User:Fuzzybunnyhare/sandbox

How I might change the HEXACO model of personality structure article
 * In general the wikipedia article reads more like a personality text book than it does an encyclopedic entry. That is to say, some of the information provided is unnecessary or a bit basic. I'd like to make the page speak more about the what and the why of the HEXACO model (How it differs, why 6 factors etc.). It seems the way the article is written now that it is not as balanced as it could be. It also does not touch on the H factor in much detail. To me that is one of the things that sets the HEXACO model apart from the FFM and even other Big 6 models of personality. Finally, there is no section that offers criticism of the model both in broad terms (ie. disadvantages to using the lexical approach) and in more specifical terms (the chosen factors and cross culture validity (See De Raad et al, 2010)). I would like to remove several paragraphs that arguably are not necessary for understanding the HEXACO model and rewrite certain sections to remove that "textbook" voice.

The HEXACO model is a six factor inventory of human personality. It was created by Ashton and Lee through a series of lexical studies conducted across 9 languages. The six factors, or dimensions, include Honesty-Humility (H), Emotionality (E), Extraversion (X), Agreeableness (A), Conscientiousness (C), and Openness to Experience (O). Each factor is composed of traits with characteristics indicating high levels of a factor and others indicating low levels. The HEXACO model was developed through similar methods as other trait taxonomies and builds on the work of Costa & McCrae (1992) and Goldberg (1993). It thus shares several common elements with other trait models, but is unique in it’s addition of the Honesty-Humility dimension. .

The HEXACO Model of Personality
The Hexaco Model of Personality measures human personality in terms of six dimensions.

The HEXACO model was developed from several previous independent lexical studies. Language based taxonomies for personality traits have been widely used as a method for developing personality models. The method, typically referred to as the lexical approach, uses adjectives found in language that describe behaviours and tendencies among individuals. The adjectives identified are distilled down through factor analysis until there are a manageable number of clusters that are closely related. The clusters are broadly defined as a personality factors, which operate on a polar dimensions (e.g. Extraversion is on end of the pole where neuroticism falls on the other).

Ashton, Lee & Perugini et al (2004) initially examined (and in some cases reanalyzed) lexical studies conducted in several different languages. These languages were Dutch, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Korean, Polish and English. Ashton and Lee (2005) noted that in each study, the five factor model did not account for all of the variation found in the factor analysis. That is, the authors noted that several descriptive traits were not accurately related to any of the factors used. This led to the idea of a possible sixth category content that was related to integrity and honesty (Thalmayer, Saucier & Eigenhuis, 2011).

Personality is assessed using a self-report measure (HEXACO-PI R). The six factors are measured through a series of questions designed to rate an individual on levels of each factor. Ashton and Lee have developed two questionnaires, the HEXACO-PI R, which is a 200 item self report measure and the shorter HEXACO-60, which is a 60 item based questionnaire. Both measures showed high correlations with the NEO-FFI on measures of Extraversion, Conscientiousness, Openness to Experience and moderate negative correlations of extraversion to the NEO-FFI's measure of Neuroticism.

HEXACO Model and the FFM
The HEXACO model differs from the Five Factor Model of personality mainly by the addition of the 6th factor known as Honesty-Humility. This factor represents an individual's pro-social behaviour through several facets (such as Sincerity, Loyalty, Faith versus Sly, deceitfulness, greed, pretention). The Six factor model differs from the FFM on measures of Agreeableness and Emotionality. The facet of anger has been moved to agreeableness and sensitivity/sentimentality versus toughness has been moved to neuroticism. As a result of the addition of sensitivity/sentimentality, neuroticism has been renamed to emotionality.

Theoretical Basis of Agreeableness, Honesty-Humility and Emotionality
The HEXACO model is typically used in research studies when behaviours or traits found on the Agreeableness, Honesty-Humility and Emotionality dimensions are of specific interest. The factors of Agreeableness, Honesty-Humility and Emotionality are distinctly different from their counterparts on the Five Factor Model (FFM). Honesty-Humility, Emotionality and Agreeableness are proposed to be measures of Altruistic versus Antagonistic behaviour. Honesty-Humility and Agreeableness both measure similar aspects of Reciprocal altruism, high levels of which indicate a propensity for helping behaviour and cooperation as opposed to the exploitation of others. The Honesty-Humility factor represents a person's tendency for pro-social altruistic behaviours, while Agreeableness indicates an individual's tendency to forgive and to show tolerance. Emotionality is a measure of kin altruism, that is, the tendency to show empathy and attachment to one’s kin.

