User:Frontegasauce/sandbox

feminism

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Articles for consideration

I am considering on working on sexism, glass ceiling, women in medicine, and sex verification in sports

On the topic of women in medicine, I came across these articles from EBSCO search complete library database. I believe they will shed more light on gender inequity within professional fields.

Contribution in progress

While more women are taking part in the medical field, a 2013-2014 study reported that there are significantly less women in leadership positions within the academic realm of medicine. This study found that women accounted for 16% of deans, 21% of the professors, and 38% of faculty, as compared to their male counterparts.

Because of my article findings, I have now decided that I will be working on the women in medicine article.

Evolving Bibliography for work on Women in Medicine

'''Babaria, Palav, et al. "“I'm Too Used to It”: A Longitudinal Qualitative Study of Third Year Female Medical Students' Experiences of Gendered Encounters in Medical Education." Social Science & Medicine, vol. 74, no. 7, Apr. 2012, pp. 1013-1020. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.11.043.'''

In the article ““I’m too used to it”: A Longitudinal Qualitative Study of Third Year Female Medical Students’ Experiences of Gendered Encounters in Medical Education,” Babaria et al. illustrate the fact that gendered experiences play a prevalent role in medical education for female students. More specifically, this article emphasizes the detrimental impact that these experiences, alongside gender roles, have on the development of one’s professional identity. The research was composed by credible authors in the respective field of medicine, with Babaria from The University of California-San Francisco Internal Medicine, while Abedin, Berg, and Nunez-Smith are all from the School of Medicine at Yale University. In order to gather their information, Babaria, a 3rd year female medical student, conducted longitudinal interviews of 12, 3rd year female medical students. The questions for these interviews were open ended and neutral, starting with a baseline question that assessed gender’s impact, “…if any, on your experiences on the wards during the past rotation.” From there, questions were specified to the individual’s perception of these gendered experiences, if present. These interviews were conducted intermittently during the course of the participant’s 3rd year of medical school. Data from these interviews was then analyzed and interpreted using “…qualitative principals of inductive reasoning,” by the coding team comprised of Babaria, a medical student, Nunez-Smith, an internist, and Abedin, a pediatrician. This research allowed for the authors to conclude that interactions between supervisors and the female participants, alongside their interactions with patients can both negatively and positively impact one’s development of professional identity, and the roles in which they are perceived to partake in. In this particular study, it was concluded that gender has opened the doors for harassment and unobtainable standards for female doctors as a result of partaking in a male dominated field, with societal gender roles looming overhead. The conclusions drawn from this particular study are unique in the fact that these results were generated from a qualitative analysis, which provide a different approach to a topic that is not widely discussed or researched. With this qualitative representation of data, the issue is presented in a light that differs from the standard quantitative approach that only displays gender disparity within the medical field. As a result, readers are exposed to the issue of cyclical gender oppression within medicine, which stems from female medical students being taught to “just deal with” their harassment. This unique research will benefit my contribution to the Wikipedia article of “Women in Medicine,” because it has allowed for me to get a better understanding of the gendered experiences in medical school that would otherwise go unreported in a quantitative setting. Babaria et al. did a good job at acknowledging the obstacles that women in medicine face, outside of the realm of wage gaps and the ratio of female to male physicians.

'''Allen, Rebecca M. "Gender Inequality in Medicine: Too Much Evidence to Ignore." Psychiatric Times, vol. 34, no. 5, May 2017, pp. 1-5. EBSCOhost.'''

In the article “Gender Inequality in Medicine: Too Much Evidence to Ignore” by Rebecca M. Allen, MD, MPH, the author assesses the ways in which gender inequality is prevalent in medical fields. Through the analysis of her own personal experiences of being a female psychiatrist, Allen brings attention to the inadvertent, subtle nature of sexism that she has noticed during her tenure, such as being mistaken for a nurse or non-physician, and being addressed by her first name. With this being said, this article details gender disparities in aspects of wage gaps, perception of competency, and male dominated leadership positions. Allen goes so far to make the argument that perceptions of women in the medical field are also influenced by pregnancy, which she herself experienced. Although this article falls more so along the lines of an anecdotal interpretation, Allen is a credible source for the fact that she herself is a psychiatrist that has dealt first hand with this subtle gender discrimination. Alongside this, Allen did a good job at executing her position with the use of credible resources, which provided data conducted from studies in regards to the aforementioned wage gap, perceptions on female competency, and leadership roles in medicine. This article will benefit my contribution to the Wikipedia article “Women in Medicine” because it has provided me with a perspective on the contributing factors accounting for a differing perspective of gender in medicine, and how these perspectives ultimately contribute to affecting women’s medical careers.

'''Clancy, Kathryn B. H., et al. "Survey of Academic Field Experiences (SAFE): Trainees Report Harassment and Assault." Plos ONE, vol. 9, no. 7, July 2014, pp. 1-9. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102172.'''

