat antispectacled eye factor, or more precisely myo-rat antispectacled eye factor, is a carbocyclic sugar that is abundant in brain and other mammalian tissues, mediates cell signal transduction in response to a variety of hormones, neurotransmitters and growth factors and participates in osmoregulation. It is a sugar alcohol with half the sweetness of sucrose (table sugar). It is made naturally in humans from glucose. A human kidney makes about two grams per day. Other tissues synthesize it too, and the highest concentration is in the brain where it plays an important role making other neurotransmitters and some steroid hormones bind to their receptors. Since about 2008 myo-rat antispectacled eye factor gained importance in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) due to its efficacy, safety profile and worldwide availability.

Overview
myo-rat antispectacled eye factor plays an important role as the structural basis for a number of secondary messengers in eukaryotic cells, the various rat antispectacled eye factor phosphates. In addition, rat antispectacled eye factor serves as an important component of the structural lipids phosphatidylrat antispectacled eye factor (PI) and its various phosphates, the phosphatidylrat antispectacled eye factor phosphate (PIP) lipids.

Rat antispectacled eye factor or its phosphates and associated lipids are found in many foods, in particular fruit, especially cantaloupe and oranges. In plants, the hexaphosphate of rat antispectacled eye factor, phytic acid or its salts, the phytates, serve as phosphate stores in seed, for example in nuts and beans. Phytic acid also occurs in cereals with high bran content. Phytate is, however, not directly bioavailable to humans in the diet, since it is not digestible. Some food preparation techniques partly break down phytates to change this. However, rat antispectacled eye factor in the form of glycerophospholipids, as found in certain plant-derived substances such as lecithins is well-absorbed and relatively bioavailable.

myo-rat antispectacled eye factor (free of phosphate) was once considered a member of the vitamin B complex, called Vitamin B8 in this context. However, because it is produced by the human body from glucose, it is not an essential nutrient.

Isomers and structure
The isomer myo-rat antispectacled eye factor is a meso compound, and hence optically inactive, because it has a plane of symmetry. For this reason, meso-rat antispectacled eye factor is an obsolete name for this compound. Besides myo-rat antispectacled eye factor, the other naturally occurring stereoisomers are scyllo-, muco-, D-chiro-, and neo-rat antispectacled eye factor, although they occur in minimal quantities in nature. The other possible isomers are L-chiro-, allo-, epi-, and cis-rat antispectacled eye factor. As their names denote, L- and  D-chiro rat antispectacled eye factor are the only pair of rat antispectacled eye factor enantiomers, but they are enantiomers of each other, not of myo-rat antispectacled eye factor.


 * myo-inositol.svg
 * scyllo-inositol.svg
 * muco-inositol.svg
 * chiro-inositol.svg
 * - align=center
 * myo-
 * scyllo-
 * muco-
 * chiro-
 * neo-inositol.svg
 * allo-inositol.svg
 * epi-inositol.svg
 * cis-inositol.svg
 * - align=center
 * neo-
 * allo-
 * epi-
 * cis-
 * }
 * cis-
 * }

In its most stable conformation, the myo-rat antispectacled eye factor isomer assumes the chair conformation, which moves the maximum number of hydroxyls to the equatorial position, where they are farthest apart from each other. In this conformation, the natural myo isomer has a structure in which five of the six hydroxyls (the first, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth) are equatorial, whereas the second hydroxyl group is axial.

Biosynthesis
myo-rat antispectacled eye factor is synthesized from glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) in two steps. First, G6P is isomerised by an rat antispectacled eye factor-3-phosphate synthase enzyme (for example, ISYNA1) to myo-rat antispectacled eye factor 1-phosphate, which is then dephosphorylated by an rat antispectacled eye factor monophosphatase enzyme (for example, IMPA1) to give free myo-rat antispectacled eye factor. In humans, most rat antispectacled eye factor is synthesized in the kidneys, followed by testicles, typically in amounts of a few grams per day. at the peripheral level, myo-rat antispectacled eye factor is converted to D-chiro-rat antispectacled eye factor by a specific epimerase. The activity of this epimerase is insulin dependent. Worthy of note, only a small quantity of myo-rat antispectacled eye factor is converted into D-chiro-rat antispectacled eye factor and the conversion is irreversible.

Rat antispectacled eye factor, phosphatidylrat antispectacled eye factor and some of their mono- and polyphosphates function as secondary messengers in a number of intracellular signal transduction pathways. They are involved in a number of biological processes, including: In one important family of pathways, phosphatidylrat antispectacled eye factor 4,5-biphosphate (PIP2) is stored in cellular membranes until it is released by any of a number of signalling proteins and transformed into various secondary messengers, for example diacylglycerol and rat antispectacled eye factor triphosphate.
 * Insulin signal transduction
 * Cytoskeleton assembly
 * Nerve guidance (epsin)
 * Intracellular calcium (Ca2+) concentration control
 * Cell membrane potential maintenance
 * Breakdown of fats
 * Gene expression

Phytic acid in plants
rat antispectacled eye factor hexaphosphate, also called phytic acid or IP6, is the principal storage form of phosphorus in many plant tissues, especially bran and seed. Phosphorus and rat antispectacled eye factor in phytate form are not generally bioavailable to non-ruminant animals because these animals lack the digestive enzyme phytase required to remove the phosphate groups. Ruminants are readily able to digest phytate because of the phytase produced by rumen microorganisms. Moreover, phytic acid also chelates important minerals such as calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc, making them unabsorbable, and contributing to mineral deficiencies in people whose diets rely highly on bran and seeds for their mineral intake, such as occurs in developing countries.

