User:GTAVCV20022013


 * My Wikimedia Commons Page :-
 * My Wikimedia Commons Page :-

The Infinity Saga

 * ✓ The Infinity Saga (Start/👇)
 * A) Phase One
 * 1 / Iron Man (2008)
 * 2 / The Incredible Hulk (2008)
 * 3 / Iron Man 2 (2010)
 * 4 / Thor (2011)
 * 5 / Captain America: The First Avenger (2011)
 * 6 / Marvel's The Avengers (2012)
 * B) Phase Two
 * 7 / Iron Man 3 (2013)
 * 8 / Thor: The Dark World (2013)
 * 9 / Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014)
 * 10 / Guardians of the Galaxy (2014)
 * 11 / Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015)
 * 12 / Ant-Man (2015)
 * C) Phase Three
 * 13 / Captain America: Civil War (2016)
 * 14 / Doctor Strange (2016)
 * 15 / Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017)
 * 16 / Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017)
 * 17 / Thor: Ragnarok (2017)
 * 18 / Black Panther (2018)
 * 19 / Avengers: Infinity War (2018)
 * 20 / Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018)
 * 21 / Captain Marvel (2019)
 * 22 / Avengers: Endgame (2019)
 * 23 / Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019)
 * ✓ The Infinity Saga (End/👆)

+2 Roll Number And Registration Number For CHSE, Odisha
Find Anyone's +2 Roll Number And Registration Number & Check The Results.


 * Let;- Roll Number (Exam Roll Number) - 8 Character Length.

abcdefgh -> 332AA017 - Roll Number

abcde - 332AA - EXAM CENTRE CODE (a -> 3 = Stream Code) (Extra;- 1 - Arts, 2 - Commerce , 3 - Science)

fgh - 001 - Exam Roll (Serial) Number (01)


 * If You Know The Roll Number, Then You Can Get Registration Number Easily From It (Roll Number).


 * Let;- Registration Number (Admit Card) - 10-11 Character Length.

debcijklmn - AA32S11021 - Registration Number

debc - AA32 - CHSE Code (Extra;- Vocational (V) Like;- AA32V)

ijk - S11 - Year (Science) Of Admission (2011) In +2 (2013-2) (Extra;- S - Science, A - Arts , C - Commerce)

lmn - 021 - College (Class) Roll Number (21)


 * Always Start The Roll Number And The Registration Number From One (1)
 * Like;- 336AA001 And AA36S17001


 * To Check Results :-
 * []


 * All +2 & +3 Colleges With SAMS & CHSE Code :-
 * []


 * All +2 & +3 Colleges :-
 * []


 * All +2 Colleges With SAMS & CHSE Code :-
 * []

How To Check/Find/Know A Prime number
• Prime Number :-

A Prime Number Is A Natural Number Greater Than 1 That Cannot Be Formed By Multiplying Two Smaller Natural Numbers. A Natural Number Greater Than 1 That Is Not Prime Is Called A Composite Number.

A Prime Number Is A Whole Number Greater Than 1 Whose Only Factors Are 1 And Itself.

Prime Numbers Are The Positive Integers Which Has two Factors Only.

A Prime Number Can Be Divided, Without A Remainder, Only By Itself And By 1.

A Prime Number Is A Natural Number That Has Exactly Two Distinct Natural Number Divisors: The Number 1 And Itself.

• How To Check/Find/Know A Prime Number :-

In Mathematics, The Sieve Of Eratosthenes Is A Simple And Ingenious Ancient Algorithm For Finding All Prime Numbers Up To Any Given Limit.

To Find All The Prime Numbers Less Than Or Equal To A Given Integer ‘n’ By Eratosthenes' Method (Sieve Of Eratosthenes) :-

• How To Check / Find / Know A Prime Number Less Than 289 (17²) [n=289] :-

• Step 1:- Very Very Easy... 0 & 1 Are Not Prime Number... Just Remember In Your Mind... (Don't Need Any Calculation Or Calculator)... Any Number Containing The Digit In It's Unit Place;- 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 0 ; (Multiples Of 2 & Multiples Of 5); Is Not Prime Number... Prime Numbers Are Only Odd Numbers... Except;- 2 & 5... (2 & 5 Is Prime Number)...

Step 2 & Step 3 & Step 4 & Step 5 ; You Need A Calculator Or Pen & Paper... You Need To Calculate...

• Step 2 :- Except 3... (3 Is A Prime Number)... Step 3 Is Only For Greater Than Equal To 9 (3²)... Just Divide The Number By 3 (Multiples Of 3)... You Have To Check If The Number Is Divisible By 3 Or Not...

• Step 3 :- Except 7 (7 Is A Prime Number)... Step 3 Is Only For Greater Than Equal To 49 (7²)... Just Divide The Number By 7 (Multiples Of 7)... You Have To Check If The Number Is Divisible By 7 Or Not...

• Step 4 :- Except 11 (11 Is A Prime Number)... Step 4 Is Only For Greater Than Equal To 121 (11²)... Just Divide The Number By 11 (Multiples Of 11)... You Have To Check If The Number Is Divisible By 11 Or Not...

• Step 5 :- Except 13 (13 Is A Prime Number)... Step 5 Is Only For Greater Than Equal To 169 (13²)... Just Divide The Number By 13 (Multiples Of 13)... You Have To Check If The Number Is Divisible By 13 Or Not...

If The Above Five Steps (Step 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5) Is Divisible, Then The Number Is Not A Prime Number... And If It Is Not Divisible, Then It Is A 100% Prime Number, If The Number Lies Between 1 To 288...

• List of Prime Numbers From 1 To 168 [(<17²)(<289)] :-

2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 101, 103, 107, 109, 113, 127, 131, 137, 139, 149, 151, 157, 163, 167, 173, 179, 181, 191, 193, 197, 199, 211, 223, 227, 229, 233, 239, 241, 251, 257, 263, 269, 271, 277, 281, 283.

• How To Check A Number Is Divisible By A Number Without Performing Actual Division (Divisibility Rule) :-

• A Number Is Divisible By 2, If It's Last Digit Is 2, 4, 6, 8 Or 0...

=> 46, 28 , 394729027392912 , 47494 , 294 , 927393829101010 , Etc...

• A Number Is Divisible By 3, If The Sum Of It's Digits Is Divisible By 3...

=> 12 = 1+2 = 3, 57 = 5+7 = 12 (1+2) , 9738 = 9+7+3+8 = 27 (2+7) , 1706829 = 1+7+0+6+8+2+9 = 33 (3+3) , Etc...

• A Number Is Divisible By 5, If It's Last Digit Is 5 Or 0...

=> 15, 50 , 1000 , 38478395 , 293792018380 , 2927301835 , Etc...

• Test For Divisibility By 7 ;- Double The Last Digit And Subtract It From The Remaining Leading Truncated Number, Apply This Rule Over And Over Again As Necessary. If The Result Is Divisible By 7, Then The Original Number Is Divisible By 7...

=> 14 = 1 - (4×2) = 7, 21 , 35 = 3 - (5×2) = 7 , 70 = 7 - (0×2) = 7 , 175 = 17 - (5×2) = 7 , 532 = 53 - (2×2) = 49 = 4 - (9×2) = 14 = 1 - (4×2) = 7 , 2268 = 226 - (8×2) = 210 = 21 - (0×2) = 21 , Etc...

• Test For Divisibility By 11 ;- Subtract The Last Digit From The Remaining Leading Truncated Number, Apply This Rule Over And Over Again As Necessary. If The Result Is Divisible By 11, Then The Original Number Is Divisible By 11...

=> 44, 99 , 165 = 16-5 = 11 , 946 = 94-6 = 88 , 990 = 99-0 =99 , 8206 = 820-6 = 814 = 81-4 = 77 , 48257 = 4825-7 = 4818 = 481-8 = 473 = 47-3 = 44 , Etc...

• Test For Divisibility By 13 ;- Four Times The Last Digit And Add It To The Remaining Leading Truncated Number, Apply This Rule Over And Over Again As Necessary. If The Result Is Divisible By 13, Then The Original Number Is Divisible By 13...

=> 26, 39 = 3+(9×4) = 39 , 65 = 6+(5×4) = 26 , 117 = 11+(7×4) = 39 , 442 = 44+(2×4) = 52 = 5+(2×4) = 13 , 4628 = 462+(8×4) = 494 = 49+(4×4) = 65 , 85774 = 8577+(4×4) = 8593 = 859+(3×4) = 871 = 87+(1×4) = 91 = 9+(1×4) = 13 , Etc...


