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FATHER LANDELL - BRAZILIAN PATENT

Landell de Moura (Porto Alegre, January 21, 1861 - Porto Alegre, June 30, 1928) was a Catholic priest, scientist and Brazilian inventor.

Born in Brazil, he studied in Rome in preparation to entering the priesthood and received a form of scientific training as well. Returning to Brazil, he began to develop his ecclesiastical career, being appointed to various parishes in the states of Rio Grande do Sul and São Paulo, but little is known of this aspect of his life, which seems to have been less than impressive. Although he was devoted to the priesthood, before his long term posting to Rio Grande do Sul his appointments to other parishes were typically brief, and more than once he asked for voluntary reassignment. His devotion to promoting science and what were advanced ideas for his time sometimes disagreements with his own church surperiors, and this may have been an important factor in their inability to develop a steady pastoral work since his experiments occupied much of his energy and attention. Only in the final phase of his religious life, when he was no longer concentrating on science, did his career in the Church advanced to a high level, being designated successively Vicar General of the Archdiocese of Porto Alegre, Canon and prison of the Metropolitan Chapter, Monsignor and archdeacon, also responsible the parish of Menino Deus and finally by the parish of Rosário, whose church still holds his remains.

Landel de Moura, however, is best known for his attempts to develop different forms of wireless voice communication, developing a series of experiments and devices based on acoustic and light transmission and later adding electromagnetic wave signalling (radio), although it is not certain if he used radio for voice communication. There are claims that he conducted a demonstration of some form of voice communication equipment in 1893 or 1894, but the documentation on these early experiments is poor. The first documented demonstration of a device built by him, a multi function device that incorporating loudspeaker/megaphone, a light based photophone, as well as radio signaling took place on June 3, 1900.

In Brazil he is considered a radio pioneer but historians consider his work more of a footnote in radio history. In his homeland his work is also considered a forerunner of television and fiber optics, but also in these fields the surviving documentation is not very clear, and international contribution in this particular area fell into almost total oblivion .He also was interested in homeopathy, psychology and spiritualism, which he pursued from a science point of view.

He faced many technical and financial difficulties in his scientific research as well as facing resistance and disbelief by authorities and the population, which hindered his recognition during his lifetime, but his work has become more well known over the years. The popular idea that surrounds him, that he was a persecuted and wronged suffered scientist facing an insensitive and obscurantist world, has an element of truth as well as some romantic myth about it. His biography still has many gaps and his scientific legacy has only partly been studied, with a lot of handwritten documentation yet to be explored. In any case, Brazil has received a number of honors and official recognition. Landel de Moura is an honorary citizen of the city of São Paulo, patron of Science, technology and Innovation in the city of Porto Alegre, patron of the Brazilian amateur, and in 2012, by presidential decree, his name was written in the book of the Homeland Heroes.

Early years and early ecclesiastical career
Landell de Moura was born in Porto Alegre, the state capital of Rio Grande do Sul, on Jan. 21, 1861, son of the Brazilian Army captain  and large coal merchant Inácio José Ferreira de Moura and Sara Mariana Landell, both from traditional gaucho families, descendant of Portuguese father and a Scottish mother.

He as the fourth child of Brazilian Army captain  and coal merchant Jose Inacio Ferreira de Moura and his wife Sara Mariana Landell de Moura. After he was first taught by his father, Landell enrolled with his brother Ignatius at the Jesuit College of Our Lady of Conception in São Leopoldo at the time the most distinguished college in the state, studying there until 1873. He returned to Porto Alegre in 1874 and enrolled at Gomes College, run by the Brazilian educator Fernando Ferreira Gomes, where he studied French, German and Portuguese. In de Moura's papers, there is evidence that at age sixteen he was experimenting with some kind of telephone, just a year after Alexander Graham Bell, but there is no accurate description of the device.

With the the partial closure of College Gomes in 1876 due to the retirement of its director, de Moura went to the Rio de Janeiro in order to study at the Polytechnic School of Rio de Janeiro, earning money working at a warehouse. He was there for only a few months before following his brother William to Rome, Italy, following him into the priesthood.

Landell de Moura enrolled on March 22, 1878 in the Pontifical North American College, where he studied canon law, and enrolled at the same time in Gregorian University, where he made other studies of uncertain nature. He completed his ecclesiastical training and was ordained priest secular on 28 October 1886, the same day celebrating his first mass. In Rome he first conceive his theory of the unity of the physical forces of the universe and its essential harmony.

Returning to Brazil on Feb. 7, 1887, he took up residence at Saint Joseph Seminary, located in the Castle Hill, in Rio de Janeiro. At this time he was also Chaplain at the Imperial Palace, praying his first Mass in Rio for the emperor Pedro II and his court. The emperor had the reputation of being the "senior teacher of the nation" because he promoted among others the scientific progress of the country, and he and de Moura had several conversations.

But his stay in Rio would be a short one. On February 20, 1887 was apointed to Rio Grande do Sul to be chaplain of Chapel Our Lord Jesus of the Good End and professor of Universal History of the Episcopal Seminary of Porto Alegre. On June 27, 1891 was appointed to be vicar at Santana Parish in the city of Uruguaiana, arriving there by 31 October of that year.

In 1982 he was transferred to the State of São Paulo, assigned to the parish of Saints, and October 28, 1894 to December 19, 1896 was pro-rector of the Church of Santa Cruz (today Basilica of Our Lady of Mount Carmel) in Campinas, sending golden pulpit, the tribunes and the altars, but developed a discreet pastoral action, since it was a simple replacement of the holder, the [ [canon]] Scipio Goulart Junqueira, who was already old. On March 2, 1898 he was appointed parish priest of Chapel of Santa Cruz of  Santana in São Paulo, also taking responsibility for the treasury of the parish and the chaplain of the College Sacred Heart of Mary. The following year it is found involved in a grand project to build an educational institution, which he called "The Polymathica" composed of a boarding school, one boarding school, a proletarian college and sorority for shelter Ladies they wanted to withdraw from the world, but their plans ended up frustrated because it failed to funds to complete the works. Remain in this parish until October 1900, when exonerated himself.

First scientific experiments
Meanwhile he began to be known for his involvement with science and began his first experiments, which immediately aroused controversy and gave him bad popular fame. Provided that the communication would be possible between different worlds, and dissemination of these ideas, he has angered his parishioners because Church doctrine at the time did not admit the possibility of life outside the Earth. Because of these revolutionary ideas, had vandalized his laboratory.

