User:GLPeterson/Wireless energy transmission

The above technical tag was added on 27 April 2014. The above technical tag was removed on 14 December 2014.

=Wireless energy transmission=

Proposed lead paragraph revisions


Existing: The World Wireless System was a turn of the 19th century proposed telecommunications and electrical power delivery system designed by inventor Nikola Tesla based on his theories of using Earth and its atmosphere as electrical conductors. Tesla claimed this system would allow for "the transmission of electric energy without wires" on a global scale as well as point-to-point wireless telecommunications and broadcasting. He made public statements citing two related methods to accomplish this from the mid-1890s on. By the end of 1900 Tesla had convinced banker J. P. Morgan to finance construction of a wireless station (eventually sited at Wardenclyffe) based on his ideas intended to transmit messages across the Atlantic to England and to ships at sea. Almost as soon as the contract was signed Tesla decided to scale up the facility to include his ideas of terrestrial wireless power transmission to better compete with Guglielmo Marconi's radio based telegraph system. Morgan refused to fund the changes and, when no additional investment capital became available, the project at Wardenclyffe was abandoned in 1906, never to become operational.

During this period Tesla filed numerous patents associated with the basic functions of his system, including transformer design, transmission methods, tuning circuits, and methods of signaling. He also described a plan to have some thirty Wardenclyffe-style telecommunications stations positioned around the world to be tied into existing telephone and telegraph systems. Tesla would continue to elaborate to the press and in his writings for the next few decades on the system's capability's and how it was superior to radio-based systems.

Despite Tesla's claims that he had "carried on practical experiments in wireless transmission" there is no documentation he ever transmitted power beyond relatively short distances, and modern scientific opinion is generally that his wireless power scheme would not have worked.

Proposed: World Wireless was a turn of the 19th century telecommunications and electrical power system design proposal made by inventor Nikola Tesla and based on his theories of using Earth and its atmosphere as electrical conductors. Tesla claimed this system would allow for "the transmission of electric energy without wires on a global scale for point-to-point wireless telecommunications, broadcasting and industrial power transfer. From the mid-1890s on he made public statements about methods to accomplish this.  By the end of 1900 Tesla had convinced banker J. P. Morgan to provide $150,000 to finance construction of a wireless system to transmit messages across the Atlantic between the United States and England, and to ships at sea, based on his ideas.  After the contract was signed Tesla decided to construct a single more powerful station, instead of two smaller stations as had originally been discussed, in order to extend its range and better compete with Guglielmo Marconi's radio-wave based wireless system.    Costs tripled due to an economic upheaval and construction came to a halt. Morgan refused to provide further funding, and when no additional investment capital became available from other investors the Wardenclyffe station was abandoned in 1906, never to become fully operational.

During this period Tesla was granted numerous patents associated with the basic functions of his system, including transformer design, transmission methods, tuning circuits, and methods of signaling. He also described a plan to have some thirty World Wirelsss system telecommunications stations, based upon the Wardenclyffe power plant and Wardenclyffe tower prototypes, positioned around the world, to be tied into existing telephone and telegraph systems. Tesla would continue to elaborate to the press and in his writings for the next few decades on the system's capability's and how it would prove to be superior to systems based upon radio waves.

Tesla claimed that he had carried on practical experiments in wireless energy transmission, and while there is no clear documentation that he ever transferred power beyond relatively short distances, there is modern scientific opinion that his wireless telecommunications scheme could have worked.



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Inductive (magnetic) coupling
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Capacitive coupling
ref name=Car_Wheel A means of powering electric vehicles using radio frequency transmission has been demonstrated at CEATEC 2014 Via-wheel power transfer to vehicles in motion T. Ohira DOI: 10.1109/WPT.2013.6556928 Conference: Wireless Power Transfer (WPT), 2013 IEEE ABSTRACT This paper proposes a non-magnetic non-resonant wireless power transfer scheme to vehicles during in motion, which is called via-wheel power transfer or V-WPT. We focus on the steel belt usually built in a tire for vehicles. It can collect RF displacement current if another electrode is buried beneath the road by analogy to an overhead wire for railways or trolleys. Since the tire always surely touches the road surface, it could be an ultimate wireless power transfer scheme. Being free from air gap (zero-gap coupling) unlike the twin coils, high dielectric constant of the tire permits high efficiency displacement current with much less electromagnetic field leakage to outside than trans-air-gap approaches. V-WPT can power the vehicles even while running, extend the cruising range without regard to battery limitations, and be the finest solution for future green mobility. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/261203154_Via-wheel_power_transfer_to_vehicles_in_motion