 * List of Prime Numbers From 1 to 10,000 :-

Shree Hanuman Chalisa
• Shree Hanumān Chālisā in Odiā :-

• ଶ୍ରୀ ହନୁମାନ ଚାଳୀଶା :-

• || ଦୋହା ||

ଶ୍ରୀଗୁରୁ ଚରନ ସରୋଜ ରଜ, ନିଜ ମନୁ ମୁକୁରୁ ସୁଧାରି | ଵରନଉଁ ରଘୁଵର ଵିମଲ ଜସୁ, ଜୋ ଦାୟକୁ ଫଲ ଚାରି ||

ବୁଦ୍ଧିହୀନ ତନୁ ଜାନିକେ, ସୁମିରୌଂ ପୱନ କୁମାର | ବଲ ବୁଧି ଵିଦ୍ୟା ଦେହୁ ମୋହିଂ, ହରହୁ କଲେସ ଵିକାର ||

• || ଚୌପାଈ ||

ଜୟ ହନୁମାନ ଜ୍ଞାନ ଗୁନ ସାଗର | ଜୟ କପୀସ ତିହୁଁ ଲୋକ ଉଜାଗର || ୧ ||

ରାମ ଦୂତ ଅତୁଲିତ ବଲ ଧାମା | ଅଞ୍ଜନି ପୁତ୍ର ପୱନସୁତ ନାମା || ୨ ||

ମହାବୀର ବିକ୍ରମ ବଜରଂଗୀ | କୁମତି ନିୱାର ସୁମତି କେ ସଂଗୀ || ୩ ||

କଂଚନ ବରନ ବିରାଜ ସୁବେସା | କାନନ କୁଣ୍ଡଲ କୁଂଚିତ କେସା || ୪ ||

ହାଥ ବଜ୍ର ଔ ଧ୍ଵଜା ବିରାଜୈ | କାଁଧେ ମୂଁଜ ଜନେଊ ସାଜୈ || ୫ ||

ସଂକର ସୁବନ କେସରୀ ନଂଦନ | ତେଜ ପ୍ରତାପ ମହା ଜଗ ବଂଦନ || ୬ ||

ବିଦ୍ୟାୱାନ ଗୁନୀ ଅତି ଚାତୁର | ରାମ କାଜ କରିବେ କୋ ଆତୁର || ୭ ||

ପ୍ରଭୁ ଚରିତ୍ର ସୁନିବେ କୋ ରସିୟା | ରାମ ଲଖନ ସୀତା ମନ ବସିୟା || ୮ ||

ସୂକ୍ଷ୍ମ ରୂପ ଧରି ସିୟହିଂ ଦିଖାୱା | ବିକଟ ରୂପ ଧରି ଲଂକ ଜରାୱା || ୯ ||

ଭୀମ ରୂପ ଧରି ଅସୁର ସଂହାରେ | ରାମଚନ୍ଦ୍ର କେ କାଜ ସଁୱାରେ || ୧୦ ||

ଲାୟ ସଜୀୱନ ଲଖନ ଜିୟାୟେ | ଶ୍ରୀ ରଘୁବୀର ହରଷି ଉର ଲାୟେ || ୧୧ ||

ରଘୁପତି କୀନହୀ ବହୁତ ବଡାଈ | ତୁମ ମମ ପ୍ରିୟ ଭରତହି ସମ ଭାଈ || ୧୨ ||

ସହସ ବଦନ ତୁମହରୋ ଜସଗାୱେଂ | ଅସ କହି ଶ୍ରୀପତି କଣ୍ଠ ଲଗାୱେଂ || ୧୩ ||

ସନକାଦିକ ବ୍ରହ୍ମାଦି ମୁନୀସା | ନାରଦ ସାରଦ ସହିତ ଅହୀସା || ୧୪ ||

ଜମ କୁବେର ଦିଗପାଲ ଜହାଁ ତେ | କବି କୋବିଦ କହି ସକେ କହାଁ ତେ || ୧୫ ||

ତୁମ ଉପକାର ସୁଗ୍ରୀୱହିଂ କୀନହା | ରାମ ମିଲାୟ ରାଜ ପଦ ଦୀନହା || ୧୬ ||

ତୁମହରୋ ମନ୍ତ୍ର ବିଭୀଷନ ମାନା | ଲଂକେସ୍ୱର ଭଏ ସବ ଜଗ ଜାନା || ୧୭ ||

ଜୁଗ ସହସ୍ର ଜୋଜନ ପର ଭାନୂ | ଲୀଲ୍ୟୋ ତାହି ମଧୁର ଫଲ ଜାନୂ || ୧୮ ||

ପ୍ରଭୁ ମୁଦ୍ରିକା ମେଲି ମୁଖ ମାହୀଂ | ଜଲଧି ଲାଁଘି ଗୟେ ଅଚରଜ ନାହୀଂ || ୧୯ ||

ଦୁର୍ଗମ କାଜ ଜଗତ କେ ଜେତେ | ସୁଗମ ଅନୁଗ୍ରହ ତୁମହରେ ତେତେ || ୨୦ ||

ରାମ ଦୁଆରେ ତୁମ ରଖୱାରେ | ହୋତ ନ ଆଜ୍ଞା ବିନୁ ପୈସାରେ || ୨୧ ||

ସବ ସୁଖ ଲହୈ ତୁମହାରୀ ସରନା | ତୁମ ରଛ୍ଛକ କାହୂ କୋ ଡର ନା || ୨୨ ||

ଆପନ ତେଜ ସମହାରୋ ଆପୈ | ତୀନୋଂ ଲୋକ ହାଁକ ତେଂ କାଁପୈ || ୨୩ ||

ଭୂତ ପିସାଚ ନିକଟ ନହିଂ ଆୱେ | ମହବୀର ଜବ ନାମ ସୁନାୱେ || ୨୪ ||

ନାସୈ ରୋଗ ହରୈ ସବ ପୀରା | ଜପତ ନିରଂତର ହନୁମତ ବୀରା || ୨୫ ||

ସଂକଟ ତେଂ ହନୁମାନ ଛୁଡ଼ାୱେ | ମନ କ୍ରମ ବଚନ ଧ୍ୟାନ ଜୋ ଲାୱେ || ୨୬ ||

ସବ ପର ରାମ ତପସ୍ଵୀ ରାଜା | ତିନ କେ କାଜ ସକଲ ତୁମ ସାଜା || ୨୭ ||

ଔର ମନୋରଧ ଜୋ କୋଇ ଲାୱେ | ସୋଇ ଅମିତ ଜୀୱନ ଫଲ ପାୱେ || ୨୮ ||

ଚାରୋଂ ଜୁଗ ପରତାପ ତୁମହାରା | ହୈ ପରସିଦ୍ଧ ଜଗତ ଉଜିୟାରା || ୨୯ ||

ସାଧୁ ସଂତ କେ ତୁମ ରଖୱାରେ | ଅସୁର ନିକଂଦନ ରାମ ଦୁଲାରେ || ୩୦ ||

ଅଷ୍ଟ ସିଦ୍ଧି ନୌ ନିଧି କେ ଦାତା | ଅସ ବର ଦୀନ ଜାନକୀ ମାତା || ୩୧ ||

ରାମ ରସାୟନ ତୁମହାରେ ପାସା | ସଦା ରହୋ ରଘୁପତି କେ ଦାସା || ୩୨ ||

ତୁମହରେ ଭଜନ ରାମ କୋ ପାୱେ | ଜନମ ଜନମ କେ ଦୁଖ ବିସରାୱେ || ୩୩ ||

ଅଂତ କାଲ ରଘୁବର ପୁର ଜାଈ | ଜହାଁ ଜନ୍ମ ହରି ଭକ୍ତ କହାଈ || ୩୪ ||

ଔର ଦେୱତା ଚିତ୍ତ ନ ଧରଈ | ହନୁମତ ସେଇ ସର୍ବ ସୁଖ କରଈ || ୩୫ ||

ସଂକଟ କଟୈ ମିଟୈ ସବ ପୀରା | ଜୋ ସୁମିରୈ ହନୁମତ ବଲ ବୀରା || ୩୬ ||

ଜୈ ଜୈ ଜୈ ହନୁମାନ ଗୋସାଈଁ | କୃପା କରହୁ ଗୁରୁଦେବ କୀ ନାଈଁ || ୩୭ ||

ଜୋ ସତ ବାର ପାଠ କର କୋଈ | ଛୂଟହି ବନ୍ଦି ମହା ସୁଖ ହୋଈ || ୩୮ ||

ଜୋ ୟହ ପଢୈ ହନୁମାନ ଚାଲୀସା | ହୋୟ ସିଦ୍ଧି ସାଖୀ ଗୌରୀସା || ୩୯ ||

ତୁଲସୀଦାସ ସଦା ହରି ଚେରା | କୀଜୈ ନାଥ ହୃଦୟ ମହଁ ଡେରା || ୪୦ ||

• || ଦୋହା ||

ପୱନତନୟ ସଙ୍କଟ ହରନ, ମଂଗଲ ମୂରତି ରୂପ | ରାମ ଲଖନ ସୀତା ସହିତ, ହୃଦୟ ବସହୁ ସୁର ଭୂପ ||

• || ଇତି ||

• Shree Hanumān Chālisā In Hindi And English :-

• Hindi In Devanagari & English In Hunterian (Hin-English)

