User:Fullertonae/sandbox

The Noticing Hypothesis is a theory within Second Language Acquisition proposed by Richard Schmidt in 1990 which states that a learner cannot continue advancing their language abilities or grasp linguistic features unless they consciously notice the input.

"Noticing" differs from "understanding" in that the former refers to a finite moment where an aspect of language is understood and added to long term memory, rather than a general knowledge.

Overview
Schmidt posits that a learner cannot continue advancing their language abilities or grasp linguistic features unless they are consciously processing the input, and that what the learner actually notices is called “intake”. This definition differs from that of Krashen’s in which intake is similar to comprehensible input, and that of Chaudron which separates intake into preliminary intake and final intake. Therefore in order for the language someone is hearing to become salient and sent to long term memory where it can be used naturally, the learner must first actively be aware of aspects of language being presented to them.

Other terms that fall under the concept of conscious processing that was put forth by previous researchers include attention, short term memory, control vs automatic processing, and serial vs. parallel processing, but these topics were not unified under a single concept until Schmidt. Schmidt argues that noticing is not a replacement or a synonym for attention or any other term previously existing, but rather its own function in second language acquisition.

Susan Gass put forth a suggestion of a second noticing process. In this case, learners notice the gaps between their knowledge of the second language and that of what a native speaker would say.

Discovery
Schmidt’s hypothesis stemmed from his own experiences within learning Portuguese in Brazil. In which he attended a five week course in the language, speaking to native speakers as supplement. Through working with Sylvia Frota and conducting monthly conversation recordings, they found that although explicit teaching of forms did not always become intake, linguistic features that he had been previously exposed to did not become apparent until they had been directly pointed out to him. Only after noticing something did Schmidt begin to use it. While noticing and the emergence of language appeared to be connected, Schmidt also noted that he repeated things that the other speaker said only in that conversation, but it did not become intake, nor did he use it in future conversations.

Tracking the noticing process was first done through journal entries and recordings in Schmidt and Frota’s 1986 study, in which a linguistic form was noticed and used more than once but not written down. Due to inconsistencies of memory, the main support for the noticing hypothesis comes from controlled environments. According to Cherry (1953), Kahneman and Treisman (1984) in an auditory shadowing study, subjects could concentrate on one auditory input but not two simultaneously. The input that was not focused on could only be recalled from the short-term memory if the input had stopped immediately before the task of recalling was asked. Therefore, Schmidt posits that input needs to be focused on explicitly to make it into the long-term memory.

Amendments to the Hypothesis
Four years after the original hypothesis was delivered, Schmidt updated it, stating that noticing is. He stated that noticing is helpful but is not required to learn different linguistic features of a language. He proposed that being able to notice more, lead to more learning. However, it is not necessary for all learners to notice.

Criticisms
John Truscott argues that Schmidt’s hypothesis is under-researched within the field of cognitive psychology. He claims that the ambiguity of the hypothesis renders it untestable and difficult to study. Because Schmidt’s hypothesis does not specifically target the grammar of natural language, the noticing hypothesis is too vague. Truscott deems it as part of metalinguistic awareness rather than language learning. Finally, he suggests that noticing is only helpful in language learning rather than necessary.

Tomlin and Villa (1994) argued that the use of diary studies was not an appropriate choice of material for this research as the actual instance of noticing is a short time frame compared to what the diary can encompass, but overall agreed with the idea that attention must exist for learning to take place. Meanwhile, Gass (1997) proposed that not all learning requires input, and Schlachter states that certain aspects of language do not require noticing while others do. Caroll (2006) argues that input in the environment does not contain the information needed to acquire a language and therefore invalidates the noticing hypothesis.

Nick Ellis also found that Schmidt’s hypothesis misconstrued the processes of implicit learning. Ellis stated that noticing occurs only with new linguistic features that the learner encounters in which they may find to be difficult.

Paragraph: Set the style of your text. For example, make a header or plain paragraph text. You can also use it to offset block quotes.
Schmidt, R. (1990, January 6). The Role of Consciousness in Second Language Learning{ (thesis). Applied Linguistics. A : Highlight your text, then click here to format it with bold, italics, etc. The “More” options allows you to underline (U), cross-out text (S), add code snippets ( { hehehehe } ), change language keyboards (Aあ), and clear all formatting (Ø). Links: Highlight text and push this button to make it a link. The Visual Editor will automatically suggest related Wikipedia articles for that word or phrase. This is a great way to connect your article to more Wikipedia content. You only have to link important words once, usually during the first time they appear. If you want to link to pages outside of Wikipedia (for an “external links” section, for example) click on the “External link” tab. Cite: The citation tool in the Visual Editor helps format your citations. You can simply paste a DOI or URL, and the Visual Editor will try to sort out all of the fields you need. Be sure to review it, however, and apply missing fields manually (if you know them). You can also add books, journals, news, and websites manually. That opens up a quick guide for inputting your citations. Once you've added a source, you can click the “re-use” tab to cite it again. Insert: This tab lets you add media, images, or tables. Ω: This tab allows you to add special characters, such as those found in non-English words, scientific notation, and a handful of language extensions ≠≤ĒÙŽŽǢØḌ.
 * Bullets: To add bullet points or a numbered list, click here.
 * Bullets: To add bullet points or a numbered list, click here.