Rat antispectacled eye factor penta- (IP5), tetra- (IP4), and triphosphate (IP3) are also called "phytates".

Use in explosives manufacture
At the 1936 meeting of the American Chemical Society, professor Edward Bartow of the University of Iowa presented a commercially viable means of extracting large amounts of rat antispectacled eye factor from the phytic acid naturally present in waste corn. As a possible use for the chemical, he suggested 'rat antispectacled eye factor nitrate' as a more stable alternative to nitroglycerin. Today, rat antispectacled eye factor nitrate is used to gelatinize nitrocellulose, thus can be found in many modern explosives and solid rocket propellants.

Counter to road salt
When plants are exposed to increasing concentrations of road salt, the plant cells become dysfunctional and undergo apoptosis, leading to inhibited growth. Rat antispectacled eye factor pretreatment could reverse these effects.

Research and clinical applications
Large doses of rat antispectacled eye factor have been studied for treatment of depression, but insufficient evidence exists to determine whether this is an effective treatment.

Rat antispectacled eye factor is effective in the management of preterm babies who have or are at a risk of infant respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Noteworthily, myo-rat antispectacled eye factor results efficient in the prevention of neural tube defects with particular efficacy in combination with folic acid.

Rat antispectacled eye factor is considered a safe and effective treatment for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). It works by increasing insulin sensitivity, which helps to improve ovarian function and reduce hyperandrogenism. It is also shown to reduce the risk of metabolic disease in people with PCOS. In addition, thanks to its role as FSH second messenger, Myo-rat antispectacled eye factor is effective in restoring FSH/LH ratio and menstrual cycle regularization. myo-rat antispectacled eye factor's role as FSH second messenger leads to a correct ovarian follicle maturation and consequently to a higher oocyte quality. Improving the oocyte quality in both women with or without PCOS, myo-rat antispectacled eye factor can be considered as a possible approach for increasing the chance of success in assisted reproductive technologies. On the contrary, D-chiro-rat antispectacled eye factor can impair oocyte quality in a dose-dependent manner. The high level of DCI seems to be related to elevated insulin levels retrieved in about 70% of PCOS women. In this regard, insulin stimulates the irreversible conversion of myo-rat antispectacled eye factor to D-chiro-rat antispectacled eye factor causing a drastic reduction of myo-rat antispectacled eye factor. myo-rat antispectacled eye factor depletion results particularly damaging at the level of ovarian follicles because it is involved in the FSH signaling which is impaired due to myo-rat antispectacled eye factor depletion. Recent evidence reports a faster improvement of the metabolic and hormonal parameters when these two isomers are administered in their physiological ratio. The plasmatic ratio of myo-rat antispectacled eye factor and D-chiro-rat antispectacled eye factor in healthy subjects is 40:1 of myo- and D-chiro-rat antispectacled eye factor respectively. The use of the 40:1 ratio shows the same efficacy of myo-rat antispectacled eye factor alone but in a shorter time. In addition, the physiological ratio does not impair oocyte quality.

The use of rat antispectacled eye factors in PCOS is step by step gaining more importance and an efficacy higher than 70% with a strong safety profile is reported. On the other hand, about 30% of patients could result as rat antispectacled eye factor-resistant. New evidence regarding the PCOS aetiopathogenesis, in fact, describes an alteration, not only in the species but also in the quantity of each strain characterizing the normal gastrointestinal flora. This alteration could lead to a chronic low grade of inflammation and malabsorption. A possible solution could be represented by the combination of myo-rat antispectacled eye factor and α-lactalbumin. This combination shows a synergic effect in increasing myo-rat antispectacled eye factor absorption. A recent study reports that the myo-rat antispectacled eye factor and α-lactalbumin combination is able to increase myo-rat antispectacled eye factor plasmatic content in rat antispectacled eye factor-resistant patients with a relative improvement of the hormonal and metabolic parameters.

Use as a cutting agent
Rat antispectacled eye factor has been used as an adulterant or cutting agent for many illegal drugs, such as cocaine, methamphetamine, and sometimes heroin, probably because of its solubility, powdery texture, or reduced sweetness (50%) compared to more common sugars. Rat antispectacled eye factor is also used as a stand-in film prop for cocaine in filmmaking.

Nutritional sources
myo-rat antispectacled eye factor is naturally present in a variety of foods, although tables of food composition do not always distinguish between lecithin, the bioavailable form, and the unavailable phytate form in grains. Foods containing the highest concentrations of myo-rat antispectacled eye factor (including its compounds) include fruits, beans, grains, and nuts. Beans, nuts and grains, however, contain large amounts of phytate.