In 1892 he would have built the first wireless transmitter messages before Guglielmo Marconi make their first tests in Italy. Between 1893 and 1894, according to Fornari, his first biographer and his contemporary, would have held the first public transmission of sound through airwaves, which took place between the top of the Paulista Avenue and the top of Santana, covering a distance of eight kilometers. At the time he tested a wave transmitter, a telegraph wireless and phone wireless. However, according to Luiz Netto, there is no solid documentation regarding the date of the first experiments, which hurt its international recognition. Testimonials Jaime Leal Velloso, Arthur Dias, Maria Ribeiro de Almeida and  People's Mail , collected by Hamilton Almeida, put their first experiments between 1890 and 1896. The experiments would follow, and in 1899 the  Jornal do Commercio  pointed its success and its global pioneer in the field of wireless transmission of sound:




 * "In the various experiments recently carried noted intelligent inventor, that the zone at the mercy of ether vibrations traverses the articulated sound, widens as it approaches the receiver, so that by placing several such receptors within the same reception field, some separated meters of each other, they all receive the same time as clearly the word spread. from this result, it is known, did not get it wise, neither the old nor the new world, it is the priest Landell all the glory of the invention. for that reach do not think that the indefatigable man of science was a leap for many years doing experiments and studies methodically, giving themselves totally to the establishment of triumph that just got, subject of course to laws of the weirdest precision, which gave birth to their small transmitter unit and its tiny receiver ".

The first unequivocal public statement of his inventions took place on June 3rd, 1900, having as witnesses the British consul in São Paulo, Percy Charles Parmenter Lupton, most Brazilian authorities, businessmen and Popular, "which were crowned with brilliant success" as reported the 'Jornal do Commercio' '. The Brazilian literature generally accepts this testimony as trustworthy, and consider at least plausible hypothesis that has been successful in wireless sound transmission well before. Some admit they may have also preceded the achievements of Guglielmo Marconi in transmitting telegraphic signals wirelessly. On December 10, 1900 Dr. J. Rodrigo Botet, through the newspaper 'La Voz de España' ', for the Brazilian edition, strengthened its pioneering:


 * "A newspaper of the federal capital attaches the device's invention, which has the property of transmitting the human voice at a distance of eight ten or 12 kilometers without the need for wires, the English engineer Brighton. The diary to which I refer is misinformed . Neither the invention of transmitting the word distances system is new or was an English the first sage who satisfactorily solved this difficult problem, which involved the most intricate physicochemical principles that can offer to human science. What first penetrated and discovered the great secrets of the ethereal telluric with glory and advantage, is more or less one year was a Brazilian, was the royal sage Father Landell de Moura. Because I followed step by step the study of his inventions on telegraphy and telephony, wired and wireless, because I was eyewitness of various experiments, all prodigious, and because I had the honor to take the wise and their prominent works in two articles published in  El Diario Español , São Paulo, articles deserved the honor of being played in Rio de Janeiro, the  Journal of Commerce , for all this, I feel myself obliged, now coming out in defense of the priority right of the Brazilian meritorious Father Roberto Landell de Moura, regarding the transmission of the spoken word without the need for wires. [...]




 * "The merit grows point in considering that European inventors and Americans have extremely intelligent mechanical workers and factories and laboratories to choose the parts that the making of the mechanisms requires. The Standing. Landell have to design and implement it even devices, and at the same time the sage who invents, the engineer who calculates and workers' forging and adjust every piece of extremely complicated mechanisms. [...] But it turns out that the humble priest closes in his usual modesty instead of rest on our laurels. the few friends and admirers who has at his side are capable of understanding the wise and assess the value of their inventions. "

On March 9, 1901 Landell de Moura obtained his first Brazilian patent for a "device for the phonetic transmission distance, wired or wireless, through space, land and watery element." The Church granted him leave from his duties on June 14 and he went on a scientific tour through Italy, France, and on to the United States. In the US he set up a laboratory in the city of New York, where he would remain four years. He wanted to patent inventions in the United States, but the Patent Office has demanded he produce working prototypes to obtain a patent. Undertaking the project to build three devices prolonged his stay in New York. dated October 12, 1902, describes Father Landell de Moura as "a New York Herald published a story on the transmission of sound without the use of wires covering American, German, and English scientists among others, highlighting the work of Landell with a photo and an interview noteworthy the newspaper: "Among scientists, the Brazilian Padre Landell de Moura is very little known Few of them have given attention to their titles to be the pioneer in this branch. electrical investigations. But before Brighton and Ruhmer, Father Landell, after years of experimentation, managed to get a Brazilian patent for his invention, which he called Gouradphone ".



According to Santos and Casonatto from the disclosure of their inventions in the press, American businessmen offered large sums for the priest to authorize its industrial production. However, he declined the opportunity to be recognized on a large scale, saying that "inventions no longer belong to me. By the grace of God I am only the depositary of them. I'll take them to my country, Brazil, which is responsible for delivering them to mankind. " While there, he contracted pneumonia and bronchitis and spent a few months in Cuba in search of better air, returning to New York on June 3, 1903, and resumed his work on prototypes. In 1904 he obtained last three US patents: number 771 917, of October 11, for a "wave transmitter", and on November 22 the numbers 775 337 and 775 846, for a "telephone" and one "wireless telegraph" which could run through the light or radio waves, wired or wireless. In the same year developed a project to transmit images at a distance, whose technology would make also a pioneer of television, the ticker and remote control. Again Netto says that the documentation is poor on this work by preventing that one knows to what extent he actually arrived.

He returned to Brazil in 1905, taking over the parish of Botucatu, but continued his research, asking the same year a grant to state deputies of São Paulo in order to continue their work and implement their inventions, but their claims did not sensitize parliamentarians and have been filed. He appealed to the President Rodrigues Alves to make available two Navy ships, wishing to demonstrate wireless transmission over long distances. The advisor to the President in charge of analyzing the case did not give credit to the priest, and states that the president said: "Excellency, this priest is positively crazy. Imagine that he even talk to me on the possibility of talking one day with other worlds ", which resulted in the rejection of your request. Not satisfied, in a fit of rage, Landell destroyed several of their devices. According to later statements by Landell de Moura, this time he would have been forced by the Church to abandon their experiments. On April 22, 1906 He took over the parish of Mogi das Cruzes, but nothing was recorded of its passage and resigned on March 24, 1907. This year wrote a memorial describing the electro-luminescent effects of an unknown energy field that involve beings live, recording them on photographic film, a phenomenon known today as Kirlian] effect], but it is unknown if he was aware of previous experiences of [[Fernando Sanford in this field. At the same time, he described the effects of electricity on the human body.

Without an ecclesiastical appointment, Landell de Moura spent time in Tambaú and then returned to the state capital. On 2 July 1908 he was appointed vicar ordered the parish of Our Lady of the Conception of Caconde, also serving a chapel in Tapiratiba and other cities of the Ribeirao Preto region. The following year expressed interest in leaving. How had gained the sympathy of the community, a petition was made to remain, but in September 27, 1908 his resignation and was transferred to Rio Grande do Sul.