Honesty-Humility and the Dark Triad
The Honest-Humility factor has been used in a variety of studies as a measure of ethical or pro-social behaviour (See Ashton and Lee (2008) for further details). Low levels of the Honesty-Humility factor are associated with greater levels of materialism, unethical business practices and even deviant sexual behaviour. The Honesty-Humility factor has been found to predict endorsement of unethical business practices and even the degree to which a person will take health and safety risks (even towards fellow employees). An individual who scores low on the Honesty-Humility factor may have a proclivity for anti-social acts. Which anti-social acts an individual is likely to commit may be related to their personality profile along the other factors of the HEXACO model. For example, someone who scores low on Honesty-Humility and Low on Conscientiousness and Agreeableness are more likely to engage in delinquency in the workplace.

The Dark Triad of personality consists of psychopathy, Machiavellianism and narcissism. However, these constucts are said to be not fully represented in common Five Factor Models of personality. The Dark Triad can be conceptualized as being on the opposite pole of Honesty-Humility (Sincere, Faithful, Loyal etc.), which would mean that low levels of Honesty-Humility corresponds to higher levels of psychopathy, Machiavellianism and/or narcissism. The Dark Triad personality constructs tend to only correlate with disagreeableness on the Big Five Inventory, otherwise they are represented inconsistently on measures of the Big Five traits. For that reason, several researchers have used the HEXACO model to gain a more detailed understanding of the personality characteristics of individuals who would be considered along the Dark Triad dimension

Further Research
Since the initial development of the HEXACO Personality Inventory in the early 2000s, the HEXACO model has been used to investigate various topics in several fields of psychology. The addition of the sixth factor, as well as the rotation of Agreeableness and Emotionality allows for examination and prediction of behaviour based on less prosocial behaviour. Studies using the HEXACO model have found support for the relationship between Agreeableness and Honesty-Humility on pro-social and ethical behaviour. One study showed a significant relationship between levels of Honesty-Humility and the endorsement of revenge, while another found that levels of Agreeableness were related to the tendency to forgive. Levels of Honesty-Humility have also been found to be related to levels of creativity. Specifically, low levels of Honesty-Humility was found to be related to higher levels of self-reported creativity, though no relationship between creativity and Agreeableness was found. Honesty-Humility has been used with increasing frequency in studies of work-place behaviour (See HEXACO website for more details). For example, in one study, researchers found that people high in Honesty-Humility consistently engaged in productive worker behaviours, whereas those that were low in the H factor were more likely to engage in counter-productive behaviours.

Further research using the HEXACO model has examined the relationship between the various domains of the model and scores on risk taking behaviour. In one study, levels of emotionality were related to perceptions of risk, levels of conscientiousness was related to perceived benefits, while openness and honesty-humility predicted social risk taking and health/safety risk taking respectively. The HEXACO model has also been used in studies of sexuality, including the association with seductive behaviour and endorsement of sexual activity without emotional attachment to Emotionality and Honesty-Humility. , as well, levels of Honesty-Humility were found to be associated with being faithful to ones partner in a relationship.

Other topics of study that utilize the HEXACO model include: religiosity prejudice, ethical decision making,, academic performance. and political attitudes/behaviors'

Current/Future Research
emotional intelligence in educational psychology.

Reciprocal altruism

Criticisms and Limits
The HEXACO model of personality is a trait based taxonomy of personality. As such, the criticism and limitations of the model are similar to that of other trait based measures (See Five Factor Model criticism and limits section). Trait based measures, including the HEXACO model, typically rely on factor analysis. Unfortunately, factor analysis does not always ensure replicable results. Models created through factor analysis can vary between samples, depending on: (i) how the researcher organizes the measures (e.g. using unipolar versus bipolar ratings); and, (ii) the amount of ratings/variables that are included in the analysis.

De Raad et al. have argued that only three personality traits have fully replicated (i.e, appear in all analyses) across cultures. These authors argue that beyond three traits, the factor markers become unreliable. They further argue that claims of universality for the HEXACO model should be cautiously considered, since many languages and cultures have yet to be assessed with appropriate personality trait studies. . Finally, the Honesty-Humility dimension is not always consistently replicated. Several past studies have identified inconsistent sixth factor dimensions. (e.g. hedonism-spontaneity) Other research has identifed potentially more than six factors. There are many studies that use the HEXACO model and support the usefulness of the dimensions of Agreeableness, Emotionality and Honesty-Humility. However, the HEXACO model may not necessarily be a better personality tool in every situation. When the HEXACO model was compared to a modified five factor model, one that included a dimension of honesty-humility, the predictive ability of the HEXACO model was similar in several instances to that of the modified FFM. The authors further acknowledge that the HEXACO model may have an advantage when the predictor variables are conceptually related to the Honesty-Humility factor, otherwise the modified FFM model produced similar results.