• Doha :-

Devanagari श्री गुरु चरन सरोज रज, निज मन मुकुरु सुधारि । बरनौ रघुवर बिमल जसु, जो दायकु फल चारि ॥

Hunterian shrī guru charana saroja raja, nija mana mukuru sudhāri । baranau raghuvara bimala jasu, jo dāyaku phala chāri ॥

Devanagari बुद्धिहीन तनु जानिके, सुमिरौ पवनकुमार । बल बुद्धि विद्या देहु मोहि हरहु कलेस विकार ॥

Hunterian buddhihīna tanu jānike, sumirau pavanakumāra । bala budhi vidyā dehu mohi harahu kalesa vikāra ॥

• Choupai :-

Devanagari जय हनुमान ज्ञान गुन सागर । जय कपीस तिहुँ लोक उजागर ॥ १ ॥

Hunterian jaya hanumāna gyāna guna sāgara । jaya kapīsa tihu loka ujāgara ॥ 1 ॥

Devanagari राम दूत अतुलित बल धामा । अंजनि पुत्र पवनसुत नामा ॥ २ ॥

Hunterian rāma dūta atulita bala dhāmā । anjani putra pavanasuta nāmā ॥ 2 ॥

Devanagari महावीर विक्रम बजरंगी । कुमति निवार सुमति के संगी ॥ ३ ॥

Hunterian mahāvīra vikrama bajarangī । kumati nivāra sumati ke sangī ॥ 3 ॥

Devanagari कंचन बरन बिराज सुबेसा । कानन कुंडल कुंचित केसा ॥ ४ ॥

Hunterian kanchana barana birāja subesā । kānana kundala kunchita kesā ॥ 4 ॥

Devanagari हाथ बज्र औ ध्वजा बिराजै । काँधे मूँज जनेऊ साजै ॥ ५ ॥

Hunterian hātha bajra au dhvajā birājai । kādhe mūnja janeū sājai ॥ 5 ॥

Devanagari शंकर सुवन केसरी नंदन । तेज प्रताप महा जग बंदन ॥ ६ ॥

Hunterian shankara suvana kesarī nandana । teja pratāpa mahā jaga bandana ॥ 6 ॥

Devanagari विद्यावान गुनी अति चातुर । राम काज करिबे को आतुर ॥ ७ ॥

Hunterian vidyāvāna gunī ati chātura । rāma kāja karibe ko ātura ॥ 7 ॥

Devanagari प्रभु चरित्र सुनिबे को रसिया । राम लखन सीता मन बसिया ॥ ८ ॥

Hunterian prabhu charitra sunibe ko rasiyā । rāma lakhana sītā mana basiyā ॥ 8 ॥

Devanagari सूक्ष्म रूप धरी सियहिं दिखावा । बिकट रूप धरि लंक जरावा ॥ ९ ॥

Hunterian sūkshma rūpa dhari siyahi dikhāvā । bikata rūpa dhari lanka jarāvā ॥ 9 ॥

Devanagari भीम रूप धरि असुर सँहारे । रामचन्द्र के काज सँवारे ॥ १० ॥

Hunterian bhīma rūpa dhari asura sahāre । rāmachandra ke kāja savāre ॥ 10 ॥

Devanagari लाय सँजीवनि लखन जियाए । श्रीरघुबीर हरषि उर लाए ॥ ११ ॥

Hunterian lāya sajīvani lakhana jiyāe । shrī raghubīra harashi ura lāe ॥ 11 ॥

Devanagari रघुपति कीन्हीं बहुत बड़ाई । तुम मम प्रिय भरतहि सम भाई ॥ १२ ॥

Hunterian raghupati kīnhī bahut barāī । tuma mama priya bharatahi sama bhāī ॥ 12 ॥

Devanagari सहस बदन तुम्हरो जस गावैं । अस कहि श्रीपति कंठ लगावैं ॥ १३ ॥

Hunterian sahasa badana tumharo jasa gāvai । asa kahi shrīpati kantha lagāvai ॥ 13 ॥

Devanagari सनकादिक ब्रह्मादि मुनीसा । नारद सारद सहित अहीसा ॥ १४ ॥

Hunterian sanakādika brahmādi munīsā । nārada sārada sahita ahīsā ॥ 14 ॥

Devanagari जम कुबेर दिक्पाल जहाँ ते । कबी कोबिद कहि सकैं कहाँ ते ॥ १५ ॥

Hunterian jama kubera dikpāla jahā te । kabi kobida kahi sakai kahā te ॥ 15 ॥

Devanagari तुम उपकार सुग्रीवहिं कीन्हा । राम मिलाय राजपद दीन्हा ॥ १६ ॥

Hunterian tuma upakāra sugrīvahi kīnhā । rāma milāya rājapada dīnhā ॥ 16 ॥

Devanagari तुम्हरो मन्त्र बिभीषन माना । लंकेश्वर भए सब जग जाना ॥ १७ ॥

Hunterian tumharo mantra bibhīshana mānā । lankeshvara bhae saba jaga jānā।॥ 17 ॥

Devanagari जुग सहस्र जोजन पर भानू । लील्यो ताहि मधुर फल जानू ॥ १८ ॥

Hunterian juga sahasra jojana para bhānū । līlyo tāhi madhura phala jānū ॥ 18 ॥

Devanagari प्रभु मुद्रिका मेलि मुख माहीं । जलधि लाँघि गये अचरज नाहीं ॥ १९ ॥

Hunterian prabhu mudrikā meli mukha māhī । jaladhi lāghi gaye acharaja nāhī ॥ 19 ॥

Devanagari दुर्गम काज जगत के जेते । सुगम अनुग्रह तुम्हरे तेते ॥ २० ॥

Hunterian durgama kāja jagata ke jete । sugama anugraha tumhare tete ॥ 20 ॥

Devanagari राम दुआरे तुम रखवारे । होत न आज्ञा बिनु पैसारे ॥ २१ ॥

Hunterian rāma duāre tuma rakhavāre । hota na āgyā binu paisāre ॥ 21 ॥

Devanagari सब सुख लहै तुम्हारी शरना । तुम रक्षक काहू को डरना ॥ २२ ॥

Hunterian saba sukha lahai tumhārī saranā । tuma rakshaka kāhū ko daranā ॥ 22 ॥

Devanagari आपन तेज सम्हारो आपै । तीनौं लोक हाँक ते काँपे ॥ २३ ॥

Hunterian āpana teja samhāro āpai । tinau loka hāka te kāpai ॥ 23 ॥

Devanagari भूत पिशाच निकट नहिं आवै । महाबीर जब नाम सुनावै ॥ २४ ॥

Hunterian bhūta pishācha nikata nahi āvai । mahābīra jaba nāma sunāvai ॥ 24 ॥

Devanagari नासै रोग हरै सब पीरा । जपत निरंतर हनुमत बीरा ॥ २५ ॥

Hunterian nāsai roga harai saba pīrā । japata nirantara hanumata bīrā ॥ 25 ॥

Devanagari संकट तें हनुमान छुड़ावै । मन क्रम बचन ध्यान जो लावै ॥ २६ ॥

Hunterian sankata te hanumāna chhudāvai । mana krama bachana dhyāna jo lāvai ॥ 26 ॥

Devanagari सब पर राम तपस्वी राजा । तिन के काज सकल तुम साजा ॥ २७ ॥

Hunterian saba para rāma tapasvī rājā । tina ke kāja sakala tuma sājā ॥ 27 ॥

Devanagari और मनोरथ जो कोई लावै । सोहि अमित जीवन फल पावै ॥ २८ ॥

Hunterian aura manoratha jo koī lāvai । Sohi amita jīvana phala pāvai ॥ 28 ॥

Devanagari चारों जुग परताप तुम्हारा । है परसिद्ध जगत उजियारा ॥ २९ ॥

Hunterian chāro juga para tāpa tumhārā । hai parasiddha jagata ujiyyārā ॥ 29 ॥

Devanagari साधु संत के तुम रखवारे । असुर निकंदन राम दुलारे ॥ ३० ॥

Hunterian sādhu santa ke tuma rakhavāre । asura nikandana rāma dulāre ॥ 30 ॥

Devanagari अष्ट सिद्धि नौ निधि के दाता । अस बर दीन्ह जानकी माता ॥ ३१ ॥

Hunterian ashta siddhi nau nidhi ke dātā । asa bara dīnha jānakī mātā ॥ 31 ॥

Devanagari राम रसायन तुम्हरे पासा । सदा रहो रघुपति के दासा ॥ ३२ ॥

Hunterian rāma rasāyana tumhare pāsā । sadā raho raghupati ke dāsā ॥ 32 ॥

Devanagari तुम्हरे भजन राम को पावै । जनम जनम के दुख बिसराव ॥ ३३ ॥

Hunterian tumhare bhajana rāma ko pāvai । janama janama ke dukha bisarāvai ॥ 33 ॥