Back to the Rio Grande do Sul
We arrived in Porto Alegre on October 15, taking the parish of Baby Jesus, where he served until December 31, 1914. There are few signs of its activities in this range, either scientific or pastoral. Attended the inauguration ceremony of a small zoo in the neighborhood of Baby Jesus in 1913 and for some time was director of the Asylum of Saint Theresa, now the Asilo Padre Cacique. Yet in 1913 he worked on improving its image transmission system, giving it the name "TV". With the founding of the School of Homeopathic Medicine in 1914, took a chair, along with his brother John, who was a pharmacist and doctor. At school the inauguration, on March 2, the Landell priest gave a speech on the law of similars, which is the basic principle of homeopathy. However, in the same year an internal crisis caused the split of the institution into two new high schools, the School of Medical Sciences and Medical-Surgical School, and neither homeopathy was included.

He resumed his ecclesiastical duties and on 6 January 1915 he was appointed Vicar General of the Archdiocese. Casonatto says that "according to some, had left the parish of Baby Jesus deeply hurt and how that discouraged". Perhaps this is due in part to a decline in health, with reports since 1915 of a number of license requests for medical treatment and seasons in spas. Took both the parish of Our Lady of the Rosary, where he came several times in conflict with the clergy and the faithful regarding devotions unapproved and for his studies on the spiritualism and psychology, but according Casonatto left the parish's finances in good condition. On June 7, 1916 he was named canon capitulate prison and the Metropolitan Chapter of Porto Alegre. In 1919 he published the book 'Notes of Psychologia' 'and in 1920 participated in the founding of the Historical and Geographical Institute of Rio Grande do Sul. On September 17, 1927 received the ecclesiastical title of Monsignor, and the following year was named Archdeacon.

In 1928, with life periclitando and already taken to hospital in Charity Portuguese, a friend asked him why he had never made advertise their inventions and their patents, and the response was that "could not and should not appear as an inventor. He continued that years earlier had been advised to leave the priesthood to devote himself only to science, replied that not because he respected their vote, and that their priesthood had been the greatest aspiration of his parents. He decided to renounce the glories that their inventions you might win. "

He died on June 30, 1928, victimized by tuberculosis, aggravated by smoking, being a heavy smoker. Received the last rites of the metropolitan archbishop gift John Becker. Body commendation A occurred in Cathedral of great solemnity, officiated by the archbishop and several other clerics, and accompanied throughout the Chapter and great popular support, a day of torrential rain, and was buried in the Cave of Our Lady of Lourdes of San Miguel Cemetery and Souls. His death was reported in several newspapers, received laudatory obituaries and the State Legislative Assembly approved a vote of grief.

On July 13, 2002, with great solemn procession of popular, authorities and detachments of the Military Police, the National Defense League, the Traditionalist Movement Gaucho, the 3rd Communications Battalion Army and Scout, his remains were moved about a car fire department to the Rosary Church, where they were interred in a side altar, and there installed a commemorative plaque.

Work


The Moura Landell work is part of a major international scientific movement, which in the nineteenth century sought an improvement in the ability to communicate at a distance, a race that was stimulated mainly by the business for profit, but also by government bodies, before their strategic applications, economic, policy and practice. Landell researched the application of electromagnetic waves, predicted theoretically by James Clerk Maxwell in the first half of the 1860s, and demonstrated practically Heinrich Rudolf Hertz in 1887. Many other scientists They highlighted the contributions they have made to what came to be known as Radio, including Alexander Stepanovich Popov, Nikola Tesla, Guglielmo Marconi,  Edouard Branly and Oliver Lodge, developing technologies that enabled the opening of two main lines of research, telegraph wireless (signal transmission) and telephone wireless (transmission sound), expanding the possibilities of these modes of communication, which hitherto depended on wired transmission networks, which had a high construction cost and still suffered from several technical drawbacks in terms of safety and quality of transmission.

Marconi made his first successful experiences of a wireless telegraph in 1895, and obtained in 1896 his first patent, being generally credited as the pioneer in this field, appearing soon a big industry around it. The primacy may, however, fit Landell to Moura, which according to various statements have conducted successful experiments in both telegraphy as wireless telephony since 1893, and although the date has been recognized in two articles by a large US encyclopedia on the history of radio and some other international publications, even in Brazil these first evidences are still under controversy. His first undisputed public experiment was carried out on June 3rd, 1900, and his first patent was obtained in 1901. On the other hand, outside of Brazil Reginald Fessenden is regarded generally as the first to have been able to publicly demonstrate the wireless telephony, in an experiment carried out successfully on 24 December 1900. It should be noted that according to the available descriptions, detailed below, the sound transmissions made by Landell occurred through radio waves and light, and fit you would primacy in the first mode, in which also worked Marconi and Fessenden,  but the second she belongs to Graham Bell, which conducted an experiment in 1880 by Fotofone, patented in the same year

Despite its obvious deep knowledge of the science, the source of this knowledge is somewhat unclear. The course in Polytechnic School River may have given you some background, but there remained a few months, and his biographer Hamilton Almeida states that have graduated from Physics] ] and [[chemistry in Gregorian University in Rome, but according to recent research Odalberto Casonatto, at that time the University does not ministered such matters, and would probably have accompanied instead one or more of the regular courses of the institution, which were theology, canon law, philosophy, Church History and Cultural Heritage, Missiology, Social Sciences and Spirituality, Psychology, Religious Sciences, Jewish Studies and Studies of Religions and Culture. According to Silvio Lancellotti, his scientific training was obtained largely self-taught manner. In 1893 Landell outlined the principles of his work:


 * "Every vibratory movement that today and in the future, can be transmitted through a Driver, can be transmitted through a light beam; and, by that very fact, it may be transmitted without the help this agent.
 * "Every vibratory motion tends to be transmitted in direct proportion to their strength, constancy and uniformity of its wave motion, and inversely the obstacles that oppose to its march and production.
 * "Give me a vibratory motion as extensive as the distance that separates us from these other worlds that roll over our head, or under our feet, and I will get my voice out there."

