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Isaac newton

Isaac Newton is best known for his theory of the law of gravity, but the Enlightenment in Europe was profoundly inspired by his 'Principia Mathematica' (1686) and its three laws of motion. Born in 1643 in Wools Thorpe, England, when on break from Cambridge University, Sir Isaac Newton began developing his ideas on light, calculus and celestial mechanics. The 1687 publication of "Principia," a seminal work that established the fundamental laws of motion and gravity, resulted in the years of study. In order to determine the properties of light, Newton's second major book, "Opticks," detailed his experiments. The popular scientist was also a student of Biblical history and alchemy and served as president of the Royal Society of London and as master of the Royal Mint of England. until his death in 1727.

Early life/education

Isaac Newton was born in England on Christmas, 25 December 1642, His father, also named Newton, had died three months before Isaac was Born. Isaac was Born prematurely, Newton was a little child, he was so small he could fit in a quart mug. When Newton was three, his mother remarriage leaving her son Within the care of his maternal grandmother. Newton went to The King's School, Grantham, where he was educated since he was 12 till 17 It taught Latin and Greek and certainly provided a good foundation for mathematics. by October 1659, he returned home and His mother, tried to make him a farmer, A profession which he despised. The master of King's School, Henry Stokes, convinced his mother to send him back to school. He became the top-ranked student, inspired partly by a desire for vengeance against a schoolyard bully, distinguishing himself primarily by constructing sundials and windmill models. In June 1661, on the recommendation of his uncle, the Rev William Ayscough, who had studied there, he was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge. At Cambridge, Newton studied a classical curriculum, but he became intrigued by the works of modern philosophers such as René Descartes, also devoting a collection of notes he entitled "Quaestiones Quaedam Philosophical" ("Some Philosophical Questions") to his external readings. In 1664, he was granted a scholarship, guaranteeing him four more years before he was able to receive his MA. Then the generalized binomial theorem was discovered and he started to establish a theory of mathematics that later became calculus. In August 1665, soon after Newton received his BA degree. Due to the Great Plague, the university shut down briefly as a measure against the Great Plague. Newton returned home and began to formulate his calculus, light and color theories, his farm the setting for the supposed falling apple that inspired his gravity work.

Middle years / achievements

In 1667, Newton went back to Cambridge and was elected a minor fellow. In 1668, he designed the first reflecting telescope, He completed his Master of Arts degree and took over as Cambridge's Lucasian Professor of Mathematics the following year. Asked to send the Royal Society of London a demonstration of his telescope in 1671, the following year he was elected to the Royal Society and published his observations on optics for his peers. Through his experiments with refraction, Newton determined that white light was a combination of all the colors on the spectrum through his experiments with refraction, and he asserted that light consisted of particles rather than waves. Newton returned to his earlier research on the powers controlling gravity in the following years and dabbled in alchemy. The British astronomer Edmund Halley paid a visit to the reclusive Newton in 1684. Halley encouraged him to arrange his notes, after discovering that Newton had mathematically figured out the elliptical paths of celestial bodies. The consequence was the publication in 1687 of the Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (Philosophy Naturalis Principia Mathematica), which defined the three laws of motion and the law of universal gravity. Newton’s three laws of motion state that (1) Every object in a state of uniform motion will remain in that state of motion unless an external force acts on it; (2) Force equals mass times acceleration: F=MA and (3) For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. In scientific circles, "Principia" propelled Newton to stardom, ultimately receiving universal recognition as one of modern science's most important works. His thesis was a central component of the European Enlightenment. Newton resisted King James II's attempts to reinstitute Catholic teachings at English Universities with his newfound influence. As part of the Glorious Revolution of 1688, King James II was succeeded by his Protestant daughter Mary and her husband, and Newton was elected to represent Cambridge in Parliament in 1689. After being appointed warden of the Royal Mint in 1696, Newton moved to London permanently, receiving a promotion to master of the Mint three years later. Newton, eager to show that his stance was not just symbolic, shifted the sterling pound from silver to the gold standard and attempted to prosecute counterfeiters. Hooke's death in 1703 allowed Newton to take over as president of the Royal Society, and he published his second major work, "Optic's," the following year. Composed largely from his earlier notes on the subject, the book detailed Newton's painstaking refraction and color spectrum experiments, culminating with his ruminations on issues such as energy and electricity. In 1705, Queen Anne of England knighted him. Around this time, the controversy over Newton's arguments that the calculus area originated erupted into a disgusting dispute. In the mid 1660s, Newton had developed his idea of "fluxions" (differentials) to account for celestial orbits, but his work had not been publicly documented. The German mathematician Gottfried Leibniz, meanwhile, formulated and published his own mathematical theories in 1684. Newton oversaw an inquiry as president of the Royal Society that ruled his work to be the founding foundation of the discipline, but the debate persisted even after the death of Leibniz in 1716. Researchers later found that, independently of each other, both men likely arrived at their conclusions.

Isaac newton death

Newton was also an avid student of history and theological doctrines, and his writings were collected into many posthumously published books on those subjects. Having never married, On March 31, 1727, he died in his sleep and was buried in the Abbey of Westminster. A giant even among the brilliant minds that drove the Scientific Revolution, Newton is remembered as a transformative scholar, inventor and writer. He eradicated any doubts about the heliocentric model of the universe by establishing celestial mechanics, his precise methodology giving birth to what is known as the scientific method. Although his theories of space-time and gravity eventually gave way to those of Albert Einstein, his work remains the bedrock on which modern physics was built.

Resources I used

https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/isaac-newton#:~:text=Born%20in%201643%20in%20Woolsthorpe,laws%20of%20motion%20and%20gravity.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Isaac-Newton