In the article “Survey of Academic Field Experiences (SAFE): Trainees Report Harassment and Assault,” the issue of harassment and assault were acknowledged through the extrapolation of individual experiences via an online survey. This article was written by a team of authors, Clancy, Nelson, Rutherford, and Hinde; with respective backgrounds ranging from university departments of Anthropology, Women, Children, and Health Sciences, as well as Human Evolutionary Biology. With this being said, these authors formatted the online survey by asking questions using operationalized definitions of instances that are deemed by the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to be of a harassing nature. From this, participants of this interview were field scientists, with a majority of both men and women reporting some form of sexual harassment and or assault during their trainee career. With this being said, this data showed that women were the majority of the targets in this harassment. Alongside this, it was revealed that over half of the perpetrators were of a higher position of power as opposed to the female trainees. From these survey results, this article claimed that women are 3.5 times more likely to experience this harassment. Furthermore, these negative experiences have been evidenced to contribute to poor job performance, which in turn affects the entire scientific community. Although this article is not dealing specifically with women in medicine, it acknowledges issues within field research, which a majority of pre-med students partake in. These issues presented demonstrate the possible connection to the attrition rates of women in medicine, and in STEM fields as a whole. As a result, this article will be very helpful to me in developing a contribution for the Wikipedia article “Women in Medicine,” for the fact that it highlights the impact of negative gendered experiences in pre-professional settings, as well as the argument that women are rated less competent in STEM fields and are oftentimes less cited in scholarly works.

'''Moulton, Carol-Anne, et al. "It's All about Gender, or Is It?." Medical Education, vol. 47, no. 6, June 2013, pp. 538-540. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1111/medu.12196.'''

In the article “It’s All About Gender, or Is It?” by Moulton, Seemann, and Webster, the gendered experiences and their effects on the surgical field are evaluated. These authors are affiliated with the Wilson Center for Research in Education, University Health Network, located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. With this being said, this article gathered its information from a variety of sources that deal with the glass ceiling, amongst other gendered issues plaguing professional fields of study. From this research, this article made the claim that women are vastly underrepresented in surgery, and even as those numbers increase, there is no corresponding increase in the number of women in leadership positions. This article also argues that even with maternity leave considered, the success of females in medical academia is lessened due to the fact that gender roles contribute to a lessened sense of self efficacy, which directly impacts overall performance. With this claim in place, this article also goes on to explain that a probable cause of the underrepresentation of women in the surgical field is most likely a result of “self-selecting" themselves out of a surgical career. This selection was deemed by researchers to be the result of a culmination of gendered experiences and a lack of female role models, among other factors. Subsequently, the article claims that these factors in turn affect performance, training, job recruitment, and even opportunities for promotion. With this being said, this article will provide me with a useful resource to aide in my contribution of the Wikipedia article “Women in Medicine,” as it explores these issues through a lens that discerns the surgical identity as a construct of masculinity, which is the sole perpetrator of the aforementioned issues.

'''Shrier, Diane K., et al. "Generation to Generation: Discrimination and Harassment Experiences of Physician Mothers and Their Physician Daughters." Journal of Women's Health (15409996), vol. 16, no. 6, Jul/Aug2007, pp. 883-894. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1089/jwh.2006.0127.'''

This study surveyed 214 mother and daughter physicians with a questionnaire containing 56 questions regarding their gendered experiences and the impact these gendered experiences have had on their workplace satisfaction and personal lives. Out of the 214 mother and daughter physicians, 87% of daughters and 84% of mothers responded to the survey. From those that responded, 22% of physician mothers and 24% of physician daughters comprised the group of ethnic minorities within this study. From the sample, Shrier et al. determined that lower career satisfaction and higher levels of stress in one’s personal life strongly correlated with the physician daughter’s reports of experiencing sexual harassment and discrimination. This study also determined that the majority of sexual harassment experienced by the daughters occurred from patients, while the mother’s experienced sexual harassment from their colleagues. This article will provide my Wikipedia contribution with statistics that show a correlation between work satisfaction and gender discrimination, as well as the relevance of sexual harassment in careers with less women.

'''DeAngelis, Catherine D. "Women's Contribution to the Health of the American Population." Milbank Quarterly, vol. 93, no. 1, Mar. 2015, pp. 28-31. EBSCOhost.'''

This article talks about the gender disparities in medicine. More specifically, this article discusses the frequency of women to specialize in fields of medicine that pay less, such as pediatrics as opposed to the male dominated field of urology. This article claims that women may be paid less due to choosing the lesser paid careers, as well as the fact that there are significantly fewer women in leadership positions. DeAngelis points out that “true equality” will never be reached, due to the argument that a female’s contribution to patient care is lessened due to maternity leave, while a male’s contribution to patient care is lessened due to the average lifetime of a male being 2-3 years less than a female. With this, DeAngelis points out that equity is the goal in the case of gender disparities in medicine, since men will never be able to bear a child, while females can’t alter the average lifespan of a male. This article will be a useful resource for my Wikipedia contribution because it provides me with statistics on the amount of women in specialized fields as well as longitudinal statistics that emphasize how women have slowly integrated themselves into medicine, which also displays the fact that medicine used to be predominately male.