The priest also left a brief description of the properties of their devices:


 * "The device is Telauxiofono last word on wired phone, not only by force and intelligibility that transmits the word, but also because, with him, we obtain the full benefits of high-Parlatore phone and teatrofono. With this remarkable difference, that it comes from teatrofonia, simply one transmitter, however great the number of concertante. Moreover, with the Telauxiofono, the problem of unlimited telephony will become a practical and economical reality. The Caleofono, as the previous one, also works with wire, and is unique because instead of ringing the bell to call, is heard the pleading or instrumental sound. It is very suitable for offices. The Anematofono, with which, wireless, we obtain all the effects of common telephony, but with much more clarity and security, as work even even with wind and bad weather. It's amazing this device, the entirely new laws reveals. The Teletiton, kind of phonetic telegraph with which, wireless, two people can be communicated without being heard by another. I believe that with this system shall be able to pass through the electric power over long distances and with great economy, without having to use up wire or conductor cable. The Edifono finally serves to sweeten and debug the parasitic vibrations of fonografada voice, reproducing the natural. This device will become the inseparable friend of the composers and musicians of the speakers. "

The memorial presented for obtaining the Brazilian patent mentions that the device allows "designing the space to voice and regular distances. Works with sun, rain, wet weather and heavy fog, as well as headwind if we use automatic plates and, in the latter two cases, the distance that can be reached is truly prodigious. At sea, when there is fog, and in the calm regions, this device can provide very good services ".

According to Daltro Darisbo, founder of Radio Museum of Rio Grande do Sul, Landell transmissions made through two main systems. The first was a wave transmitter which used a microphone electromechanical invented by him, who collected the sound waves in a camera resonance "where a metal diaphragm opening and closing the primary circuit of a  Ruhmkorff coil., inducing in the secondary of that coil a high voltage being irradiated or through an antenna or two centelhadoras spheres Detection was performed by devices that have been improved to over time ". The phonetic switch was the key element of the device and its true innovation, as nearly all other components were known in his time. According to technical analysis Telebras, the ability to transmit CW derives from "a valve whose characteristics they approached the three-electrode valve, that from the invention of Lee From Forest (1907) went on to totally dominate the broadcast media. " The invention of this three-electrode valve is also often attributed to Landell, but erroneously. According to Campinas, which was used Landell Crookes tube, which has a electron accelerator but is unable to control this flow, the amplifying valve can. The engineer Metropolitan College Londrinense Carlos War Lima shows, moreover, that even using the Crookes tube in its design was a clear intention to obtain an amplification involving the tube to a oscillator and that "one can say without a doubt is that this equipment was much more complex technically than those developed by Marconi and Rhumer". Landell also recommended, anticipating Marconi in many years, preferential use of shortwave in order to increase the range of transmissions.

The second system used by the scientist, also according to Darisbo, was a cordless phone which used light as a carrier of information wave audio. . "In this system, the variations of acoustic voice pressures were transformed into light intensity variations, taken with a mirrored parabolic surface in focus this parable had a device whose resistance ohmic varied according to variations of the light intensity ". The detection circuit had only one key, a pair of headphones, one battery and the device photosensitive, which identified the variation of the incident light and did vary according to current electrical, who in turn was vibrating a metal membrane, generating similar to that emitted acoustic vibration, enabling communication. The detection of light was made by cell selenium. These cells were not his invention, but Graham Bell, who used them in his Fotofone. But he was no further because the distance covered was too small, only a few meters, and the inventor judged that the device would have little use. Landell was able to significantly increase the range with a light source of great power which employed the arc and the use of parabolic mirrors in a new provision. Demonstrating knowledge of the photoelectric effect and use light as a means of information transport, Landell is considered one of the forerunners of the optical fibers.

Already Teleforama, whose project dates back to 1904, would be an apparatus for transmitting images from a distance, making the priest a pioneer of television, anticipating for over twenty years the first demonstrations in 1926 the Scottish John Logie Baird, who is credited with inventing the first viable television system. But did not make a model, it is unknown if it got to be built, and the project is little detailed. Technical Telebras, analyzing the evidence, concluded that it is an attempt to build a telegraph register, which would mean that it would be at least the inventor of remote control on the radio and ticker inventions in history official became known respectively during World War I and in 1928.

Reconstruction


In 1984 the Foundation for Science and Technology, of Porto Alegre, rebuilt the Wave Transmitter patented in 1904 in the United States. The tests were successful in the transmission in a wide frequency range and up to 50 meters distance. Technical assume that the priest's time the distance could have been much higher, due to the absence of electromagnetic interference that exists today. The severely distorted the sound reinforcement system, making it often incomprehensible, but its effectiveness in sound transmission was proven The device was publicly demonstrated in 1984, and Almeida describes the event.:


 * "The device was presented in public for the first time in the solemnities of closure of  Week of the Fatherland  On September 7, 1984, in front of the . Monument Expeditionary, in the state capital, the governor of Rio Grande do Sul, Jair Soares, delivered by handset earpiece, two words that were heard clearly by hundreds of people:. 'Porto Alegre' That festive time crystallized irrefutably the functionality of the invention of Father Landell. "

In 2004 Marco Aurelio Cardoso Moura, with the technical support of Rolf Stephan and Alexander Stephan, Industrial Electro Mechanical Apex Ltd., made another reconstruction, also functional and also very distorted sound, getting better in the range of medium wave and FM..  For Ferrareto, "the existing evidence points therefore to the success of Landell de Moura in the transmission and voice reception even if the quality did not allow the immediate practical application of devices created by the Brazilian. The improvement of these in the country significant contribution to depend on resources from an awareness of the strategic importance of this technology. Consciousness nonexistent in Brazil at the time. " The qualification and stabilization depend sign of technological advances that would make little later, mainly through John Ambrose Fleming, Reginald Fessenden, Edwin Howard Armstrong and Lee De Forest.

Other interests
Landell de Moura has demonstrated knowledge of a wide variety of scientific topics, but their references are scarcely known. Enfronhou with the Homeopathy, when this current therapy experienced a wave of popularity in Brazil, resulting in the creation of two institutions of higher education, one in Rio de Janeiro and another in Porto Alegre. Landell was invited in 1914 to teach at the newly founded School of Homeopathic Medicine of Rio Grande do Sul, which would give lessons Psychology Experimental and anthropology, but proved to be a homeopathy of knowing itself in the inaugural lecture school, which spoke scholarly of the two forms of healing, synthesized in the axioms Hippocratic  contrary curantur contrarius  (the cure becomes the contrary, that is the basis of allopathic) and  similia similibus curantur  (the cure is done by similar, which is the basis of homeopathic medicine). However, with the internal crisis of the College almost immediately after its foundation, which triggered the formation of two new schools, Landell never even gave their classes.



