User:Flavius Aemilius

Cases
Dative uses for feelings, specific verbs

-il, Locative ending used for motion

Vocative- ഏ replaces അ/ആ and some ഉ endings (Ex:അമ്മ​ ->അമ്മേ) and is added hard consonant endings (മകന് -> മകനേ)

Pronouns
Cases:

Vocative forms are given in parentheses after the nominative, as the only pronominal vocatives that are used are the third person ones, which only occur in compounds.

Making Endings

 * Regarding the dative ending:
 * a) If the noun ends in അൻ an, then you replace the n with -ന് -n(u). For example, "to/for Raman" would be രാമന് raaman(u).
 * b) If it ends in അർ ar or അൾ aL, then you add -ക്ക് -kk(u), e.g. അവർക്ക് avarkk(u) means "to/for him/her/them" and അവൾക്ക് avaLkk(u) means "to/for her."
 * c) If it ends in ഉ/ഊ/ഒ/ഓ u/uu/o/O, then you add -വിന് -vin(u), e.g. രഘുവിന് raghuvin(u) means "to/for Raghu."
 * d) If it ends in any other vowel, you add -യ്ക്ക് -ykk(u), e.g. അമ്മയ്ക്ക് ammaykk(u) means "to/for (my) mother." I think it really sounds more like "-kky(u)," though.
 * e) If it ends in അം am, you replace the m with -ത്തിന് -ththin(u), e.g. മരം maram means "tree," and മരത്തിന് maraththin(u) means "to/for the tree."
 * f) Otherwise, you add -ഇന് -in(u), e.g. തേൻ thEn means "honey," and തേനിന് thEnin(u) means "to/for honey."


 * Regarding the genitive ending:
 * a) If the noun ends in അൻ an, then you replace the n with -ന്റെ -nte. For example, "of Raman" would be രാമന്റെ raamante.
 * b) If it ends in അർ ar or അൾ aL, then you add -ഉടെ -uTe, e.g. അവരുടെ avaruTe means "their" (or his/her!) and അവളുടെ avaLuTe means "her."
 * c) If it ends in ഉ/ഊ/ഒ/ഓ u/uu/o/O, then you add -വിന്റെ -vinte, e.g. രഘുവിന്റെ raghuvinte means "of Raghu."
 * d) If it ends in any other vowel, you add -യുടെ -yuTe, e.g. മഴ mazha means "rain," and മഴയുടെ mazhayuTe means "of (the) rain."
 * e) If it ends in അം am, you replace the m with -ത്തിന്റെ -ththinte, e.g. മരം maram means "tree," and മരത്തിന്റെ maraththinte means "of the tree."
 * f) Otherwise, you add -ഇന്റെ -inte, e.g. തേൻ thEn means "honey," and തേനിന്റെ thEninte means "of honey."

Post Positions
-വരെ ---

Verbs
-ഉക is the infinitive/dictionary ending for verbs, it is dropped or modified when the verb is conjugated. used in impersonal commands?

-ആൻ is the infinitive "of purpose" used with other verbs (പഠിക്കാൻ പോകുന്നു[പോവ])

Note: ക/ക്ക​ can be interchangeable with വ​ in certain endings (മനസ്സിലാക്കും vs. മനസ്സിലാവും or പോവുകയാണ് vs. പോകുകയാണ്)

The past tense stem can be used when adding different endings (പോയിക്കൊണ്ടിരിക്കുന്നു)

Some ക്ക​'s have hints of a y sound before/after? them seen slightly in enikke and padikuka

Copula
Malayalam employs two defective verbs as its copulas. The first, -ആക് (āk), is the plain equative copula. The second, -ഉണ്ട് (uṇṭŭ), is the locative copula and also used to indicate possession (with the subject/possessor in the dative case). These verbs change forms in different tenses and are usually suffixed to the noun phrases that are specified by the copula. The table below lists some examples.

Tenses
Broadly, there are three tenses in Malayalam language: present, past and future.

(-u/-i, -unnu, -um) For most verbs the marker -ഇ (-i) (or യി, -yi if the verb stem ends in a vowel) is added to the verb stem to create the past tense form, but other verb classes have different rules. A non-exhaustive list of the rules for different classes, as well as some exceptions, is given below.