Electrical conduction
Bring enough brain cells together interacting in the right ways and something greater emerges. [The Brain with David Eagleman - PBS]

Atmospheric plasma channel coupling
ref Lightning laser weapon developed by US Army ref ref Applied energetics advances the concept of Laser Guided Energy ref Ionatron Laser Induced Plasma Channel (LIPC) Portal Denial System ref Kaneshiro, Jason. "Picatinny engineers set phasers to 'fry'" Picatinny Arsenal, 21 June 2012. Retrieved: 13 July 2012. ref BBC news-Lightning Laser Weapon Developed by US Army ref "UNM researchers use lasers to guide lightning" from University of New Mexico ref Laser-triggered lightning discharge Nasrullah Khan, Norman Mariun, Ishak Aris and J. Yeak, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. New Journal of Physics 4 (2002) 61.1-61.20. PII: S1367-2630(02)38636-1 ref Laboratory tests of laser-induced lightning discharge P. Rambo, J. Biegert, V. Kubecek, J. Schwarz, A. Bernstein, J.-C. Diels, R. Bernstein, and K. Stahlkopf, Journal of Optical Technology, Vol. 66, Issue 3, 1999, p. 194.] ref "The electric field changes and UHF radiations caused by the lightning in Japan" from Kawasaki Lab ref "A laser-induced lightning concept experiment" from Harvard University ref name="laserfilament1"

Here is the source justification for inclusion of "Electrical conduction" and "Atmospheric plasma channel coupling" in Wireless energy transmission: ref name="Giulietti" ref name="Rakov" ref name="Franklin" ref name="WiseGeek" ref name="Kaneshiro" ref name="Lawrence" ref name="Forestier" ref name="Clerici"

Lossy planar transmission line coupling
Disturbed charge of ground and air method ref name=Marinčić



The 9-foot high twin coils show a strong tendency to wirelessly couple electrical energy over large distances ref name=Philipp_2011 This ability is described in detail in a paper on wireless power transfer at the 2008 North American Power Symposium. ref name=Leyh-Kennan_2008 ref name=Leyh_2005 ref name=Leyh_2011

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Tesla wireless system feasibility
Existing: Tesla demonstrated wireless power transmission at Colorado Springs, lighting incandescent electric lamps positioned relatively close to the structure housing his large experimental magnifying transmitter and claimed afterwards that he had, "carried on practical experiments in wireless transmission." He believed that he had achieved Earth electrical resonance at Colorado Springs that, according to his theory, would produce electrical effects at any terrestrial distance.

There is no documented evidence that Tesla transmitted significant power beyond those short-range demonstrations        adjacent to the transmitter, perhaps 300 feet. Tesla biographer Marc Seifer notes opinions amongst researchers that range from the industrial wireless power transmission idea not being practicable to statements that the basic Tesla wireless system itself is viable, that Tesla's claim to have measured a terrestrial pulse that rebounded off the antipode of the earth is valid, and that his calculated fundamental earth resonance frequency is essentially correct. Other investigators believe Tesla over estimated the conductivity of the Earth and the atmosphere and underestimated the loss of power over distance. There is little indication that Tesla transmitted energy over significant distances by means of his system. The only report of long distance transmission by Tesla, from a 1916 interview, is that in 1899 he measured the transmitted energy over a distance of about 10 miles.

ref name=Carlson ref name=Coe ref name=Wheeler ref name=Cheney ref name=Brown ref name=Dunning1 ref name=Tomar ref name=ColoradoSpringsPBS ref name=Shinohara ref name=Marinčić

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Search "Other investigators note that Tesla seemed over estimated the conductivity of the Earth."

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Transmission-reception distance statements
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Wireless power transfer by electrical conduction, lossy planar transmission line coupling
The&#160;Lightning&#160;Foundry is a project to build two 10-story (108-foot) high Tesla Coils that can generate arcs 260 feet in length. A fully functional 1:12 scale Lightning Foundry prototype is use to study the interactions between two matched [Tesla] coils.[] The two identical 1:12 prototype coils were made by first winding a length of secondary wire onto a cardboard tube. The cardboard tube with the winding was then inserted into a corrugated plastic pipe and potted into place. Once the potting had set, the cardboard tube was removed, leaving the winding exposed inside of the pipe. The Lsec and Fo of the windings did not measurably change after potting. [] The 9-foot high twin coils show a strong tendency to wirelessly couple electrical energy over large distances. [] This ability is described in detail in a paper on wireless power transfer at the 2008 North American Power Symposium.[]

Mike Kennan driving his 'Tesla Roadster'

"Published on Oct 30, 2011, Mike Kennan driving his 'Tesla Roadster,' powered completely from the ambient fields produced by the Lightning Foundry 1:12 scale prototype coils. Note the sparking to the concrete, forming the return path .  Video by Josh Bailey."