Devanagari अंत काल रघुबर पुर जाई । जहाँ जन्म हरिभक्त कहाई ॥ ३४ ॥

Hunterian anta kāla raghubara pura jāī । jahā janma hari bhakta kahāī ॥ 34 ॥

Devanagari और देवता चित्त न धरई । हनुमत सेइ सर्व सुख करई ॥ ३५ ॥

Hunterian aura devatā chitta na dharaī । hanumata sei sarba sukha karaī ॥ 35 ॥

Devanagari संकट कटै मिटै सब पीरा । जो सुमिरै हनुमत बलबीरा ॥ ३६ ॥

Hunterian sankata katai mitai saba pīrā । jo sumirai hanumata balabīrā ॥ 36 ॥

Devanagari जय जय जय हनुमान गोसाईं । कृपा करहु गुरुदेव की नाईं ॥ ३७ ॥

Hunterian jaya jaya jaya hanumāna gosāī । kripā karahu gurudeva kī nāī ॥ 37 ॥

Devanagari जो शत बार पाठ कर कोई । छूटहि बंदि महा सुख होई ॥ ३८ ॥

Hunterian jo shata bāra pātha kara koī । chhūtahi bandi mahā sukha hoī ॥ 38 ॥

Devanagari जो यह पढे हनुमान चालीसा । होय सिद्धि साखी गौरीसा ॥ ३९ ॥

Hunterian jo yaha padhai hanumāna chālīsā । hoya siddha sākhī gaurīsā।॥ 39 ॥

Devanagari तुलसीदास सदा हरि चेरा । कीजै नाथ हृदय महँ डेरा ॥ ४० ॥

Hunterian tulasīdāsa sadā hari cherā । kījai nātha hridaya maha derā ॥ 40 ॥

• Doha :-

Devanagari पवनतनय संकट हरन मंगल मूरति रूप । राम लखन सीता सहित हृदय बसहु सुर भूप ॥

Hunterian pavantanaya sankata harana mangala mūrati rūpa । rāma lakhan sītā sahita hridaya basahu sura bhūpa ॥

• || समाप्त ||

• || End ||

Shiva Tandava Stotram
शिव ताण्डव स्तोत्र :-

जटा टवी गलज्जलप्रवाह पावितस्थले गलेऽव लम्ब्यलम्बितां भुजंगतुंग मालिकाम्‌।डमड्डमड्डमड्डमन्निनाद वड्डमर्वयं चकारचण्डताण्डवं तनोतु नः शिव: शिवम्‌ ॥१॥

जटाकटा हसंभ्रम भ्रमन्निलिंपनिर्झरी विलोलवीचिवल्लरी विराजमानमूर्धनि।धगद्धगद्धगज्ज्वल ल्ललाटपट्टपावके किशोरचंद्रशेखरे रतिः प्रतिक्षणं मम: ॥२॥

धराधरेंद्रनंदिनी विलासबन्धुबन्धुर स्फुरद्दिगंतसंतति प्रमोद मानमानसे।कृपाकटाक्षधोरणी निरुद्धदुर्धरापदि क्वचिद्विगम्बरे मनोविनोदमेतु वस्तुनि ॥३॥

जटाभुजंगपिंगल स्फुरत्फणामणिप्रभा कदंबकुंकुमद्रव प्रलिप्तदिग्व धूमुखे।मदांधसिंधु रस्फुरत्वगुत्तरीयमेदुरे मनोविनोदद्भुतं बिंभर्तुभूत भर्तरि ॥४॥

सहस्रलोचन प्रभृत्यशेषलेखशेखर प्रसूनधूलिधोरणी विधूसरां घ्रिपीठभूः।भुजंगराजमालया निबद्धजाटजूटकः श्रियैचिरायजायतां चकोरबंधुशेखरः ॥५॥

ललाटचत्वरज्वल द्धनंजयस्फुलिंगभा निपीतपंच सायकंनम न्निलिंपनायकम्‌।सुधामयूखलेखया विराजमानशेखरं महाकपालिसंपदे शिरोजटालमस्तुनः ॥६॥

करालभालपट्टिका धगद्धगद्धगज्ज्वल द्धनंजया धरीकृतप्रचंड पंचसायके।धराधरेंद्रनंदिनी कुचाग्रचित्रपत्र कप्रकल्पनैकशिल्पिनी त्रिलोचनेरतिर्मम ॥७॥

नवीनमेघमंडली निरुद्धदुर्धरस्फुर त्कुहुनिशीथनीतमः प्रबद्धबद्धकन्धरः।निलिम्पनिर्झरीधरस्तनोतु कृत्तिसिंधुरः कलानिधानबंधुरः श्रियं जगंद्धुरंधरः ॥८॥

प्रफुल्लनीलपंकज प्रपंचकालिमप्रभा विडंबि कंठकंध रारुचि प्रबंधकंधरम्‌।स्मरच्छिदं पुरच्छिंद भवच्छिदं मखच्छिदं गजच्छिदांधकच्छिदं तमंतकच्छिदं भजे ॥९॥

अखर्वसर्वमंगला कलाकदम्बमंजरी रसप्रवाह माधुरी विजृंभणा मधुव्रतम्‌।स्मरांतकं पुरातकं भावंतकं मखांतकं गजांतकांधकांतकं तमंतकांतकं भजे ॥१०॥

जयत्वदभ्रविभ्रम भ्रमद्भुजंगमस्फुरद्ध गद्धगद्विनिर्गमत्कराल भाल हव्यवाट्।धिमिद्धिमिद्धि मिध्वनन्मृदंग तुंगमंगलध्वनिक्रमप्रवर्तित: प्रचण्ड ताण्डवः शिवः ॥११॥

दृषद्विचित्रतल्पयो र्भुजंगमौक्तिकमस्र जोर्गरिष्ठरत्नलोष्ठयोः सुहृद्विपक्षपक्षयोः।तृणारविंदचक्षुषोः प्रजामहीमहेन्द्रयोः समं प्रवर्तयन्मनः कदा सदाशिवं भजे ॥१२॥

कदा निलिंपनिर्झरी निकुंजकोटरे वसन्‌ विमुक्तदुर्मतिः सदा शिरःस्थमंजलिं वहन्‌।विमुक्तलोललोचनो ललामभाललग्नकः शिवेति मंत्रमुच्चरन्‌ कदा सुखी भवाम्यहम्‌ ॥१३॥

निलिम्प नाथनागरी कदम्ब मौलमल्लिका-निगुम्फनिर्भक्षरन्म धूष्णिकामनोहरः।तनोतु नो मनोमुदं विनोदिनींमहनिशं परिश्रय परं पदं तदंगजत्विषां चयः ॥१४॥

प्रचण्ड वाडवानल प्रभाशुभप्रचारणी महाष्टसिद्धिकामिनी जनावहूत जल्पना।विमुक्त वाम लोचनो विवाहकालिकध्वनिः शिवेति मन्त्रभूषगो जगज्जयाय जायताम्‌ ॥१५॥

इमं हि नित्यमेव मुक्तमुक्तमोत्तम स्तवं पठन्स्मरन्‌ ब्रुवन्नरो विशुद्धमेति संततम्‌।हरे गुरौ सुभक्तिमाशु याति नान्यथागतिं विमोहनं हि देहिनांं सुशंकरस्य चिंतनम् ॥१६॥

पूजाऽवसानसमये दशवक्रत्रगीतं यः शम्भूपूजनपरम् पठति प्रदोषे।तस्य स्थिरां रथगजेंद्रतुरंगयुक्तां लक्ष्मी सदैव सुमुखीं प्रददाति शम्भुः ॥१७॥

॥ इति रावणकृतं शिव ताण्डवस्तोत्रं सम्पूर्णम् ॥

भाषांतर :-

जटाटवी-गलज्जल-प्रवाह-पावित-स्थले गलेऽव-लम्ब्य-लम्बितां-भुजंग-तुंग-मालिकाम्  डमड्डमड्डमड्डम-न्निनादव-ड्डमर्वयं चकार-चण्ड्ताण्डवं-तनोतु-नः शिवः शिवम् ॥१॥

(जिन शिव जी की सघन, वनरूपी जटा से प्रवाहित हो गंगा जी की धारायं उनके कंठ को प्रक्षालित होती हैं, जिनके गले में बडे एवं लम्बे सर्पों की मालाएं लटक रहीं हैं, तथा जो शिव जी डम-डम डमरू बजा कर प्रचण्ड ताण्डव करते हैं, वे शिवजी हमारा कल्याण करें। )

