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Revegetation is the process of replanting and rebuilding the soil of disturbed land. This may be a natural process produced by plant colonization and succession, manmade rewilding projects, accelerated process designed to repair damage to a landscape due to wildfire, mining, flood, or other cause. Originally the process was simply one of applying seed and fertilizer to disturbed lands, usually grasses or clover. The fibrous root network of grasses is useful for short-term erosion control, particularly on sloping ground. Establishing long-term plant communities requires forethought as to appropriate species for the climate, size of stock required, and impact of replanted vegetation on local fauna. The motivations behind revegetation are diverse, answering needs that are both technical and aesthetic, but it is usually erosion prevention that is the primary reason. Revegetation helps prevent soil erosion, enhances the ability of the soil to absorb more water in significant rain events, and in conjunction reduces turbidity dramatically in adjoining bodies of water. Revegetation also aids protection of engineered grades and other earthworks.

Contents

 * 1For conservation
 * 2Soil replacement
 * 3Mycorrhizal communities
 * 4See also
 * 5References

For conservation[edit | edit source]
Revegetation is often used to join up patches of natural habitat that have been lost, and can be a very important tool in places where much of the natural vegetation has been cleared. It is therefore particularly important in urban environments, and research in Brisbane has shown that revegetation projects can significantly improve urban bird populations. Connecting a revegetation patch with existing habitat improves bird species richness, while simply concentrating on making large patches of habitat is the best way to increase bird abundance. Revegetation plans therefore need to consider how the revegetated sites are connected with existing habitat patches. Revegetation in agricultural areas can support breeding bird populations, but often it supports more common species, rather than those that are in decline.

Spatial arrangement
The spatial arrangement of the selected plant species influences the vegetation system and greater habitat system. Spatial planning determines interactions between plant species. These interactions can be facilitative or competitive. Planting certain species together can protect one or both from extreme temperature fluctuations, drying out in the sun, harsh winds, and predators, in addition to improving soil composition. Competition can occur within or between species, and generally weaker individuals and weaker species die out, resulting in increased plant spacing. Spatial arrangement of revegetative species also influences pollination and seed dispersal. For species whose seeds are wind-dispersed and animal-dispersed, plant diversity in seed dispersal range is important for genetic fitness. However, too much competition within the seed dispersal range can cause reproduction to be suppressed, so it is important to balance.

On the ecosystem level, the spatial planning of revgetative species influences animal species. A more varied species composition is more likely to be used by a wider variety of animal species. As high density edible plants mean animals do not have to forage as far and the presence of palatable species could lead to more species in that area having interaction with animals. Abiotic aspects of the ecosystem are also altered. Higher density revegetation can reduce erosion, protect against extreme temperatures, decrease evaporative losses of water, and increase water filtration and reinfiltration. However, higher density revegetation requires the use of more soil nutrients and water, which can potentially dry out and deplete the soil. For riparian revegetation, plant roots help to increase the shear strength of bank soil, and if tree roots begin to lose their strength, the bank is susceptible to land slips. Fibrous or matted roots in particular help to prevent against soil erosion, and are typically found in reed and sedge species.

Soil replacement[edit | edit source]
Mine reclamation may involve soil amendment, replacement, or creation, particularly for areas that have been strip mined or suffered severe erosion or soil compaction. In some cases, the native soil may be removed prior to construction and replaced with fill for the duration of the work. After construction is completed, the fill is again removed and replaced with the reserved native soil for revegetation.

Mycorrhizal communities[edit | edit source]
Mycorrhizae, symbiotic fungal-plant communities, are important to the success of revegetation efforts. Most woody plant species need these root-fungi communities to thrive, and nursery or greenhouse transplants may not have sufficient or correct mycorrhizae for good survival. Mycorhizal communities are particularly beneficial to nitrogen-fixing woody plants, C4-grasses, and soil environments low in phosphorus. Two types of mycorrhizal fungi aid in restoration: ectomycorrhizal fungi and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.

See also[edit | edit source]

 * Rewilding (conservation biology)
 * The Lorax
 * Tubestock
 * Restoration Ecology
 * Land Rehabilitation
 * Mine Reclamation

References[edit | edit source]

 * 1) ^ Revegetating Riparian Areas in the Southwest “Lessons Learned” David R. Dreesen, Agronomist/Horticulturist Gregory A. Fenchel, Manager USDA–NRCS Los Lunas Plant Materials Center
 * 2) ^ A Revegetation Manual For Alaska Stoney J. Wright 2008
 * 3) ^ Shanahan, D.F., Miller, C., Possingham, H.P. & Fuller, R.A. 2011. The influence of patch area and connectivity on avian communities in urban revegetation. Biological Conservation, 144, 722–729.
 * 4) ^
 * 5) ^ Revegetation restoration for culvert replacement in a wetland Ashenhurst, Amber;Polzin, Mary Louise 2010


 * "Revegetation in Alaska: Usibelli, seeds & topsoil, and mycorrhizae," Dot Helm. Agroborealis (37:2) 4-15.
 * Broadhurst LM, et al. (2008) Seed supply for broadscale restoration: maximizing evolutionary potential. Evolutionary Applications 1(4):587-597.

Add to Mycorrhizal communities:
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/355/6321/181.full

https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms1046

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134%2FS1067413615050173

https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.13208

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038071715004484

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20100237

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S175450481830182X

- Ectomycorrhizal

-> look in textbooks? lit reviews/meta-analyses?

GENERAL Reviews:
--Using revegetation to suppress invasive plants in grasslands and forests

Michael J. Schuster  Peter D. Wragg  Peter B. Reich

--Plant growth regulators for enhancing revegetation success in reclamation: A review

Author links open overlay panelChristina C.SmallDaniDegenhardt

-- Improving saltland revegetation through understanding the “recruitment niche”: potential lessons for ecological restoration in extreme environments

Edward G. Barrett‐Lennard  Hayley C. Norman  Kingsley Dixon

Add Picture:
Wikimedia commons? can use if attribute author in certain credit line format: title of work as given by creator, creator name, license that the creator has assigned the work. Can also embed directly from commons.

Find free photos (off Flickr, public library of science journals, anything in public domain)

https://www.google.com/search?q=root+systems+interplanting&sxsrf=ACYBGNR5uH81gjdwENbG5iwyCKg9Oughog:1574182612281&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjHm6qb3_blAhURx1kKHZKpCggQ_AUIEigB&biw=1440&bih=719&dpr=2#imgrc=hXvvh7NzC4DTDM:

Citations Added
[1] https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_PLANTMATERIALS/publications/wapmctn6333.pdf

See Also Additions
Restoration Ecology

Land Rehabilitation

Mine Reclamation

Lead section
https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_PLANTMATERIALS/publications/wapmctn6333.pdf

Spatial Planning
whole section addition

Mycorrhizal Edits:
link to ectomycorhizal. couple sentences.