"Efficient Wireless Transmission of Power Using Resonators with Coupled Electric Fields," by G. E. Leyh and M. D. Kennan, Nevada Lightning Laboratory, http://lod.org/misc/Leyh/Papers/NAPS2008Final.pdf

“Tesla’s original patent [N. Tesla, "Apparatus for Transmission of Electrical Energy," U.S. Patent 649 621, May 15, 1900] resembles a far-field approach, given the large intended distance between stations compared to the station size. However, Tesla’s system minimizes radiated fields and instead relies upon actual conduction, replacing the transmission line with two non-wire conductors. In this case one conductor is the Earth, and the other appears to be either a capacitive path or a direct ionized path to the ionosphere according to different descriptions of the system.”

As it is described by U.S. Patent No. 649,621, APPARATUS FOR TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY, May 15, 1900, the Tesla wireless system relies upon electrical conduction, using two "non-wire" conductors. One conductor is Earth, and the other involves a capacitive or ionized path between the two air terminal electrodes.

“Of the designs mentioned above, the approach outlined in this paper is perhaps most similar to Tesla’s system, since it does not rely upon far-field or radiated power, or magnetic coupling. However this approach differs significantly from Tesla’s patented system in two important ways: A) There is no ionized path between the devices, and B) The receiver performs a synchronous detection of the received energy in order to optimize conversion efficiency. The transfer of energy in this approach occurs primarily through the electric fields between the receiver and transmitter.”

In the exact same manner as the Tesla wireless system, set forth in APPARATUS FOR TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY, the approach outlined in the Leyh-Kennan paper depends upon electrical conduction through the earth. It differs from the Tesla system as described in APPARATUS FOR TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY only in that, A) there is no highly ionized path between the Tesla coil transmitter and receiver, and B) the receiver performs a synchronous detection of the transmitted energy in order to optimize down-conversion efficiency. Tesla’s patents, ART OF TRANSMITTING ELECTRICAL ENERGY THROUGH THE NATURAL MEDIUMS, May 16, 1900, U.S. Patent No. 787,412, Apr. 18, 1905 and ART OF TRANSMITTING ELECTRICAL ENERGY THROUGH THE NATURAL MEDIUMS, Apr. 17, 1906, Canadian Patent No. 142,352, Aug. 13, 1912 do describe a means by which the Tesla wireless system can be operated without the necessity of an ionized path between the two devices, and also a means for synchronous detection of the transmitted energy.

"I'd always thought capacitive coupling such as in Tesla's wireless scheme to be a very weak effect, at best. However, faced with a burned grounding lead we set out to determine exactly how such amounts of power could be coupled across the room.  We are now completely convinced that the power flowed through the ambient electric fields and returned through Earth, similar to Tesla’s original concept from 1900.  Placing electric field shielding between the coils stopped 95% of the power flow."

"Mid-range [coupling] is defined as somewhere between one and ten times the diameter of the transmitting coil."&#160; "Typically, an inductive coupled system can transmit roughly the diameter of the transmitter." [Baarman, David W.; Schwannecke, Joshua (December 2009). "White paper: Understanding Wireless Power" (PDF). Fulton Innovation. pp. 2, 4.] "Strongly coupled magnetic resonance can work over the mid-range distance, defined as several times the resonator size." Agbinya (2012) Wireless Power Transfer, p. 40.]

Lightning Foundry Twin Coil Prototype dimensions: Overall height &#61; 2.74 meters Resonator (transmitting coil) height &#61; 2.44 meters Resonator (transmitting coil) diameter < 0.57 meters Resonator spacing (transmission-reception distance) &#61; 12 meters Resonator spacing-to-diameter ratio > 21:1

"Mid-range [coupling] is defined as somewhere between one and ten times the diameter of the transmitting coil." The Lightning Foundry Twin Coil Prototype coupling is greater than 21 times the diameter of the transmitting coil.

ref name=Leyh_2005 ref name=Leyh_2011 ref name=Techzwn ref name=Leyh-Kennan_2008



Earth electrical resonance and Stationary terrestrial waves


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Tesla's experiments
While demonstrating this technology during lectures before the American Institute of Electrical Engineers in 1891, the Institution of Electrical Engineers in 1892, and at the 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago he was able to wirelessly power lamps from across the stage and throughout the hall.