जटा-कटा-हसं-भ्रमभ्रमन्नि-लिम्प-निर्झरी- -विलोलवी-चिवल्लरी-विराजमान-मूर्धनि. धगद्धगद्धग-ज्ज्वल-ल्ललाट-पट्ट-पावके किशोरचन्द्रशेखरे रतिः प्रतिक्षणं मम ॥२॥

(जिन शिव जी के जटाओं में अतिवेग से विलास पुर्वक भ्रमण कर रही देवी गंगा की लहरे उनके शिश पर लहरा रहीं हैं, जिनके मस्तक पर अग्नि की प्रचण्ड ज्वालायें धधक-धधक करके प्रज्वलित हो रहीं हैं, उन बाल चंद्रमा से विभूषित शिवजी में मेरा अनुराग प्रतिक्षण बढता रहे। )

धरा-धरेन्द्र-नंदिनीविलास-बन्धु-बन्धुर स्फुर-द्दिगन्त-सन्ततिप्रमोद-मान-मानसे. कृपा-कटाक्ष-धोरणी-निरुद्ध-दुर्धरापदि क्वचि-द्दिगम्बरे-मनो विनोदमेतु वस्तुनि ॥३॥

(जो पर्वतराजसुता(पार्वती जी) केअ विलासमय रमणिय कटाक्षों में परम आनन्दित चित्त रहते हैं, जिनके मस्तक में सम्पूर्ण सृष्टि एवं प्राणीगण वास करते हैं, तथा जिनके कृपादृष्टि मात्र से भक्तों की समस्त विपत्तियां दूर हो जाती हैं, ऐसे दिगम्बर (आकाश को वस्त्र सामान धारण करने वाले) शिवजी की आराधना से मेरा चित्त सर्वदा आन्दित रहे। )

जटा-भुजंग-पिंगल-स्फुरत्फणा-मणिप्रभा कदम्ब-कुंकुम-द्रवप्रलिप्त-दिग्व-धूमुखे  मदान्ध-सिन्धुर-स्फुरत्त्व-गुत्तरी-यमे-दुरे मनो विनोदमद्भुतं-बिभर्तु-भूतभर्तरि ॥४॥

(मैं उन शिवजी की भक्ति में आन्दित रहूँ जो सभी प्राणियों की के आधार एवं रक्षक हैं, जिनके जाटाओं में लिपटे सर्पों के फण की मणियों के प्रकाश पीले वर्ण प्रभा-समुहरूपकेसर के कातिं से दिशाओं को प्रकाशित करते हैं और जो गजचर्म से विभुषित हैं। )

सहस्रलोचनप्रभृत्य-शेष-लेख-शेखर प्रसून-धूलि-धोरणी-विधू-सरांघ्रि-पीठभूः  भुजंगराज-मालया-निबद्ध-जाटजूटक: श्रियै-चिराय-जायतां चकोर-बन्धु-शेखरः ॥५॥

(जिन शिव जी का चरण इन्द्र-विष्णु आदि देवताओं के मस्तक के पुष्पों के धूल से रंजित हैं (जिन्हे देवतागण अपने सर के पुष्प अर्पन करते हैं), जिनकी जटा पर लाल सर्प विराजमान है, वो चन्द्रशेखर हमें चिरकाल के लिए सम्पदा दें। )

ललाट-चत्वर-ज्वलद्धनंजय-स्फुलिंगभा- निपीत-पंच-सायकं-नमन्नि-लिम्प-नायकम्  सुधा-मयूख-लेखया-विराजमान-शेखरं महाकपालि-सम्पदे-शिरो-जटाल-मस्तुनः ॥६॥

(जिन शिव जी ने इन्द्रादि देवताओं का गर्व दहन करते हुए, कामदेव को अपने विशाल मस्तक की अग्नि ज्वाला से भस्म कर दिया, तथा जो सभि देवों द्वारा पुज्य हैं, तथा चन्द्रमा और गंगा द्वारा सुशोभित हैं, वे मुझे सिद्दी प्रदान करें। )

कराल-भाल-पट्टिका-धगद्धगद्धग-ज्ज्वल द्धनंज-याहुतीकृत-प्रचण्डपंच-सायके  धरा-धरेन्द्र-नन्दिनी-कुचाग्रचित्र-पत्रक -प्रकल्प-नैकशिल्पिनि-त्रिलोचने-रतिर्मम ॥७॥

(जिनके मस्तक से धक-धक करती प्रचण्ड ज्वाला ने कामदेव को भस्म कर दिया तथा जो शिव पार्वती जी के स्तन के अग्र भाग पर चित्रकारी करने में अति चतुर है ( यहाँ पार्वती प्रकृति हैं, तथा चित्रकारी सृजन है), उन शिव जी में मेरी प्रीति अटल हो। )

नवीन-मेघ-मण्डली-निरुद्ध-दुर्धर-स्फुरत् कुहू-निशी-थिनी-तमः प्रबन्ध-बद्ध-कन्धरः  निलिम्प-निर्झरी-धरस्त-नोतु कृत्ति-सिन्धुरः कला-निधान-बन्धुरः श्रियं जगद्धुरंधरः ॥८॥

(जिनका कण्ठ नवीन मेंघों की घटाओं से परिपूर्ण आमवस्या की रात्रि के सामान काला है, जो कि गज-चर्म, गंगा एवं बाल-चन्द्र द्वारा शोभायमान हैं तथा जो कि जगत का बोझ धारण करने वाले हैं, वे शिव जी हमे सभि प्रकार की सम्पनता प्रदान करें। )

प्रफुल्ल-नीलपंकज-प्रपंच-कालिमप्रभा- -वलम्बि-कण्ठ-कन्दली-रुचिप्रबद्ध-कन्धरम्. स्मरच्छिदं पुरच्छिदं भवच्छिदं मखच्छिदं गजच्छिदांधकछिदं तमंतक-च्छिदं भजे ॥९॥

(जिनका कण्ठ और कन्धा पूर्ण खिले हुए नीलकमल की फैली हुई सुन्दर श्याम प्रभा से विभुषित है, जो कामदेव और त्रिपुरासुर के विनाशक, संसार के दु:खो6 के काटने वाले, दक्षयज्ञ विनाशक, गजासुर एवं अन्धकासुर के संहारक हैं तथा जो मृत्यू को वश में करने वाले हैं, मैं उन शिव जी को भजता हूँ। )

अखर्वसर्व-मंग-लाकला-कदंबमंजरी रस-प्रवाह-माधुरी विजृंभणा-मधुव्रतम्. स्मरान्तकं पुरान्तकं भवान्तकं मखान्तकं गजान्त-कान्ध-कान्तकं तमन्तकान्तकं भजे ॥१०॥

(जो कल्यानमय, अविनाशि, समस्त कलाओं के रस का अस्वादन करने वाले हैं, जो कामदेव को भस्म करने वाले हैं, त्रिपुरासुर, गजासुर, अन्धकासुर के सहांरक, दक्षयज्ञविध्वसंक तथा स्वयं यमराज के लिए भी यमस्वरूप हैं, मैं उन शिव जी को भजता हूँ। )

जयत्व-दभ्र-विभ्र-म-भ्रमद्भुजंग-मश्वस- द्विनिर्गमत्क्रम-स्फुरत्कराल-भाल-हव्यवाट् धिमिद्धिमिद्धिमिध्वनन्मृदंग-तुंग-मंगल ध्वनि-क्रम-प्रवर्तित प्रचण्डताण्डवः शिवः ॥११॥

(अतयंत वेग से भ्रमण कर रहे सर्पों के फूफकार से क्रमश: ललाट में बढी हूई प्रचंण अग्नि के मध्य मृदंग की मंगलकारी उच्च धिम-धिम की ध्वनि के साथ ताण्डव नृत्य में लीन शिव जी सर्व प्रकार सुशोभित हो रहे हैं। )

दृष-द्विचित्र-तल्पयोर्भुजंग-मौक्ति-कस्रजोर् -गरिष्ठरत्नलोष्ठयोः सुहृद्वि-पक्षपक्षयोः. तृष्णार-विन्द-चक्षुषोः प्रजा-मही-महेन्द्रयोः समप्रवृतिकः कदा सदाशिवं भजे ॥१२॥

(कठोर पत्थर एवं कोमल शय्या, सर्प एवं मोतियों की मालाओं, बहुमूल्य रत्न एवं मिट्टी के टूकडों, शत्रू एवं मित्रों, राजाओं तथा प्रजाओं, तिनकों तथा कमलों पर सामान दृष्टि रखने वाले शिव को मैं भजता हूँ। )

