User:FrostedMiniWiets/Clotting time

= Clotting time = Clotting time is a general term for the time required for a sample of blood to form a clot, or, in medical terms, coagulate. People often use the umbrella term "clotting time" when referring to tests such as the prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT or PTT), activated clotting time (ACT), thrombin time (TT), or Reptilase time. These tests are coagulation studies performed to assess the intrinsic hemostasis properties of a sample of blood. In a clinical setting, healthcare providers will order one of these tests to evaluate a patient's blood for any abnormalities in the time it takes for their blood to clot. Each test involves adding a specific substance to the blood and measuring the time until the blood forms a fibrin polymer which is the microscopic composition of clotted blood. Each test points to a different component of the coagulation cascade. Abnormal results could be due to a number of reasons including, but, not limited to, deficiency in coagulation factors, dysfunction of coagulation factors, blood-thinning medications, medication side-effects, platelet deficiency, inherited bleeding or clotting disorders, or advanced illness resulting in a medical emergency known as disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).

Methods
For the measurement of clotting time by the test tube method, blood is placed in a glass test tube and kept at 37°C. The required time for the blood to clot is measured.

Interpretation
There are several other methods, including testing for those on blood thinners, such as heparin or warfarin. Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) is used for heparin studies and the normal range is 20–36 seconds, depending upon which type of activator is used in the study. Prothrombin time (PT) is used for warfarin studies and the normal values differ for men and women. Adult male PT normal range is 9.6–11.8 seconds, while adult females' normal range is 9.5–11.3 seconds. Internationalized normalized ratio (INR) is also a warfarin study, with normal ranges of 2–3 for standard warfarin and 3–4.5 for high-dose warfarin. In a veterinary study of bovine animals, the mean ACT was 145 seconds with a range of 120–180 seconds. Standard deviations were 18 and 13 for the first and second sampling, respectively. Repeatability of the ACT was acceptable.

INR discussion

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