In 1899 Tesla moved his wireless transmission research to Colorado Springs, Colorado to work out data for the construction of Wardenclyffe, a commercial wireless telecommunications facility to be built on Eastern Long Island, New York.

""Tesla did not start working on Wardenclyffe until after Nov 1900, despite his (primary sourced) claims he intended that all along.""

. . . and the bound-mode EM surface wave.

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Revised
Nikola Tesla conducted the first experiments in wireless power transfer at the turn of the 20th century. From 1891 to 1898 he experimented with transmission of electrical energy using his radio frequency resonant transformer called the Tesla coil, which produces high voltage, high frequency alternating currents. With this basic resonance transformer design concept he was able to transfer power over short distances without interconnecting wires by means of resonant magnetic inductive coupling. The transformer's primary LC circuit acted as a transmitter. The transformer's secondary LC circuit was tuned to the primary LC circuit's resonant frequency and acted as a receiver. The Tesla coil transformer itself could be configured as a wireless transmitter and used to transfer power by capacitive inductive coupling. While demonstrating this technology during lectures before the American Institute of Electrical Engineers in 1891, the Institution of Electrical Engineers in 1892, and at the 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago he was able to wirelessly power lamps from across the stage and throughout the hall.

In 1899 Tesla shifted his wireless transmission research to Colorado Springs, Colorado to work out data for the construction of Wardenclyffe, a commercial wireless telecommunications facility to be built on Eastern Long Island, New York. At the Colorado Springs Experimental Station he assembled an enormous magnifying transmitter capable of producing voltages on the order of 10 megavolts. In one demonstration, using just the primary circuit energized to only one-twentieth of the oscillator's capacity, he was able to light three incandescent lamps at a distance of about one hundred feet. Such resonant inductive coupling is now familiar technology used throughout electronics and is currently being widely applied to short-range wireless power systems. The magnetic and capacitive induction coupling techniques applied by Tesla during his early demonstrations incorporate "near-field" effects, so, as he discovered, they are not useful for transferring power over long distances.

"While in Colorado he wrote, "the inferiority of the induction method would appear immense as compared with the disturbed charge of ground and air method."

Tesla's priority was the development of a wireless power distribution system that could transmit electrical energy directly into homes and factories, as proposed in his 1900 Century magazine article. He claimed that it is possible to transmit energy on a worldwide scale, applying a method that involves electrical conduction through the earth and the periodic alteration of Earth's electrostatic charge. In 1900 Tesla received the patents SYSTEM OF TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY and APPARATUS FOR TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY. They describe two hypothetical wireless stations consisting of a large Tesla coil magnifying transmitter and a similar Tesla coil receiver with their two elevated air terminal electrodes suspended with balloons at an altitude of 30,000 feet, where the atmospheric pressure is lower. Tesla believed atmospheric ionization would allow energy to be transmitted at high voltages (millions of volts) over long distances by electrical conduction. Another claim was that such a high elevation of the air terminal electrodes is not absolutely necessary. By 1901 Tesla had come to believe the entire planet could made to act as a giant electrical resonator and that by driving current pulses into Earth at a harmonic of its fundamental resonant frequency using a grounded Tesla coil working against a relatively short elevated capacitive air terminal electrode, its natural electrostatic potential could be made to oscillate, and this alternating current could be received at any location with a Tesla coil receiver and similar capacitive air terminal electrode arrangement tuned to resonance with the transmitter.

In 1901, Tesla began construction of a large high-voltage wireless energy transmission station, now called the Wardenclyffe Tower, at Shoreham, New York. Promoted to investors as a transatlantic radiotelephony station, it was also intended to demonstrate small-scale wireless power transfer as a prototype transmitter for a "World Wireless" system that was to broadcast both information and power worldwide. By 1904 his investors had pulled out and the facility was never completed.

"Although Tesla claimed his ideas were proven, he had a history of failing to confirm his ideas by experiment."

'''Hawkins makes no mention of any failure on the part of Tesla to perform experiments. Carlson refers only to Tesla’s not having demonstrated a completed system of global wireless telecommunications based upon the earth resonance principle while working at the Colorado Springs Experimental Station. It is noted that the Wardenclyffe facility was intended for this very purpose.'''