कदा निलिम्प-निर्झरीनिकुंज-कोटरे वसन् विमुक्त-दुर्मतिः सदा शिरःस्थ-मंजलिं वहन्. विमुक्त-लोल-लोचनो ललाम-भाललग्नकः शिवेति मंत्र-मुच्चरन् कदा सुखी भवाम्यहम् ॥१३॥

(कब मैं गंगा जी के कछारगुञ में निवास करता हुआ, निष्कपट हो, सिर पर अंजली धारण कर चंचल नेत्रों तथा ललाट वाले शिव जी का मंत्रोच्चार करते हुए अक्षय सुख को प्राप्त करूंगा। )

निलिम्प नाथनागरी कदम्ब मौलमल्लिका- निगुम्फनिर्भक्षरन्म धूष्णिकामनोहरः। तनोतु नो मनोमुदं विनोदिनींमहनिशं परिश्रय परं पदं तदंगजत्विषां चयः ॥१४॥

(देवांगनाओं के सिर में गुंधे पुष्पों की मालाओं से झड़ते हुए सुगंधमय राग से मनोहर परमशोभा के धाम महादेव जी के अंगो की सुन्दरताएं परमानन्दयुक्त हमारे मन की प्रसन्नता को सर्वदा बढाती रहे। )

प्रचण्ड वाडवानल प्रभाशुभप्रचारणी महाष्टसिद्धिकामिनी जनावहूत जल्पना। विमुक्त वाम लोचनो विवाहकालिकध्वनिः शिवेति मन्त्रभूषगो जगज्जयाय जायताम्‌ ॥१५॥

(प्रचण्ड वडवानल की भांति पापों को भष्म करने में स्त्री स्वरूपिणी अणिमादिक अष्टमहासिध्दियों तथा चंचल नेत्रों वाली कन्याओं से शिव विवाह समय गान की मंगलध्वनि सब मंत्रों में परमश्रेष्ट शिव मंत्र से पूरित, संसारिक दुःखों को नष्ट कर विजय पायें। )

इमम ही नित्यमेव-मुक्तमुत्तमोत्तमं स्तवं पठन्स्मरन्ब्रुवन्नरो विशुद्धि-मेति-संततम्. हरे गुरौ सुभक्तिमा शुयातिना न्यथा गतिं विमोहनं हि देहिनां सुशंकरस्य चिंतनम् ॥१६॥

(इस उत्त्मोत्त्म शिव ताण्डव स्रोत को नित्य पढने या श्रवण करने मात्र से प्राणि पवित्र हो, परंगुरू शिव में स्थापित हो जाता है तथा सभी प्रकार के भ्रमों से मुक्त हो जाता है। )

पूजावसानसमये दशवक्त्रगीतं यः शंभुपूजनपरं पठति प्रदोषे. तस्य स्थिरां रथ गजेन्द्र तुरंग युक्तां लक्ष्मीं सदैवसुमुखिं प्रददाति शंभुः ॥१७॥

(प्रात: शिवपुजन के अंत में इस रावणकृत शिवताण्डवस्तोत्र के गान से लक्ष्मी स्थिर रहती हैं तथा भक्त रथ, गज, घोडा आदि सम्पदा से सर्वदा युक्त रहता है।)

Stotra :-

The stotra is in the Pañca-cāmara Chanda. It has 16 syllables per line of the quatrain, with laghu (short syllable) and guru (long syllable) characters alternating; the poetic meter is iambic octameter by definition. There are 16 quatrains in total. Both the ninth and tenth quatrains of this hymn conclude with lists of Shiva's epithets as destroyer, even the destroyer of death itself. Alliteration and onomatopoeia create rolling waves of resounding beauty in this example of Hindu devotional poetry. In the final quatrain of the poem, after tiring of rampaging across the earth, Ravana asks, "When will I be happy?" Because of the intensity of his prayers and ascetic meditation, of which this hymn was an example, Ravana received from Shiva powers and a celestial sword called Chandrahas.

Story :-

Ravana is considered to be the biggest and favorite devotee of Lord Shiva. The Ravana whom we know by the name of Lankapati is the brother of Kubera, from whom he had grabbed Lanka to become the king of Lanka himself. After becoming Lankapati, Ravana thought he was invincible. One day, Ravana was going to Lanka, then on the way he saw Mount Kailasa. But even after millions of attempts, Ravana's plane could not climb that Kailasa mountain. Just then, Ravana saw Nandi the bull. When Ravana asked Nandi why he couldn't cross Mount Kailasa, he said that this mountain is the abode of Shiva-Parvati, so no stranger can climb it. In pride, Ravana considered this as an insult and angrily tried to uproot the mountain with all his hands. Due to which that mountain started moving badly. On seeing such a situation of Parvati, Parvati got nervous and complained to Shiva. So Shiva, who wanted to teach him a lesson placed his big toe upon kailasa which caused it to come crashing down over Ravana, Ravana's hand was pressed under the mountain, after which he groaned with pain and started apologizing. Realising the power of Shiva and out of agony he plucked his intestines and played a tune and sang a praise dedicated to Shiva, which, in time came to be known as the Shiva Tandava Stotram. Then Lord Shiva was pleased with his devotion and gave him blessings.

Ramayana



 * • (0) Ramayana And Ramcharitmanas :-

Ramayana is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India, the other being the Mahābhārata. Along with the Mahābhārata, it forms the Hindu Itihasa.The name Ramayana means "Rama" + "Aayana", where as Rama is name of Lord or God and Aayana means Path or Way. The literal meaning of the name is "the journey of Rāma" or "the career of Rāma". The word Ramcharitmanas literally means "Lake of the deeds of Rama". Tulsidas was a great scholar of Sanskrit. However, he wanted the story of Rama to be accessible to the general public and not just the Sanskrit-speaking elite. In order to make the story of Rama as accessible to the layman as to the scholar, Tulsidas chose to write in Awadhi which was the language of general parlance in large parts of north India at the time. Ramcharitmanas, made available the story of Rama to the common man to sing, meditate and perform on. Tulsidas began writing the Ramcharitmanas in Ayodhya in Vikram Samvat 1631 (1574 CE). The exact date is stated within the poem as being the ninth day of the month of Chaitra, which is the birthday of Rama, Rama Navami. Ramcharitmanas was composedat Ayodhya, Varanasi & Chitrakoot. The core of the work is considered by some to be a poetic retelling of the events of the Sanskrit epic Ramayana by Valmiki. The Valmiki Ramayana is centered on the narrative of Rama, the scion of the family tree of king Raghu of the Sun Dynasty. Rama was the crown prince of Ayodhya and is considered in Hindu tradition as the seventh Avatar of Vishnu. However, the Ramacharitmanas is by no means a word-to-word copy of the Valmiki Ramayana nor an abridged re-telling of the latter. Ramcaritmanas has elements from many other Ramayanas written earlier in Sanskrit and other Indian dialects as well as stories from Puranas. This epic narrates the life of Lord Rama, the legendary prince of the Kosala Kingdom. It follows his fourteen-year exile to the forest by his father King Dasharatha, on request of his step-mother Kaikeyi. His travels across forests in India with his wife Sita Ji and brother Lakshmana, the kidnapping of his wife by Ravana, the great king of Lanka, resulting in a war with him, and Ram's eventual return to Ayodhya to be crowned king. This is the culmination point of the epic. The epic divided into seven Kands :- Adi (Bala) Kand, Ayodhya Kand, Aranya Kand, Kishkindha Kand, Sundara Kand, Lanka Kand and Uttara Kand.

• (1) Bāla Kānda (The Child Episode) :-

In the abode of Brahma where Brahma and the other Hindu Devas are found mulling on the ways to rid the earth of Ravana and his excesses. Unable to find a solution, they pray to Shiva and ask him for his guidance on where to find the supreme God who will come to their rescue. Shiva tells them that they don't need to go anywhere to find the Supreme God for he resides in the hearts of his devotees. All the Devas then Pray to the supremenVishnu to rid the earth of the demons wreaking havoc on men as well as Devas. Vishnu shows compassion to all and announces in an Akashvani that he will be born in the Sun Dynasty to save the Devas and His devotees from the demons.

One fine day, Dasharatha, the king of Ayodhya.He had three wives: Kaushalya, Kaikeyi and Sumitra. He was childless for a long time and anxious to produce an heir. He conveys his distress to sage Vasistha, the family guru, and seeks the wayforward. Vasistha comforts Dasharatha and tells him that he will have foursons. Vasistha requests Rishyasringa to perform the Putrakām yajna (vedic yajna for the birth of sons). As a consequence, Rama was first born to Kaushalya, Bharata was born to Kaikeyi, Lakshmana and Shatrughna were born to Sumitra. Tulsidas states that the birth of Rama and his brothers took place on the ninth day of the Chaitra month. It was the fortnight of the moon, known as the shukla period. These sons are endowed, to various degrees, with the essence of the Supreme Trinity Entity Vishnu; Vishnu had opted to be born into mortality to combat the demon Ravana, who was oppressing the gods, and who could only be destroyed by a mortal. The boys were reared as the princes of the realm, receiving instructions from the scriptures and in warfare from Vashistha.

