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Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder

The disorder is the most common personality disorder in the United States, and is diagnosed twice as often in males as in females; however, there is evidence to suggest the prevalence between men and women is equal.

Edit Rewording

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder has the highest rates compared to other personality disorders in the United States. OCPD is diagnosed twice as often in males as in females; however empirical evidence suggests the prevalence between men and women is equal.

Changes we want to make:

Diagnostic Section

New Content to Replace old ICD information


 * Define ICD-10 and ICD-11
 * International Classification of Disease is a categorization system used globally for physical and mental illnesses. The ICD-10 included a broad range of personality disorders that allowed for a specified diagnosis. The category of personality disorders was narrowed down to one diagnosis of Personality Disorder in the ICD-11 . Personality Disorder is described with different levels of severity, mild, moderate, and severe.
 * Diagnostic Criteria for Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder
 * ICD-10 uses the term anankastic personality disorder in place of Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder. It is described as having feelings of doubt, perfectionism, excessive conscientiousness, checking/preoccupation with details, stubbornness, and caution/rigidity. There may also be insistent and unwelcome thoughts or impulses.
 * ICD-11 uses a general diagnosis of Personality Disorder. This system uses specifiers to list individuals at a severity level. These specifiers include negative affectivity, detachment, dissociability, disinhibition, and anankastia. Some clinicians will include borderline patterns as well in their diagnostic process. The description for each individual case of personality disorder will have the rating of severity (mild, moderate, or severe) as well as the trait specifiers. Specifiers categorized as Mild Personality Disorder includes negative affectivity and anankastia. Specifiers categorized as Moderate Personality Disorder includes negative affectivity, dissociality, and disinhibition. Specifiers categorized as Severe Personality Disorders include dissociality and disinhibition.
 * What is it used for
 * The International Classification of Disease is used as a common medical language for health professionals to communicate standard information across the globe to other health professionals
 * How is it different from the DSM-5?
 * The DSM-5 was created by American Psychiatric Association (APA) and focuses on mental illnesses. The IDC focuses on all parts of the body, including physical and mental diseases. The DSM-5 is primarily popular in the United States for diagnostic criteria while the IDC is commonly used worldwide among health professionals.