Has investigated the record of a subtle energy field that surrounds living beings, which Landell called "perianth" and other nominate "aura". This energy field was detected in mid 1939 by Semyon Davidovich Kirlian, baptizing the so-called Kirlian] effect], which seems to be indeed the mere record of [[corona discharge | corona discharges caused by ionization  fluid in proximity to an electrically charged conductor.  The exact nature of energy recorded in the images is still controversial, but whatever the Landell de Moura's work in this field prior to the Russian in many years, and, unlike it did not obtain accidental results, being the result of a deliberate and targeted search. He described his tests as follows:


 * "Every human body is like that involved an element of vaporous form, more or less dense, depending on the nature or the individual's condition or environment in which he finds himself. This element when you buy a strain capable of overcoming obstacles opposes the expansion, drains the human body in the form of disruptive or silent discharges, as is the case with electricity. And the phenomena that these occasions are given have much analogy with the static and dynamic electrical, relative to other similar bodies . From what I have concluded that this is a phenomenon which is a variety of phenomena produced by electricity or the cause of electricity, heat, light, etc. "

Vania Maria Abatte, professor at the Center for Research and Landell Studies Moura, studying the notebooks notes the priest, found a description of the photographs "Kirlian" he got the tip of his own thumbs and a small animal, indicating that took the experiment to the end and we had success, but it is not known exactly what means developed for this, or as was the equipment, and said images were never found. The teacher also said that "what Landell found in relation to the perianth, or subtle energy, which is almost entirely is currently known about it."

Other areas of interest were the channeling, spiritualism, somnambulism, Levitation and hypnotism and others that fit the definition of parapsychology, which he studied in his Experimental Anthropology Office, installed beside the Rosary Church, but what is known about is the result of some objective reports, with more legends and the registration of some poorly explained phenomena than proven facts. The Cabinet also gave free consultations to patients or people with various difficulties. Among the reported cases is that of a man who refused to go get some medicine for a woman in difficult labor, and the priest would have hypnotized forcing him to do so. He was a good friend of the spiritual doctor Hernani Irajá, and he entertained assiduous conversations on philosophy and other topics. In one of these meetings, both of which are on a tram, would have said it was possible to induce others to action by the sheer force of thought, and to prove it said it would make a woman sitting far forward, back, turn around back, an act he would have run after the priest fix their attention for a few moments on it. José Vitorino Panarari de Moura, his nephew, also said that he "had magnetic force and was psychic. He could make a person sleep and was cures by suggestion."

Left a book about psychology,  Notes on Psychologia  (1919), and a pamphlet under pesudônimo,  Unpublished Letters of Bernardus Vallumbrosius his disciple Arsenius, Bishop of Thyrsea  (1922), which was topics as the types of character, the personality, abnormal states, neurosis s, the passions, the stigmata and family defects and related matters, dealing parallel philosophical and theological themes. Peruzzo said the nickname was adopted to circumvent official censorship, and at the same time makes indirect reference to Galileo Galilei, who had studied at the monastery of Santa Maria de Vallombrosa.

Disputes with the Church


Landell de Moura lived in an environment heavily influenced by the Catholic Church, which until 1891 was the official state religion, and whose doctrine guided much of the population determined values ​​and their beliefs and lifestyle. Science in development, along with a strong influx of liberal ideas from the work of Masons and positivism s, among others, were gradually undermining the foundations of Catholicism, triggering sometimes extreme reactions of devotees, as exemplified by the case of the destruction of his lab by members of the Catholic community of Campinas.

But there were other reasons for discord. Ran afoul of the Rosary parish community for trying to replace the devotion of Our Lady of Brazilians, it was not approved regularly by the Our Lady of Aparecida, and his sermons vergastava the faithful for their bad habits life and confused by introducing innovative concepts of science. It was against celibacy priests, considering men like the others. Informa Professor Rafael Peruzzo that on three occasions he received warnings from his superiors to moderate their discourse and focus on canonical doctrine. To the devotees, both as to the clergy, also did not like that a priest was involved in issues such as spiritism, the paranormal and psychology, and that seemed blaspheme to say that their inventions could establish communication with other planets. Lochte cites an episode that gave a demonstration of a wireless phone to the Bishop of São Paulo in mid-1890, and the prelate would been so disturbed by the "voices coming from nowhere" that would have qualified the machine as a work of the devil and banned the priest to continue his experiments. Ernani Aguiar, in turn, says that when was in the United States was banned from officiating masses. One of his acolytes, Benedicto Olegario Berti said the priest carried wherever he went a black box of 10 cm, with which he spoke softly and was apparently answered. Probably this was his experiments with wireless communication, but says the altar boy that even during church services to such a box was present, being placed next to the consecration of the chalice, and the priest came to interrupt the ceremony to meet the "so-called "coming from the box, and so called him crazy and said it had a pact with the devil. Other reports claim that the time has come to make levitation demonstrations within the Church and even during Mass, that would have tried to scientifically monitor a exorcism and speaking with the dead through their devices. Of course, were acts and postures that shocked the habits of the time and put the Catholic community in an uproar. However, it is also said to have established a reward of a thousand reis for those who prove the action of spirits on the matter and considered that spiritualism a manifestation of evil, and the controversies multiplied. The situation became critical and in view of this was ordered to close down its Experimental Anthropology Office.

But the Church was not always averse to innovation, tolerated for a long time his "eccentricities", awarded him responsible positions and allowed the priest made his trip to Europe and the United States to demonstrate his inventions, but it seems clear that their dialogue with their peers and supporters was often stormy and tense, though not this your wish, doing their research to enhance the science and put the name of the Motherland "in the broad and unlimited sphere of modern scientific commitments" but also. to abolish superstitions and illuminate faith, and not to shoot it One of his statements is significant:


 * "I want to show the world that the Catholic Church is not an enemy of science and human progress. Individuals of the Church can in either case have opposed the light, but they did in their blindness by the Catholic truth. I myself have come across with great opposition from my fellow believers. In Brazil, a superstitious populace, saying that I had parts with the devil, broke into my office and destroyed my device. Almost all my friends education and intellectual comrades, secular and lay indifferently considered my theories contrary to science. I know well what it feels like Galileo and exclaim with him,  E pur si muove . When everyone was against me, I contented myself to save me in my land, and say, It is well; can not be otherwise "[Journal of Commerce: published news"

Today the old controversies seem to be overcome. Casonatto in monograph presented in the course of Theology Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), states that "today remains his testimony that science is not against the data of religion and faith, but both complete. At a time when theology was troubled by advances in science and no answers to many questions, Father. Landell had an answer. He tried to reconcile science and religion but because it suffered attacks throughout their life. " Dom Dadeus Grings, the Porto Alegre Archbishop noted that "Landell de Moura had an inspiration that left surprised the people of his time. There was even misunderstandings. It seemed out of season" but praised their contribution to the progress of global and Brazilian science, still emphasizing the radio usefulness as a tool for education, fun and rapprochement between people, as well as vehicle evangelism, making it possible to take easily the message Christ to the four corners of the earth, and concluded by saying: "We are happy and proud to have him in our midst, a member of the citizens and the clergy of the Archdiocese of Porto Alegre. God bless you for all the good he has done for the Church and for humanity. " In 2013, the Mass held in São Paulo celebrating the 85 years of his death, was even more emphatic the content of sermon given by Canon Antonio Aparecido Pereira, Episcopal Vicar for Communications Archdiocese of St. Paul, which, speaking on behalf of the Cardinal Archbishop of São Paulo gift Odilo Pedro Scherer publicly acknowledged the error of the Church and Brazilian society by denying him alive the deserved recognition, asking why God's forgiveness and the priest himself Landell.