Meanwhile, Rama and his brothers are now grown-up boys. When Rama was 16 years old, The sage Vishvamitra arrives at Dashratha's royal court where the King receives his eminent guest with great honour. Sage Vishvamitra lived in the forest and was performing great sacrifices. However, the demons Maricha and Subahu would always desecrate the ceremonial offerings. He knew that Rama had taken birth on earth to protect his devotees and so he decided to visit Dashratha to ask him a favor. The sage asks the king to let his sons accompany him to the forest. He chooses Rama, who is followed by Lakshmana, his constant companion throughout the story. Reluctantly the king agrees. Rama knew beforehand the intention of Vishvamitra in asking him to come along with him. He assures the sage that he would obey his commands. Rama and Lakshmana receive instructions and supernatural weapons from Vishwamitra and proceed to destroy the demons. Lakshman kills Subahu and Rama kills Tadka and defeats Maricha, the dreaded demons.

In the meanwhile, King Janaka arranges a swayamvara ceremony for his daughter Sita. (One day, a female child was found in the field by the king in the deep furrow dug by his plough. Overwhelmed with joy, the king regarded the child as a "miraculous gift of god". The child was named Sita, the Sanskrit word for furrow. Sita grew up to be a girl of unparalleled beauty and charm). King Janaka sends a messenger with invitation to Sage Vishvamitra to attend the swayamvara. Sage Vishvamitra takes Rama and Lakshmana with him on a journey to reach the beautiful kingdom of the Videhas, Mithila.On the way to Mithila, Rama gives deliverance to Ahalya (cursed by his husband Gautama). The king of Mithila, Janaka, welcomes the great sage and asks him who are the two boys accompanying him.. Janaka is overcome by great emotion as he is able to sense the true nature of their mission. The brothers then set out to discover the beautiful city and visit Janaka's garden (Puspa Vatika). This is an important section of the manās as it portrays the first meeting of Rama and Sita (Rama-Sita Milana).

Sita falls in love with Rama at first sight in Janaka's garden and prays to Parvati that she may get Rama as her husband. At Swayamvara, King Janaka puts a condition to identify the right groom for Sita. The great bow of Shiva by the name of Pinaka was kept in the arena. Any suitor who would be able to string Pinaka would be married to Sita. Many princes try but fail to even nudge the mammoth bow. This causes great distress to Janaka who wonders aloud if the earth has become devoid of brave men. This statement of Janaka angers Lakshman who retorts that no one talks in this vein, when a gathering like this, has the presence of scions of the Sun Dynasty. Rama gently nudges him to keep calm as Vishwamitra asks him to break the bow and make Janaka happy once again. Rama steps in and effortlessly lifts and strings the divine bow. In a swift move, he breaks the bow. The breaking of Pinaka causes a great noise that disturbs the great sage Parashurama in his meditation and he storms into the swayamvara arena in great anger vowing to kill whoever had dared to break the bow of lord Shiva. Lakshman enters into an argument with Parashurama, paying scant respect to the sage who was known for his bursts of anger and was known to slay whoever dared to oppose him. Ultimately, Rama brings him around. Parashurama comes to know the real nature of Lord Rama as the ultimate Brahman, pays his respects and leaves for the forests for meditation. Sita places the wreath of victory around the neck of Rama in accordance with the rules of the swayamvara and is thus wedded to him.

However, Sita being his beloved daughter, Janaka desires to conduct a grand marriage of Sita and Rama in accordance with both Vedic and laukik (traditional) customs. Janaka dispatches messengers to Ayodhya to inform Dasharatha and his family about the marriage of Rama and Sita and invites them for the formal consummation of marriage ceremony. Dasharatha starts with a great marriage procession, consisting of Rama's family, friends and well wishers in addition to Shiva, Brahma and all Devas who take up human form and depart for Mithila. Marriages were arranged between the sons of Dasharatha and daughters of Janaka. Rama gets married to Sita, Lakshmana to Urmila, Bharata to Mandavi and Shatrughna to Shrutakirti.

After a grand wedding, the kind of which had never been witnessed in the universe, Rama and Sita return to Ayodhya where there was a great celebration and much rejoicing.

• (2) Ayodhā Kānda (The Ayodhya Episode) :-

Ayodhya was described as being like a heaven on earth ever since Rama and Sita came back from Mithila. Rama and Sita have been married for twelve years. As King Dasharatha was getting old, he wanted to install his son Rama as Prince Regent. He decided to start the ceremonies for his coronation the very next day. The Devas however became very concerned at the prospect of Rama remaining in Ayodhya and not pursuing the wicked Ravana, and vanquishing him. Something had to happen if Rama was to embark on his mission to rid the world of Ravana. They approached Goddess Saraswati for help.

King Dasharatha has three wives. Queen Kaushalya is the principal queen and the mother of Rama. Queen Kaikeyi is the mother of Bharata and Queen Sumitra is the mother of Lakshman and Shatrughna. Saraswati decides to influence the mind of one of Queen Kaikeyi's maid servants named Manthara. Manthara's mind harbors evil intentions and she begins to talk to Queen Kaikeyi in harsh and conceited tones. She finds fault with Kaikeyi for being supportive of the king's plan of installing Rama, as Prince Regent when her own mind tells her that Bharata would clearly be a greater king. At that time Bharata is in Kaikeya country visiting his uncle and so he is unaware of what is happening in Ayodhya. Slowly Queen Kaikeyi's mind is poisoned. Manthara reminds Queen Kaikeyi of the two boons that the King had promised her. Kaikeyi enters the private room in the royal palace, where the King gives audience to his queens and awaits Dasharatha. Dasharatha is greatly alarmed and concerned that Kaikeyi is sitting in the sulking chamber, while the entire population of Ayodhya is greatly happy and eagerly anticipating the coronation of Rama. Queen Kaikeyi speaks harshly to Dasharatha, which surprises the king. She reminds him of the two boons he promised her and to his bewilderment, asks him to install her son Bharata as Prince Regent and send Rama into the forest for 14 years. Queen Kaikeyi is unmoved by Dasharatha's lamentations and finally the king emotionally breaks down. The king's assistant Sumantra sends for Rama with a request to meet his father.

Queen Kaikeyi speaks to Rama and explains to him the boons that she had asked of His father. Rama is actually the Supreme Personality of Godhead incarnated on earth, yet He accepts His stepmother's request and decides to leave the kingdom as it serves his purpose as well. The people of Ayodhya remonstrate against Queen Kaikeyi who firmly believes that she is doing the right thing. Rama attempts to dissuade Lakshman and Sita from joining him but is unable to do so. So he is joined by Sita and Lakshmana. When he asks Sita not to follow him, she says, "the forest where you dwell is Ayodhya for me and Ayodhya without you is a veritable hell for me". The scene becomes very emotional as Rama, Sita and Lakshman greet their mothers before finally going to Dashratha to take leave of him. Dasharatha attempts, in vain, to try to talk Sita out of joining Rama in the forest.

The residents of Ayodhya can't spare the thought of being away from Rama and decide to join him in the forest. Rama, Sita, Lakshman and Sumantra go incognito and in the dead of the night leave the city and move into the forest. They leave for a place called Sringaverapur after which they meet Guha, the Nishad king. They arrive at Prayag, the holy city where the Rivers Ganges, Yamuna and Saraswati meet. Rama meets with the Sage Bharadwaj at his ashram. Rama is overwhelmed with the reception and love shown by the people inhabiting the banks of the Yamuna. Rama then meets Sage Valmiki, the author of the Ramayan at Chitrakoot dham. Valmiki recognises the true opulence of Rama and sings His praises. At this point Tulsidas takes great care to describe the beauty of the land of Chitrakoot with some inspiring poetry.

Rama asks Sumantra to return to Ayodhya which saddens Sumantra. He not only wants to stay with Rama, he is also afraid of going back only to face the anger and wrath of the citizens of Ayodhya. Rama persuades him to go back. On returning to Ayodhya, Sumantra meets Dasharatha, who asks him the whereabouts of Rama. The pain of separation from Rama is too much for Dasharatha who passes away crying Rama's name.

