User:Florian Blaschke/Proto-Indo-European phonology

According to Martin Kümmel (2011?, 2012, 2014)

/h/ is [ʔ] ~ [h], maybe [x]; in Proto-Indo-Iranian (and Proto-Balto-Slavic?), /χ/ and /ʁ/ had apparently merged into /h/

/ɓ/ is rare and might have changed into /m/ (or possibly /w/) in several cases early on

Schwa is anaptyctic, especially next to uvular and glottal fricatives

The main realisation of /ɔ/ appears to have been half-long [ɔˑ], with [ɔ] as an allophone; however, /ɔ/ (originally perhaps [ɑ ~ ɒ], which eventually merged with /ɔ/) as an original allophone of /ɛ/ next to /ʁ/ is probably always short

Phonemic /a/ is a rare (originally allophone of /ɛ/?), ablauting vowel; however, the original allophone [a] of /ɛ/ next to /χ/ has probably already merged with /a/, and has thus already become phonological, but not morphophonological

The original situation appears to have been the following: /ɛ/ (from earlier /a/) had three main allophones: [ɑ ~ ɒ] next to /ʁ/, [a ~ ɑ] next to /χ/ and [æ ~ ɛ] everywhere else

/aː/ definitely arises through Stang's law, /ɛː/ and /ɔː/ (possibly overlong [ɔːˑ] phonetically?) arise through Szemerényi's law

[i] is phonologically interconsonantal /j/ > [əj] or [jə], [u] is phonologically interconsonantal /w/ > [əw] or [wə]

[iː] and [uː] arise only well after the dissolution of Proto-Indo-European in most branches (except Greek, Tocharian and Armenian, and also Anatolian? Compare Francis–Normier's law, also known as "laryngeal breaking") from sequences /iH/ and /uH/, with /H/ = /h/, /χ/ or /ʁ/

The sibilant is apico-alveolar according to Aurelijus Vijūnas (2010)

As /t/ merges into /ɗ/ word-finally, so /s/ may have become voiced word-finally, not only before voiced consonants

The sibilant /s/ has a voiced allophone [z] before voiced consonants, possibly word-finally, as suggested, and perhaps also between vowels, which can be denoted with z

Syllabic sonorants may be indicated by putting a y before the sonorant, only as a graphic device without implying that the sonorants were truly pronounced with a leading schwa

Accent may be indicated using an apostrophe before the vowel bearing the accent, in the case of accent-bearing syllabic sonorants before the y: *w'ylkvos 'wolf'

The traditionally reconstructed palatal stops may be indicated as kc gc 'gc. A possible alternative is c f 'f, but is arguably too obscure