Recognition


Landell de Moura met with limited recognition in the United States still living, and between 1909 and 1922 the Irish JC Oakenfull wrote books that were edited with good effect in Britain, United States, Belgium, Canada, France, Switzerland, Portugal, Australia, New Zealand, India and China, referring to it as the radio inventor, but then fell into a great oblivion. In recent years several articles and other international publications do you have reference accepting his absolute pioneering wireless sound transmission through the radio waves, it is recognized as such in numerous popular websites in several countries and was included as a pioneer in Fame Room the Microwaves101 website, published in association with the IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the largest professional organization in the world, but outside of Brazil in general remains largely unknown or underestimated.

Santos, describing the controversy that exists, says Landell is often compared with Marconi as his inventions were similar, when in fact they were not. Landell worked with radio waves and light waves to transmit electrical signals and sound, while Marconi, in his early work, one that made him famous, wore only radio waves and only to transmit electrical signals, creating a wireless telegraph. Another problem for Landell is that wireless sound transmission through the light was invented by Graham Bell before him and the invention of wireless telephony via radio waves remains shrouded in dispute with Reginald Fessenden, since the mass of the international literature does not accept Landell experiment of 3 June 1900, accepting instead the Fessenden, which took place six months later. Historian Herodotus Barber, however, refusing him the title "father of radio" that usually are awarded in Brazil, drawing attention to the fact that the radio as we know it today was the result of an ongoing process that will not born with Landell not finished with him, receiving contributions of many scientists, saying that it can be difficult to define at which point the radio was born efetivamente. Apart from the issue of international primacy in the history of Brazilian telecommunications precursor their contribution has an undeniable value 

Even though real the fact that it worked most of the time alone, the resistances that found in the official media for the support of their research and the occasional opposition of the Catholic communities, Santos also noted that there is a tendency to character mystification even in the bibliography academic, which often magnifies exaggerated his misfortunes and his victim destination of context, showing it as "devoid of any ambition material, frail physique, selfless, branded as crazy, chased by the Church's faithful and despite the lack of government support and the Catholic Church, he has made important experiments for humanity. " The scientist himself rejected opportunities to advertise and market their inventions and was aware of the obstacles that always arise for those who had been exploring new fields of knowledge, saying:


 * "It is obvious that those who do not well understand a scientific reason can not fit it into their fair merit, nor applaud me and help me with resources to pursue the study and at work. Of course, assume that dream alive between scientific utopias of apparent use. [...] I know that in science things, which moves in relation to their age, should not expect justice from contemporaries. [...] What I wish is that the fruit of my studies is translated for the benefit and glory of my country, and a holocaust to the Supreme God who inspires me in my investigations and illuminates me with his divine light to penetrate and order in my own way, these very interesting factors of Creation that bind us other planets, establishing communication between the remotest spheres and the earth entrails we walk on. Just for that, I give myself for well rewarded heavy vigils and endless shortages that cost me inventions ".

On the other hand, in spite of their difficulties, in his country it was never entirely forgotten. Even before his death brought together a small circle of admirers and received some support from the Church, though limited, and in 1910 the former General Bureau of Telegraph began organizing the first network radiotelegraph by arcing, founding eight stations which together covered the entire coastline of the country. Its recognition on a larger scale began shortly after his death. In 1933 a full-page article in the 'Journal of the Morning' 'greeted him as the wireless phone inventor and you wove great praise, looking restore it "the glory that was denied in life." After many other honors succeeded. His name baptized a school, a square, Educational Foundation and Cultural Padre Landell de Moura, a street and the 1st center of Brazilian Army Area Telematics, all in Porto Alegre. In 2011, when we celebrated the sesquicentennial of his birth, which took place with celebrations in various parts of Brazil, the City Hall declared Patron of Science, Technology and Innovation in the City, 2011 has been declared by the municipality as  Year of Innovation Padre Landell de Moura  and in the same year was established the  Week Father Landell de Moura , to be celebrated annually from 24 to 30 September.

It is also the patron of a school in Bento Gonçalves; a square in Piracicaba; the Center for Research and Development in Telecommunications in Campinas; Brazilian amateur, who created the  Medal Landell de Moura  to honor citizens and relevant national or foreign entities for merit and service to the League of Amateur Radio Brazilian Issue (LABRE); the  Landell de Moura Award , instituted by Diocese of Santa Maria and granted the person or company that stand out in the promotion and defense of human and Christian values, as well as community education; the '' Award Father Landell de Moura.  created by Brazilian Society of Microelectronics with the objective to honor his memory and stimulate research and innovation in the field of microelectronics; the  Week Father Landell de Moura , established by the government of Rio Grande do Sul, celebrated 24-30 September each year, and the  Week Father Landell de Moura '', established by the São Paulo government, to be celebrated every year from 5 to 11 November.



Was awarded the honorary citizenship the city of São Paulo, and has busts in Belvedere Mr Rui Ramos, in Porto Alegre, and at the headquarters of LABRE in Tatuapé (first installed under the will of the MASP in capital São Paulo). A monument to him was erected in front of the Basilica of Our Lady Mediatrix in Santa Maria, the Post of Brazil issued a stamp in his honor in 2011 and was biography by Ernani Fornari, Ivan Rodrigues Dorneles and Hamilton Almeida. In 2012 the Municipality of Porto Alegre and the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul jointly published a hearty  festschrift  dedicated to Landell de Moura, which includes the first survey of printed bibliography about you or giving you some space, pointing around a hundred titles, including biographies, articles, theses, reports and others, but did not include the online bibliography and new titles keep coming. His legacy is preserved and disseminated mainly by Memorial Landell de Moura and the Historical and Geographical Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, located in Porto Alegre. The Movement Landell de Moura, which works to promote the recognition on a large scale, obtained important victory on April 27, 2012, when the President of the Republic sanctioned the  Law No. 12,614,  which determined the transcription of his name in the 'Book of the Homeland Heroes'', deposited in the Pantheon of the Fatherland and Freedom Tancredo Neves in Brasília. The Movement also aims that the Brazilian government internationally claim the pioneering Landell de Moura in the invention of radio. Despite these multiple honors, is opinion many scholars even in Brazil it is not known as deserve. To.. remedy this situation in 2013 was delivered to the Minister of Education, Aloízio Mercadante, a petition and a dossier requesting the inclusion of the study of his life and work into the regular curriculum of schools nacionais.

