User:Funnybunny35/Marnia Lazreg

Biography
Marnia Lazreg (born January 6 1941) is an Algerian-born sociologist whose work critically examines post colonial frameworks from a non-western perspective. Her research focuses on the structures that inform cultural change as well as shape conceptions of self, identity and gender relations in societies undergoing the transition from colonial and/or economic dependence to political sovereignty. 

Lazreg has served as a consultant on gender and development for the United Nations Development Programs

Presently, Marnia Lazreg is a professor of sociology at Hunter College. Her research focuses on the structures that inform cultural change as well as shape conceptions of self, identity and gender relations in societies undergoing the transition from colonial and/or economic dependence to political sovereignty.

Education
She graduated from The University of Algiers obtaining a BA in Mathematics and Philosophy. In the United States, she earned a MA and a Ph.D. in Sociology from New York University.

Achievements
Lazreg was awarded the Society of Foreign Consuls in New York Certificate of Recognition for her "outstanding achievements and contribution to community empowerment." The award honored her academic achievements and dedication to promoting women's rights

She was awarded fellowships at the Pembroke Center for Teaching and Research on Women (Brown University); the Bunting Institute (Harvard); The Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton), the Rockefeller Bellagio Center, Italy, as well as a Fulbright grant to Algeria. 

Feminism and Difference: The Perils of Writing as a Woman on Women in Algeria
Middle Eastern and North African societies have been studied through a reductionist approach that broadens the experiences of women on the sole basis of religion despite the differences and complexities that exist within each country in this region. As there are 22 unique countries that exist in the Middle East It is interpreted by Marnia Lazreg as a the detriments of ethnocentric approaches in the academic discourse of Middle Eastern and North African societies. Lazreg observes that writing on Middle Eastern women is limited to the dissection of religion/tradition.

The Eloquence of Silence: Algerian Women in Question (1994)
"As Lazreg convincingly argues, contradictory colonial policies ideologized women. The colonialists gave nationalism and the ensuing decolonization movement a distinctively gendered character, opening religion as contested terrain in the battle for gender equity. The colonized, in response, sought and created a cultural response to socioeconomic problems by returning to Islamic roots." Marnia Lazreg views colonialism and native desire to continue to invoke their own religion as a means of perpetuating gender oppression since colonizers did not what to interfere with religion.

The Cultural Turn in Algeria (Routledge, 2021)
Being an Algerian woman from a colonized nation, Lazreg has a personal approach to the effects of experiencing colonialism firsthand and her insights of the long-lasting impact in the present time of post colonization and imperial domination. The social psychological effect of subjectivation, is an altered thought process possessed by colonized individuals. The resurgence of the past demonstrates the process of subjectivation. As the past prior to colonization demonstrated a lack of progress as a strong sovereign nation, this lack of identity propels one to claim their place in the current system. These people then see the only resolution to be emigration to the North. With the domineering power of the West, such nations that endure the most struggle remain the least involved in promoting change and increasing opportunity on a global scale. Thus, they attempt to assimilate with Western customs and lose their autonomy.

Questioning the Veil: Open Letters to Muslim Women (Princeton University Press, 2010)
Marnia Lazreg has gained notability for acknowledging the global and gender disparities of what the hijab represents, as well as her opposition against "wearing the veil" based upon her own personal experience as a Muslim woman, in her book Questioning the Veil: Open Letters to Muslim Women 

“Lazreg shows that the new veiling trend relies on religious rationales to justify veiling; advocates of the veil define it “as religious, even when the religious texts lack clarity and determinacy in the matter,” and “female advocates of veiling wish to make the veil stand for religion and in so doing close the uncertainty and indeterminacy of the religious status of the veil.”

Marnia Lazreg believes the meaning of the veil has broadened and thus furthered gender oppression to exist as result of the veil's misrepresentation. Ethnographic writings about the Middle East has given a false depiction of the veil's significance and what it means to wear the veil versus not. In fact, the symbol of the veil has evolved historically and to this day one's wearing of the veil can serve various interpretations. Thus, the veil itself is not just symbolic of gender/religious oppressions, and domestication. The generalization that all Arab women are forced to wear the veil is a fallacy. The veil has signified different social classes, as well as social standings. Modern day critiques of the veil demonstrate the views made by traditional versus modernized constructions of women's personal autonomy. The veil is being used as an instrument against modern Arab feminism.

Evaluating Middle Eastern women through a narrowed understanding of religion has compromised the overall understanding of the veil. The veil is perceived through religious connotations rather than theoretical or substantive terms. The symbol of the veil has become viewed as a "hiding device" for women as well as the continuous belief that it demonstrates oppressiveness. Veiling has been generalized as integral to all Middle Eastern women on a religious basis.

There are many ongoing debates that surround veiling, therefore there is not one sole argument or reasoning to empathize with. The practice of veiling exists within a litany of cultural, religious, political, regional, and social contexts. Within veiling, there are different names for the veil within all the countries that comprise the Middle East. The interpretation of the veil has been manipulated, the debate of veiling is perceived by Lazreg as a mechanism to distract from the implicit causes of oppression rooted from fundamentalist patriarchies.

Foucault Orient: The Conundrum of Cultural Difference from Tunisia to Japan (Berghahn 2017)
Poststructuralism, specifically Foucauldian thought as it emerged from French philosopher Michael Foucault, has contributed to the continuous critique of the concept of re-veiling.

Her published books include Islamic Feminism and The Discourse of Post-Liberation:  The Cultural Turn in Algeria (Routledge, 2021); Foucault’s Orient:  The Conundrum of Cultural Difference From Tunisia to Japan (Berghahn 2017, 2020); The Eloquence of Silence:  Algerian Women in Question, second edition (Routledge, 2018); Torture and the Twilight of Empire:  From Algiers to Baghdad (Princeton, 2008, 2017); and Questioning the Veil:  Open Letters to Muslim Women (Princeton, 2010).