 * If the citation form of the verb ends in a short vowel followed by -ടുക (-ṭuka) - that is, if it ends in -അടുക (-aṭuka), -ഇടുക (-iṭuka), -ഉടുക (-uṭuka), -എടുക (-eṭuka), or -ഒടുക (-oṭuka) - then replace the -ടുക at the end with -ട്ടു (-ṭṭu). For example, the past form of ഇടുക (iṭuka, 'to put'), is ഇട്ടു (iṭṭu).
 * If the citation form ends in -യ്യുക (-yyuka), then replace that ending with -യ്തു (-ythu). For example, the past form of ചെയ്യുക (cheyyuka, 'to do') is ചെയ്തു (cheythu).
 * If the citation form ends in -അക്കുക (-akkuka), then replace that ending with -അന്നു (-annu). For example, the past form of നടക്കുക (naṭakkuka, 'to walk') is നടന്നു (naṭannu).
 * The past tense of ഇരിക്കുക (irikkuka, 'to sit, reside') is ഇരുന്നു (irunnu). But apart from this exception if the citation formty ends in -ഇക്കുക (-ikkuka), then replace that ending with -ഇച്ചു (-ichchu). For example, the past form of അടിക്കുക (aṭikkuka, 'to beat') is അടിച്ചു (aṭichchu).
 * If the citation form ends in -ഉക്കുക (-ukkuka) or -ര്‍ക്കുക (-rkkuka), then replace that ending with -ഉത്തു (-uththu) or -ര്‍ത്തു (-rththu) respectively. For example, the past form of തണുക്കുക (thaṇukkuka, 'to get cold') is തണുത്തു (thaṇuththu), and the past form of ഓര്‍ക്കുക (ōrkkuka, 'to remember') is ഓര്‍ത്തു (ōrththu). The past tense form of ഒക്കുക (okkuka, 'to manage/be able to') is ഒത്തു (oththu).
 * The past tense of നില്‍ക്കുക (nilkkuka, 'to stand/wait') is നിന്നു (ninnu). But apart from this exception if the citation form ends in -ല്‍ക്കുക (-lkkuka), then replace that ending with -റ്റു (-ttu). For example, the past form of തോല്‍ക്കുക (thōlkkuka, 'to lose') is തോറ്റു (thōttu).
 * If the citation form ends in -ള്‍ക്കുക (-ḷkkuka), then replace that ending with -ട്ടു (-ṭṭu). For example, the past form of കേള്‍ക്കുക (kēḷkkuka, 'to hear') is കേട്ടു (kēṭṭu).
 * If the citation form ends in -യുക (-yuka), then replace that ending with -ഞ്ഞു (-ññu). For example, the past form of പറയുക (paṟayuka, 'to say') is പറഞ്ഞു (parraññu).
 * If the citation form ends in -രുക (-ruka), then replace that ending with -ര്‍ന്നു (-rnnu). For example, the past form of തീരുക (thiiruka, 'to end') is തീര്‍ന്നു (thīrnnu).
 * If the citation form ends in -ലുക (-luka) or -ല്ലുക (-lluka), then replace that ending (whichever of the two it is) with -ന്നു (-nnu). For example, the past form of അകലുക (akaluka, 'to move away') is അകന്നു (akannu). However, the past tense of ചൊല്ലുക (cholluka, 'to narrate') may be either ചൊന്നു (chonnu) or ചൊല്ലി (cholli).
 * If the citation form ends in -രിക (-rika), then replace that ending with -ന്നു (-nnu). For example, the past form of വരിക (varika, 'to come') is വന്നു (vannu).
 * The past form of കാണുക (kāṇuka, 'to see') is കണ്ടു (kaṇṭu).
 * The past form of തിന്നുക (thinnuka, 'to eat') is തിന്നു (thinnu).

Note: ക്കും --[ക്ക്യും] when i precedes--- fix

example: കഴിക്കും -- [കഴിക്ക്യും]

Imperatives
Polite Imperative -ഊ  (ningal level)

-OLuu

-aaTTe

-aathe means 'without' ???-check

-aathirikkuka means 'don't do'? impersonal(uses infinitive)

Aspects(endings)
WIP

Standard/Continuous -ക്കുന്നു or inf+y+copula=കുകയാണ് (പോകുകയാണ്)

Perfect -ഇട്ടുണ്ട് (adds only to past)

Having done -ഇട്ടു

Repetitive Continuous -കൊണ്ടിരിക്കുന്നു (adds only to past)

Repetitive(have/has been) -arund'

Iminence -വ്വാറായി (adds to stem) (nominative or dative, either time to do X or about to do X

Offering/Unsure/Can/May(Subjunctive?) Irreals?(epistemic modality) - ആം (adds to stem) - Nominative, first person subject --> intention to do - Question form becomes Requests -ആമോ - Dative subject --> can do (ability) - Hortative-same as dative (Let us do)

-aal conditional WHat if -aalO

-an ending? infinitive of purpose(used for compound like verbs)

Desiderative -ണം nominative --> external compulsion, dative --> internal(wants/needs)

Don't want/Have to -anda (adds to stem)

Permissive - ate

Qualifier -ഏയുള്ളൂ (-ഏയുള്ളൂ+ -ഉണ്ട് -> olu)

While -പോൾ

As soon as -ഉടൻ (similar to while)

-അത് the thing that was just done(replace with verb) (uses past stem)

Verbs-> adjectives/modifiers -uLLa

Passive voice
past participle +വരുക

some post positions require locative -il ending

present stem +പെടുക (conjugated) Ex: ചെയ്യപെട്ടു for has been done (might also be caused to be done)

Intransitive, Transitive, Causitive, Double Causitive
WIP -Pi- after stem before ending

-

Negation/Afirmation
-കൂടാ negative form of -ആം uses past stem (in speech shortened to Uda)

Ex: അറിഞ്ഞുകൂടാ--[അറിഞ്ഞൂടാ] - don't know അറിഞ്ഞുകൂടെ--[അറിഞ്ഞൂടെ] - you don't know? (interrogative form)

Questions
WIP yes/no ano

isn't it alle see negation

Slang/Dialect
where speech and writing don't match, either shortened forms or pronunciation changes

proper -> [becomes] for known changes, kind of like slang

proper -- [sounds like] for smaller changes, native speakers might not notice they make this change

ഇല്ല​ -> ഇല്ല്യ​ change like ikkum???

പോകുന്നു -> [പോവ] dialect

അറിയുന്നു -> [അറിയ] dialect? or switch to noun???

സാരമില്ല -> [സാരില്ല] ?????

കുഴപ്പമില്ല -- കൊഴപ്പ്നില്ല -> കൊഴപ്പില്ല​​????

പക്ഷേ -- [പചെ] sound very similar when spoken fast

സുഖം -- [സുഗം] depends on person

Charts
Verb conjugations for the verb "പോകുക" (pōkuka, to go) based on aspects are given below.