The study of his legacy is complicated by several factors. Did not make any of their devices, and the original documentation that remains, though voluminous, comprising 230 documents including books of scientific notes, technical drawings, letters and other papers, with a total of 4,470 pages, deposited in his thick in the Historical and Geographical Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (IHGRGS), is not always clear enough to allow a perfect understanding of their intentions, methods, materials and technical procedures used, and even its results. In addition, this documentation is inaccessible. Most of it is written in an intricate mixture of Latin, Portuguese and English, little has been transcribed and explored, and part of the original collection found after his death may have been lost. War Lima also stated that "under the pretext that it is a private institution, [the IHGRGS] does not allow access to the original or the faithful copies of works from scientist. The IHGRGS produced a CD with patents and some stories about Father Landell that are not the expression of their work, but understanding some of the employees ". In this way, only a fraction of their thinking and their research are known. Their personal effects also came little to the present day:. One cassock, a work desk, one confessional and some other items



Biography
Roberto Landell de Moura was born on January 21, 1861 in the town of Porto Alegre, State of Rio Grande do Sul, in the South of Brazil. He showed an aptitude for science and technology in his early education in Jesuit schools and in 1879 he was enrolled in a polytechnic institute. Roberto followed his brother to Rome, Italy to study for priesthood. While in Rome he studied physics and chemistry at the Pontifical Gregorian University.

Landell de Moura was ordained to the priesthood in 1886 and had returned to Brazil by the end of that year. He had many postings in his early years as a priest, including Rio de Janeiro] (where he was chaplain in the imperial court of Emperor [[Dom Pedro II), Porto Alegr, Santos, and Uruguaiana, eventually became a vicar in Campinas in São Paulo state.

After 1893 during his time in Campinas he set up a rudimentary laboratory and pursued his interest in acoustic, light, and, later, radio based communication. His activities did not sit will with his superiors in the church, with one bishop considering the disconnected voices coming out of Landell de Moura's devices the work of the devil and ordered him (in 1895) to stop his experiments. His makeshift laboratory was also vandalized at this time. The church also revoked his rights to perform baptisms and marriages. Landell de Moura continued with his work, obtaining a Brazilian patent on one of his devices in 1900. He then obtained a release from his duties and went to live in New York City in the US for four years to pursue his inventions, obtaining three US patents for his telephonic and telegraphic devices as well as being covered in US news papers, who interviewed him about his work. At the same time he also conceived an idea to transmit images wirelessly, which he called "Telephotorama". In 1904 he returned to Brazil.

Landell de Moura conducted experiments from 1904 on for eight years working with high voltage contact print photography (later called Kirlian photography), recording images of halos around the human body which he called "Perianto". His church superiors again disproved of his work with "halos", deeming them contrary to church doctrine. He was ordered to stop his research and some of his notes were confiscated.

He continued his duties in the church,being appointed vicar in Botucatu, Mogi das Cruzes and back at Rio de Janeiro, reached the level of Monsignor in 1927. He died of pneumonia at the age of 67 on July 30, 1928 in Porto Alegre.

Wireless communication
During his studies in Europe Landell de Moura learned of Alexander Graham Bell's photophone, a telephone device that transmitted voice communication wirelessly via bouncing sunlight off a parabolic mirror that was deformed by sound and had a selenium cell at the retriever that converted the varying light back into sound. Back in Brazil Landell de Moura set up his own laboratory and began developing means to transmit voice wirelessly. There are conflicting claims on what experiments Landell de Moura did early on and it is noted records are sketchy from that period. By 1893-1894 he had developed some form of light based photophone that used an electric lamp. He is noted to have demonstrated wireless voice communications on several occasions, some claimed to have happened in 1894 on Santana Hill in São Paulo and a general claim that he conducted a demonstration transmitting voice wirelessly 5 miles (8km) from Santana Hill to which a local paper noted was based on "some laws he discovered while studying the propagation of sound, light and electricity, through space, earth and the aqueous element, which achieved brilliant success".

journalists and the General Consul of Great Britain, Mr C P Lupton

He continued to develop his device and in 1901 he received Brazilian patent 3,279 for

oscientific knowledge in Brazil.

Landell showed an early talent for science and technology and enrolled in a polytechnic institute in 1879. His brother told him to come to Rome and study for priesthood, and in unison followed his scientific curiosity at the Gregorian University where the faculty, laboratories, and academic environment were higher-ranking to any in Brazil. Landell completed his studies and went back to Brazil as an ordained priest in 1886. Early in his occupation, the church shuffled the new priest from town to town seven times until he eventually became a vicar in São Paulo. The young Padre Landell continued to be a eager researcher and kept up with modern scientific literature. He also had two targets. He wanted to expand the foundation of technical and scientific knowledge in Brazil and to show that the education of the physical universe was completely suitable with the beliefs of the Catholic Church.

Landell de Moura was ordained to the priesthood in 1886 in Rome. He also studied the physical sciences, and following his radio broadcast over 8 km in São Paulo, he was granted a Brazilian patent on March 9, 1901. Landell de Moura then travelled to the United States and secured three patents there, for a "" (October 11, 1904), a "" and "", both dated November 22, 1904. His subsequent requests to the Brazilian government for assistance in developing his invention were denied, and his efforts then languished.

Biography
Friedrich August Haselwander was born on 18 October 1859 in Offenburg, the only child of coming from Hausach engineer Johann Haselwander and his wife Augusta. His father had to flee as participants in the March revolution as numerous Offenburg to America and married after his return from exile Augusta Josepha Castle, daughter of merchant and municipal council Karl Friedrich Burg. From the same family of craftsmen came the former Mainz Bishop Vitus castle. Haselwander grew up in a considered, middle-class milieu, became a Catholic and liberal educated. After the early death of his parents Haselwander lived with his uncle, a master locksmith, the him to the grammar school in Offenburg (today's Grimmelshausen-Gymnasium) sent. However, the students developed little interest in ancient languages, but showed early a taste for natural sciences Offenburg was at this time one of modern technology since August 1, 1845 fascinated city, they possessed but a railway station of Rheintalbahn. The turnoff to Constance by the bold design of Robert Gerwig which Badische Schwarzwaldbahn, was under construction. After leaving school, he began in 1878 his scientific studies, which included mathematics, physics and electrical science, chemistry and mineralogy. As training stations can be the Karlsruhe Polytechnic, as well as the Universities of Munich and Strasbourg prove. The Polytechnic School in Karlsruhe in 1883, he left without examination, which was not unusual at that time, because only someone who wanted the civil service, had to demonstrate a degree. In Strasbourg he studied with August Kundt and also heard presentations by Nikola Tesla. After his military service as a one-year volunteer Haselwander returned with 27 years back to Offenburg and settled as an independent electrical engineer. In 1885 Haselwander Emilie Tomen married from Mahlberg and thus won Contacting Lahrer industrialist circles. They had no children and was suffering from the tragedy that his wife Emilie had to be treated for many years in a mental institution. In 1886 he started in Offenburg with the construction of dynamos. In the mechanical workshop of the company Bilfinger he developed the first three-phase generator in the world, which was taken in 1887 at the hat factory Adrion for lighting in operation.