"There seems to be no evidence that he ever transmitted significant power beyond the short-range demonstrations above . . ."

". . . perhaps 300 feet.”.

'''This 300 foot figure is incorrect. The actual distance should appear as, 1938 feet, "far out in the field."'''

""During his eight month stay at Colorado Springs Tesla carried out a series of experiments with his spark-discharge oscillator. . . . In September 1899 he succeeded in lighting a lamp of approximately 10 W "placed far out into the field," the exact distance from the ground plate being indicated in the Colorado Springs Notes, in the introductory comment for that month."

"Sept. 9. Experiments to be made with st. waves. Exact distance measured to point from ground plate 1938 ft.""

"The only report of long-distance transmission by Tesla is a claim, not found in reliable sources, that in 1899 he wirelessly lit 200 light bulbs at a distance of 26 miles."

"There is no independent confirmation of this putative demonstration;"

Tesla did not mention it,

"and it does not appear in his meticulous laboratory notes."

"It originated in 1944 from Tesla's first biographer, John J. O'Neill,"

"who said he pieced it together from "fragmentary material... in a number of publications"."

The only known report of the long-distance transmission and reception of electrical energy by Tesla himself is a statement made to attorney Drury W. Cooper in 1916 that in 1899 he collected quantitative transmission-reception data at a distance of about 10 miles.

There are four reports by others of Tesla having achieved long-distance wireless power transfer.

The first is the wireless operation of lamps and electric motors at a distance of 15 miles.

The second is the wireless transfer of "power enough to light a lamp at 30 km [19 miles].

'''The third is an assertion by Tesla biographer John J. O'Neill, said to be pieced together from "fragmentary material . . . in a number of publications," that in 1899 Tesla lit 200 incandescent lamps at a distance of 26 miles. There is no independent confirmation of this demonstration. Tesla did not mention it, and it does not appear in his Colorado laboratory notes.'''

The fourth is the wireless transfer of sufficient power to light an incandescent lamp of approximately 10 W at a distance of 1938 feet from the magnifying transmitter's ground plate to the point of reception.

"In the 110 years since Tesla's experiments, efforts using similar equipment have failed to achieve long distance power transmission,"

Over one-hundred years have passed since his original work and there is no documentation of the Tesla wireless system apparatus ever having been replicated, other than by Leyh and Kennan, and no published reports exist of any attempt to achieve long distance wireless energy transfer by this means.

"and the scientific consensus is his World Wireless system would not have worked."

A number of individuals have expressed the opinion that Tesla wireless system technology would not have worked.

"Tesla's world power transmission scheme remains today what it was in Tesla's time, a fascinating dream."

Modern demonstrations have validated the basic concept of Tesla's wireless energy transmission scheme over medium range distances

and mathematical analysis suggest the feasibility of long distance wireless telecommunications by its means.

Temp
<!-- was that such high elevation of the air terminals is not needed.

Tesla’s theory of operation states, the periodic charging and discharging of a resonance transformer transmitter's air terminal electrode periodically alters Earth's electrostatic charge.

According to Tesla, this redistribution of charge results in the passage of electric current through the ground along with an accompanying guided surface wave. Tesla believed that with sufficient transmitter power output, Earth’s electrostatic potential can disturbed over its entire surface.

. . . based upon disturbed charge of ground and air method engineering. and the related patents.

In 1901 Tesla began construction of the Wardenclyffe power plant and tower, a wireless telecommunications facility in Shoreham, New York, intended as the prototype station for the World Wireless System, based upon the principle of terrestrial electrical conductivity and his theory of earth resonance.





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Heterodyne and regeneration reception techniques
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Miscellaneous references
Tesla, Master of Lightning, Robert Uth, Margaret Cheney

Tesla: Man Out of Time, Margaret Cheney

Wizard: The Life And Times Of Nikola Tesla, Marc Seifer

Nikola Tesla: Imagination and the Man That Invented the 20th Century, Sean Patrick

Nikola Tesla at Wardenclyffe, Natalie Aurucci Stiefel

Nikola Tesla's Once-Neglected NY Lab Gets a New Life, Megan Gannon, News Editor

Inventions & Experiments of Nikola Tesla: The Wardenclyffe World Wireless station prototype, 1901-1906

Inventions & Experiments of Nikola Tesla: The connection to earth (ground terminal electrode)

Tesla: The Modern Sorcerer, Blair Stewart

Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age, W. Bernard Carlson

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