User:Fraenir/Draft4

<!-- The Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site (Yana RHS) is an Upper Paleolithic sub-arctic permafrost site archaeological complex composed of seven localities and located on the left bank of the Yana River in Siberia, Russia. Yana RHS shows that humans arrived in western Beringia before the Last Glacial Maximum north of the arctic circle.western Beringia. Yana RHS shows that humans reached western Beringia before the Last Glacial Maximum. Some of the oldest sewing needles found in the archaeological record.

Background
foreshaft made of woolly rhinoceros horn Yana RHS was discovered in 2001. Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site sites on an ancient fluvial terrace]. is composed of seven localities: ASN (discovered in), TUMS 1, Northern Point (NP), Yana B, SP, Upstream Point, and Yana Mass Accumulation of Mammoth (YMAM) 2008. Northern Point is the primary site of interest, where most of the excavations has taken place. The relevant cultural layer is dated from around 33,000 to 31,000 BP.

Human remains
Three human teeth were found at Yana.

Fauna
woolly mammoths, woolly rhinoceroses, and bison horse, reindeer and hare bones. likely hunted primarily for fur. Several extinct species, including the Pleistocene hare mammoth remains concrentrated primarily at one site.

Artefacts
hunting tools, sewing tools (needles, needle cases, and awls), use of exotic material like amber and, which hints at evidence of long distance trading networks.

decorated ivory and bone perforated pendants, decorated ivory diadems (hair bands)

beads most common item.

Art
More than 1500 beads were found at Yana RHS. Two types: round beads made of mammoth ivory and made from Pleistocene hare.

Archaeogenetics
In 2019, researchers sequenced the nuclear DNA from the milk teeth of two individuals from the Yana RHS Northern Point locality, Yana 1 and Yana 2. Researchers successfully recovered high coverage genomes from both at 25-fold and and 7-fold coverage, respectively. Although both individuals belong to mtDNA haplogroup U and Y-DNA haplogroup P1, DNA analysis shows that Yana 1 and Yana 2 were unrelated males; however, when compare against others, both are genetically closest to each other and found to cluster together genetically.

This genetic cluster is taken to be representative of a hypothesized ancient population of hunter-gatherers in Northern Siberia, referred to as Ancient North Siberian (ANS). Ancient North Siberian is estimated to have forked from early Western Eurasians around 38,000 years ago, shortly after the split between early West Eurasians and early East Asians. DNA analysis suggests that Ancient North Siberians admixed with early East Eurasians not long after the split, as the Yana individuals show more genetic affinity for early West Eurasians than early East Asians, at about a 2:1 ratio.

Ancient North Siberian is likely ancestral to Ancient North Eurasian, a hypothesized ancient population represented by Mal'ta boy. When compared against other populations, the Yana RHS individuals share the closest genetic affinity with Mal'ta boy and GoyetQ116-1 from Goyet cave, with closest affinity for Mal'ta boy.

Modern Native Americans are more closely related to Mal'ta' boy than to the Yana individuals.

Both individuals were found to carry Neanderthal ancestry at around 2%, which is typical of Upper Paleolithic human finds of comparable age. The Yana individuals also exhibit longer stretches of uninterrupted Neanderthal genomic regions than modern humans.

A medieval individual found in the Yana Mass Accumulation of Mammoth locality, Young Yana, dated to around 800 BP, was also sequenced.

Wolf
In, Researchers from Canis lupus. Four, three were directly AMS dated to around. One of the specimens was found to carry the same mtDNA haplotype as a specimen from the extinct Japanese wolf. -->