Inventions
His first patent reported Haselwander already as a student at, in total there were about 20 microns.

Electric lamp
His first patent was awarded Haselwander still a student on July 12, 1880, an "electric lamp with continuous control of the arc".

Three-phase synchronous machine
Hasel Wanders important invention was the three-phase synchronous machine. To enforce the electric current required a way to transfer the energy loss as possible. These low-loss transmission is directly related to the magnitude of the voltage, the higher the voltage, the lower the losses. Haselwander devoted himself early this problem. His first generator of this type was launched in October 1887 in operation. He built his invention seamlessly into existing AC and DC systems. The Chinese in July 1887 patent application was initially rejected because the clerk of the application was of the opinion that it is handle two different inventions. In 1889, the patent was granted but. However, it was the part of the attention has become big electrical companies who recognized the significance of the invention, appealed against the patent application. A lawsuit against the dispute was estimated at 30 million marks, he could not afford. Haselwander was [formerly W. Lahmeyer & Co. [Electricity AG | Wilhelm Lahmeyer & Co.]] as a senior engineer at the company active in Frankfurt and gave her his patent. As 1892, the AEG Lahmeyer took over, Haselwander lost so any influence on the use of his patent. The he built model plant in the hat factory Adrion forbade the Imperial Reichspost 1890 further operation because they allegedly disturbed the telegraph; a stationary system was not permitted. Although Haselwander could 1891 its generator, a machine with three-phase stationary ring beams and a four-pole magnet wheel as a runner, as shown in the illustration, on the | show International Electrotechnical Exhibition 1891 International Electrotechnical Exhibition 1891 in Frankfurt. But it remained in the prototype, which he then still alive the Deutsches Museum in Munich handed, where the facility is located until today.

Method for direct injection in internal combustion engines
As early as 1898 led Haselwander investigations for direct injection of fuel in internal combustion engines by. Haselwander sat on a displacer, instead of the related of Rudolf Diesel compressor and the injection nozzle.

=Fell= Dr. Edward George Fell (1850 - 1918) was surgeon and inventor. He was an early developer of mechanical ventilation and also investigated the physiology of electrocution, a line of research that led to Fell building the first electric chair.

Biography
Edward George Fell was born in Chippewa, Ontario on July 10, 1850. He was the son of James Wilkins Fell and Ann Elizabeth Hoffman. After high school he married Annie Argo Duthie (1872). He received a medical degree from the University of Buffalo in 1882 and an ad eundem degree from Niagara University in 1886. Fell was professor of physiology and microscopy at Niagara University as well as a physician at the Sisters of Charity Hospital in Buffalo up to 1895. He was a surgeon at the Charity Eye Ear Nose and Throat Hospital Buffalo from 1910 to 1916. Fell married Gertrude Luella Axtell of Spokane Washington in 1912. He died at home in Chicago, Illinois from an enlarged heart on July 29 1918.

Artificial ventilation
After being unable save the life of an patient suffering from an opioid overdose using the "Silvester Method", a method of artificial ventilation invented by Dr. Henry Robert Silvester in which a patient is laid on their back and their arms are raised above their head to aid inhalation and then pressed against their chest to aid exhalation, Fell devised a method of mechanical ventilation using a bellows to pass air through a tracheotomy. He first used his "Fell method" in 1887 and was able to save many lives with it, keeping opiate poisoning patents breathing for several days, but it never became popular.

In 1888-1894 Fell helped Dr. Joseph O'Dwyer invent a mechanical ventilator, the Fell-O'Dwyer apparatus. It included tube intubation supplied by a foot operated bellows and procedure for the insertion and extraction of the tube down the patients trachea, using specially designed instruments.

Electrocution studies
As arc lighting systems spread one story after another in news papers seemed to show that the high voltages used were killing people, usually unwary linemen, a strange new phenomenon that seemed to instantaneously strike a victim dead. In 1881 one of these incidents, a drunken dock worker who died after he grabbed a large electric dynamo at a Buffalo, New York Brush arc lighting power house, led a local dentist named Alfred P. Southwick to seek some application for the curious phenomenon.

That evening a drunken dock worker, looking for the thrill of a tingling sensation he had noticed before, managed to sneak his way into a Brush Electric Company arc lighting power house and grabbed the brush and ground of a large electric dynamo. He died instantly. The coroner who investigated the case brought it up at a local Buffalo scientific society. Another member, a dentist named Alfred P. Southwick who had a technical background, thought some application could be found for the curious phenomenon.

Southwick, local physician George E. Fell, and the head of the Buffalo ASPCA performed a whole series of experiments electrocuting hundreds of stray dogs, experimenting with animals in water, out of water, electrode types and placement, and conduction material until they came up with a repeatable method to euthanize animals via electricity. Southwick went on in the early 1880s to advocate that this method be used as a more humane replacement for hanging in capital cases, coming to national attention when he published his ideas in scientific journals in 1882 and 1883. He worked out calculations based on the dog experiments, trying to develop a scaled-up method that would work on humans. Early on in his designs he adopted a modified version of the dental chair as a way to restrain the condemned, a device that from then on would be referred to as the electric chair.



hey also attended electrocutions of dogs by Dr. George Fell who had worked with Southwick's in the early 1880s experiments. Fell was conducting further experiments, electrocuting anesthetized dissected dogs trying to discern exactly how electricity killed a subject.

Superintendent of Prisons Austin Lathrop asked Brown to design the chair but Brown turned down the offer. George Fell drew up the final designs for a simple oak chair and went against the Medico-Legal Society recommendations, changing the position of the electrodes to the head and the middle of the back. Brown did take on the job of finding the generators needed to power the chair. He managed to surreptitiously acquire three Westinghouse AC generators that were being decommissioned with the help of Edison and Westinghouse's chief AC rival, the Thomson-Houston Electric Company, a move that made sure that Westinghouse's equipment would be associated with the first execution. The electric chair was built by Edwin F. Davis, the first "state electrician" (executioner) for the State of New York.