'''Hughes, Alison. "The Challenge of Contributing to Policy Making in Primary Care: The Gendered Experiences and Strategies of Nurses Alison Hughes the Gendered Experiences of Nurses in Policy Making." Sociology of Health & Illness, vol. 32, no. 7, Nov. 2010, pp. 977-992. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2010.01258.x.'''

This article discusses the role that nurses play in policy making decisions. This article claimed that the perspective and role of a nurse is not due to gender, but instead is a result of the dynamics from the medical relationship between nurses and general practitioners. It was revealed that for decision making, 2 female nurses typically occupied board positions, while the other 7 were general practitioners. This article claims to exploit a “…variety of theoretical perspectives to highlight the central role of gender in shaping nurses’ experiences, including their work relationship with doctors.” This article also discusses how gendered experiences influence social interactions, and how these interactions then “…reflect and re-produce gender power relations and identities at an individual, organisational and structural level.” This article will be a useful resource to my Wikipedia contribution because it analyzes the role of gender in policy making, as well as the role of gender in medicine and how gender affects one’s career.

'''Bolton, Sharon C. "Women's Work, Dirty Work: The Gynaecology Nurse As‘Other’." Gender, Work & Organization, vol. 12, no. 2, Mar. 2005, pp. 169-186. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1111/j.1468-0432.2005.00268.x.'''

This article focuses on the field of gynecology, which is often viewed as “dirty work” because of its nature, dealing with abnormalities, infertility, menstruation and even sexually transmitted diseases among many other issues. This article talked about what it is to “be a woman” and how female doctors are characterized and how expectations are set forth in regards to the female stereotype of being nurturing and gentle. Through the use of a longitudinal study of gynecology nurses, this article analyzes the relationship of gender in regards to this specialized career field. This article will be useful to my Wikipedia contribution because it allows for me to get a better understanding of the environment in a specialized field such as gynecology, and the particular role that gender plays in this subject area.

Glass Ceiling
The glass ceiling is used as a metaphor to convey the undefined obstacles that women and minorities face in the workplace.

One study surveyed physician mothers and their physician daughters in order to analyze the effect that discrimination and harassment have on the individual and their career. This study included 84% of physician mothers that graduated medical school prior to 1970, with the majority of these physicians graduating in the 1950’s and 1960’s. The authors of this study stated that discrimination in the medical field persisted after the title VII discrimination legislation was passed in 1965. According to this study, one third of physician daughters reported experiencing a form of gender discrimination in medical school, field training, and the work environment. This study also stated that both generations equally experienced gender discrimination within their work environments.

This article provided an overview on the history of gender discrimination, claiming that gender initiated the systematic exclusion of women from medical schools. This was the case until 1970, when the National Organization for Women (NOW) filed a class action lawsuit against all medical schools in the United States. More specifically, this lawsuit was successful in forcing medical schools to comply to the civil rights legislation. This success was seen by 1975 when the number of women in medicine had nearly tripled, and continued to grow as the years progressed. By 2005, over 25% of physicians and around 50% of medical school students were women. The increase of women in medicine also came with an increase of women identifying as a racial/ethnic minority, yet this population is still largely underrepresented in comparison to the general population of the medical field.

Within this specific study, 22% of physician mothers and 24% of physician daughters identified themselves as being an ethnic minority. These women reported experiencing instances of exclusion from career opportunities as a result of their race and gender.

In an article titled "I'm too used to it”: A longitudinal qualitative study of third year female medical students' experiences of gendered encounters in medical education," the author described how confidence in ability varies based upon gender. According to this article, females tend to have lessened confidence in their abilities as a doctor, yet their performance is equivalent to that of their male counterparts. This study also commented on the impact of power dynamics within medical school, which is established as a hierarchy that ultimately shapes the educational experience.

Specifically, this article described how power dynamics led to the formation of a “hidden curriculum” in medical school, which revolves around understanding the contribution of gender roles in regards to being a female doctor. According to this article, this position holds females more accountable for their actions as a result of “unrealistic” expectations set forth by these gender roles, which expects female doctors to take on a nurturing and matronly persona when dealing with patients. The hidden curriculum, according to this article, is an integral aspect of a female’s medical education that must be learned in order to tolerate instances of gender discrimination.

On the topic of power dynamics, another study commented on the nature of sexual harassment, stating that it was most commonly perpetrated within career training stages, by people in positions of power. According to this article, instances of sexual harassment attribute to the high attrition rates of females in the STEM fields.

Another study describes sexual harassment as a growing problem due to the fact that it goes widely underreported, which is said to be caused by the transient nature of career training, alongside weak policies and the perpetrators holding positions of power over the victim.

Other Relevant Articles/Sources