Comorbidity Section


 * Keep OCD comorbidity
 * Making OCD vs OCPD its own section doesn't seem to belong in comorbidity. Should have differences between the two in the beginning.
 * OCD vs OCPD
 * Comorbidity Section Original
 * OCPD is often confused with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Despite the similar names, they are two distinct disorders. Some OCPD individuals do have OCD, and the two can be found in the same family, sometimes along with eating disorders. The rate of comorbidity of OCPD in patients with OCD is estimated to be around 15–28%. However, due to the addition of the hoarding disorder diagnosis in the DSM-5, and studies showing that hoarding may not be a symptom of OCPD, the true rate of comorbidity may be much lower.
 * There is significant similarity in the symptoms of OCD and OCPD, which can lead to complexity in distinguishing them clinically. For example, perfectionism is an OCPD criterion and a symptom of OCD if it involves the need for tidiness, symmetry, and organization. Hoarding is also considered both a compulsion found in OCD and a criterion for OCPD in the DSM-5. Even though OCD and OCPD are seemingly separate disorders there are obvious redundancies between the two concerning several symptoms.
 * Regardless of similarities between the OCPD criteria and the obsessions and compulsions found in OCD, there are discrete qualitative dissimilarities between these disorders, predominantly in the functional part of symptoms. Unlike OCPD, OCD is described as invasive, and stressful. Time-consuming obsessions and habits are aimed at reducing obsession-related stress. OCD symptoms are at times regarded as egodystonic because they are experienced as alien and repulsive to the person. Therefore, there is a greater mental anxiety associated with OCD.
 * In contrast, the symptoms seen in OCPD, although repetitive, are not linked with repulsive thoughts, images, or urges. OCPD characteristics and behaviors are known as ego-syntonic, as people with this disorder view them as suitable and correct. On the other hand, the main features of perfectionism and inflexibility can result in considerable suffering in an individual with OCPD as a result of the associated need for control.
 * The presence of OCPD in patients with OCD has been linked to a worse prognosis of OCD, especially when cognitive behavioral therapy was used. This may be due to the ego-syntonic nature of OCPD which may lead to the obsessions becoming aligned with one's personal values. In contrast, the trait of perfectionism may improve the outcome of treatment as patients are likely to complete homework assigned to them with determination. The findings with regards to pharmacological treatment has also been mixed, with some studies showing a lower reception to SRIs in OCD patients with comorbid OCPD, with others showing no relationship.
 * Comorbidity between OCD and OCPD has been linked to a more severe presentation of symptoms, a younger age of onset, more significant impairment in functioning, poorer insight, and higher comorbidity of depression and anxiety.
 *  Comorbidity Section EDITED 
 * OCPD is often confused with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Despite the similar names, they are two distinct disorders. Some OCPD individuals do have OCD, and the two can be found in the same family, sometimes along with eating disorders. The rate of comorbidity of OCPD in patients with OCD is estimated to be around 15–28%. However, due to the addition of the hoarding disorder diagnosis in the DSM-5, and studies showing that hoarding may not be a symptom of OCPD, the true rate of comorbidity may be much lower.
 * There is significant similarity in the symptoms of OCD and OCPD, which can lead to complexity in distinguishing them clinically. For example, perfectionism is an OCPD criterion and a symptom of OCD if it involves the need for tidiness, symmetry, and organization. Hoarding is also considered both a compulsion found in OCD and a criterion for OCPD in the DSM-5. Even though OCD and OCPD are seemingly separate disorders there are obvious redundancies between the two concerning several symptoms.
 * Regardless of similarities between the OCPD criteria and the obsessions and compulsions found in OCD, there are discrete qualitative dissimilarities between these disorders, predominantly in the functional part of symptoms. Unlike OCPD, OCD is described as invasive, and stressful. Time-consuming obsessions and habits are aimed at reducing obsession-related stress. OCD symptoms are at times regarded as egodystonic because they are experienced as alien and repulsive to the person. Therefore, there is a greater mental anxiety associated with OCD.
 * In contrast, the symptoms seen in OCPD, although repetitive, are not linked with repulsive thoughts, images, or urges. OCPD characteristics and behaviors are known as ego-syntonic, as people with this disorder view them as suitable and correct. On the other hand, the main features of perfectionism and inflexibility can result in considerable suffering in an individual with OCPD as a result of the associated need for control.
 * The presence of OCPD in patients with OCD has been linked to a worse prognosis of OCD, especially when cognitive behavioral therapy was used. This may be due to the ego-syntonic nature of OCPD which may lead to the obsessions becoming aligned with one's personal values. In contrast, perfectionism may improve treatment outcomes as patients are likely to complete homework assigned to them with determination. The findings regarding pharmacological treatment have also been mixed, with some studies showing a lower reception to SRIs in OCD patients with comorbid OCPD, with others showing no relationship.
 * Comorbidity between OCD and OCPD has been linked to a more severe presentation of symptoms, a younger age of onset, more significant impairment in functioning, poorer insight, and higher comorbidity of depression and anxiety.
 *  OCD vs OCPD ADDED 
 * Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is characterized by obsessions such as recurring and unwanted or impulsive thoughts that are combated with compulsions with repetitive behaviors.
 * There is significant similarity in the symptoms of OCD and OCPD, which can lead to complexity in distinguishing them clinically. For example, perfectionism is an OCPD criterion and a symptom of OCD if it involves the need for tidiness, symmetry, and organization. Hoarding is also considered both a compulsion found in OCD and a criterion for OCPD in the DSM-5. Even though OCD and OCPD are seemingly separate disorders there are obvious redundancies between the two concerning several symptoms.
 * Regardless of similarities between the OCPD criteria and the obsessions and compulsions found in OCD, there are discrete qualitative dissimilarities between these disorders, predominantly in the functional part of symptoms. Unlike OCPD, OCD is described as invasive, and stressful. Time-consuming obsessions and habits are aimed at reducing obsession-related stress. OCD symptoms are at times regarded as ego-dystonic because they experience impulsive behaviors and thoughts that are repulsive and distressing that are considered unacceptable to the individual experiencing them. Therefore, there is a greater mental anxiety associated with OCD than OCPD.
 * In contrast, the symptoms seen in OCPD, although repetitive, are not linked with repulsive thoughts, images, or urges. OCPD characteristics and behaviors are known as ego-syntonic, as people with this disorder view them as suitable and correct. On the other hand, the main features of perfectionism and inflexibility can result in considerable suffering in an individual with OCPD as a result of the associated need for control
 * Give statistics for comorbidity of eating disorders
 * Could not find statistical comorbidity between the two.
 * (Bridging of childhood obsessive-compulsive personality disorder traits and adult eating disorder symptoms: A network analysis approach (Giles et.al., 2022)) this study looked at "bridging" the traits of childhood ocpd and eating disorders in adults (bulimia and anorexia). They found that interpersonal distrust is a trait that bridged the two the most, as well as emotional expression and intimacy, but they noted that there would need to be larger sample sizes to fully confirm their findings. This could potentially be included (comorbidity or somewhere else?)
 * It can be inferred that OCPD could be a predisposing risk factor for eating disorders, but here is isn't enough adequate research to say for sure that eating disorders and personality disorders are similarly linked. (should this comorbidity section be removed due to lack of information?) (or move from comorbidity and make a seperate section about similarities between the two)
 * It can be inferred that OCPD could be a predisposing risk factor for eating disorders, but here is isn't enough adequate research to say for sure that eating disorders and personality disorders are similarly linked. (should this comorbidity section be removed due to lack of information?) (or move from comorbidity and make a seperate section about similarities between the two)


 * Find more recent sources/remove source from 1949 in eating disorder section