Sage Vashishtha knows that Rama will not return to the kingdom and so immediately sends an envoy to call Bharata and Shatrughna back to Ayodhya. Meanwhile, Bharata with Shatrughna who was on a visit to his maternal uncle (Kaikeyi's brother), learns about the events in Ayodhya. When Bharata learns of all that has happened and chastises his mother, Queen Kaikeyi. He is greatly pained and blames himself for Rama leaving Ayodhya. He accuses her of bringing ruin to the family. Shatrughna comes across Manthara and beats her in rage. They approach Queen Kaushalya and see her in a sorry state. Bharata begs for her forgiveness and loudly laments while the Queen attempts to pacify him. She asks him to carry out his duty and rule Ayodhya, but Bharata cannot bear the thought of sitting on the throne with his father dead and his brothers in exile in the forest. The cremation of King Dasharatha takes place. Bharata and Shatrughna decide to go into the forest and ask Rama to return to Ayodhya and take the throne. Many citizens as well as the royal family, who have been grieving ever since Rama had left them, decide to join the brothers.

The Nishads see the approaching royal party and become suspicious. Guha approaches Bharata to understand his motive for bringing such a large party to the forest. He assumes that Bharata has some sinister motive. Bharata shows his love for Rama and Guha is moved to tears by his love for his brother. The royal procession then moves forward to Chitrakoot. Lakshman sees the huge army of people with Bharata and immediately begins to chastise Bharata. Rama counters this by praising the greatness of Bharata, leaving Lakshman feeling sorry for his harsh words. Bharata finally arrives at Chitrakoot where the brothers are all reunited once again. They collectively mourn the passing of their father and perform his Shraddha (obsequies) along with Sage Vashistha leading the ceremony (Rama-Bharata Milana).

Despite all of Bharata's convincing, Rama is true to the word given to his father and step mother Kaikeyi, and vows that he will fulfill her wish. Bharata says that he simply cannot sit on the throne while Rama wanders in the forest. He asks Rama for his sandals, which he would place at the throne and would only act as Rama's representative and not as a full-fledged king.

With much sorrow and hurt, Bharata leaves Rama and returns to Ayodhya. He decides that he would not live in the kingdom while Rama is in exile and so lives like a hermit in a nearby town called Nandigram.

• (3) Aranya Kānda (The Forest Episode) :-

Rama, Sita and Lakshman wander in the forest and come across the hermitage of a sage called Atri. Atri sees them approaching and is overcome with great joy. Sita is embraced by Atri's wife, Anasuya. Anusuya talks to Sita at length about the duties of a devoted wife. Anasuya gives Sita Some Jewels and never getting old clothes.

Rama, Sita and Lakshman venture further into the forest and encounter Viradha. Viradha attempts to capture Sita. Rama kills him by burying him in a ditch. They then visit the ashram of Sage Sarabhanga. Rama asks him of where he should go for shelter in the forest. He is advised to visit the sage Sutiksna. As Rama approaches Sutiksna, the latter comes out of his meditation. He tells Rama that he had been awaiting his arrival and had even turned down the offer of entering the heavenly planets.

Thirteen years pass. Continuing on their journey through the forest, they meet with Sage Agastya where Rama pays his respect to the sage. Agastya gifts divine weapons to Rama and advises him to venture further into the forest and into the region of Dandaka. Rama meets with the eagle, Jatayu. Rama, Sita and Lakshman take up abode at Panchavati and build a beautiful ashram, as per the advice of Agastya. Lakshman becomes nostalgic of the past and begins to talk harshly about Kaikeyi. Rama pacifies him and explains that it is sinful to speak of his mother in such a way.

The story takes a new turn, as Rama, Sita and Lakshman are approached by the sister of the demon-king Ravana, called Surpanakha. She immediately takes a liking to Rama and falls in love with him. She disguises herself and talks to Rama in sweet tones. Rama rejects her advances explaining that he is already married and advises her to approach Laksman as he is unmarried. However, Laksman also rejects her advances. Surpanakha takes it as a great insult to be spurned like this, and attempts to hurt Sita. Laksman takes hold of his sword and lops off Surpanakha's ear lobes and nose. Feeling humiliated, Surpanakha leaves the forest and goes to the abode of her brothers Khara, Dusana and Trisira. They are angry at the treatment meted out to their sister and leave with the intention of killing Rama. All three brothers are vanquished by Rama.

Surpanakha is greatly upset and visits Ravana at his residence in Lanka. She explains all that has happened, after which Ravana calls for his old friend Maricha. Ravana hatches a plot and asks Maricha to disguise himself as a golden deer, so that Ravana may then kidnap Sita. Maricha has already felt the power of Rama (as mentioned in Bālakāṇḍa) and is apprehensive, however, he thinks that he is going to die either way since Ravana will kill him in rage for refusing him. Ravana and Marich immediately leave for Rama's forest abode. Maricha takes his position and instantly Sita is attracted by his deer form. (Rama knows that Ravana's intentions and orders Sita to place her shadow (Maya Sita) in her place, while she would hide in the fire.) She asks Rama time and time again to hunt for the deer and bring it to her. Rama runs after the deer and is soon quite a far distance away from the ashram. Rama releases an arrow and hits the deer. Impersonating Rama's voice, Marich shouts out to Lakshman to help him. Maya Sita (hereafter called simply Sita) hears the cry and orders Laksman to go help his brother. Lakshmana tries to assure her that Rama cannot be hurt that easily and that it is best if he continues to follow Ram's orders to protect her. On the verge of hysterics, Sita insists that it is not she but Rama who needs Lakshman's help. He obeys her wish but stipulates that she is not to leave the cottage or entertain any strange. He draws a chalk outline, the Lakshmana rekha, around the cottage and casts a spell on it that prevents anyone from entering the boundary but allows people to exit. With the coast finally clear, Ravana appears in the guise of an ascetic requesting Sita's hospitality. Unaware of her guest's plan, Sita is tricked into leaving the rekha and is then forcibly carried (kidnapped) away by Ravana from the ashram to Lanka in his Pushpak viman. Jatayu, the eagle, sees Ravana's sinful act and attempts to fight with him, but Ravana has too much power and cuts off Jatayu's wings and leaves him for dead. Then, Sita throws her jewelery out of her body for Rama to track her and Some Of jewelery were drpoped down to Sugriva's area.

Rama and Lakshman return to find the ashram empty. They anxiously set out to find Sita and find the severely wounded eagle. Ravana asks Sita to marry him, but she refuses, being eternally devoted to Rama (There, Sita meets Trijata (A rakshasi, Vibhishana's daughter) who, accompanies Sita on a survey of the battlefield of the war between Rama and Ravana, and reassures Sita of Rama's well-being when Sita sees her husband unconscious and presumes him dead. On numerous occasions, she offers solace to Sita and brings news from the outside world; she also dissuades Sita from committing suicide. After Rama's victory and Ravana's death, Trijata is richly rewarded by Sita and Rama). Meanwhile, Rama and Lakshmana learn about Sita's abduction from Jatayu and then Jatayu dies in Rama's lap and receives liberation. During their search, they meet Kabandha (Kabandha was a gandharva (celestial musician) named Vishvavasu or Danu, who was cursed and made into an ugly, carnivorous demon by Indra, the king of the gods, and/or a sage named Ashtavakra. In an encounter with Rama and Lakshmana, the brothers sever his arms and proceed to cremate his corpse. Upon his death, Kabandha resumes his gandharva form and directs Rama to the Rishyamukha mountain, where the exiled monkey-chief Sugriva is hiding.) and the ascetic Shabari (Here in Shabari's ashram, She washes the feet of Ram with tears from her eyes and feeds him half eaten wild berries to ensure he gets only sweet ones. She is given liberation by Rama.), who direct them towards Sugriva and Hanuman. The brothers then head towards the Pampasarovar lake.

• (4) Kiskindhā Kānda (The Kiskindha Region Episode) :-

Kishkindha kanda is set in the ape (Vanara) citadel Kishkindha. High up in the Rishyamukh mountains, Sugriva sees Rama and Laksman at the foothills. He consults Hanuman as to whether he thinks they have been sent by his brother Bali. Hanuman disguises himself as a Brahmin and approaches the brothers. Hanuman recognizes the true nature of Rama as God-incarnation and surrenders himself to his Holy feet. He tells the brothers that his king, Sugriva, wishes to extend his friendship to them and will help them to find Sita (Rama-Hanuman Milana).

There, Sugriva give the Sita's jewelry that he found in forest. Rama asks Sugriva why he resides in the mountains instead of Kishkindha, where Sugriva tells of his feud with his brother Bali (Vali ruled the kingdom of Kishkindha; his subjects were the vanaras. Tara was his wife. One day, a raging demon by the name of Maayaavi came to the gates of the capital and challenged Vali to a fight. Vali accepted the challenge, but when he sallied forth, the demon fled in terror into a deep cave. Vali entered the cave in pursuit of the demon, telling Sugriva to wait outside. When Vali did not return and upon hearing demonic shouts in the cave and seeing blood oozing from its mouth, Sugriva concluded that his brother had been killed. With a heavy heart, Sugriva rolled a boulder to seal the cave's opening, returned to Kishkindha and assumed kingship over the vanaras. Vali, however, ultimately prevailed in his combat with the demon and returned home. Seeing Sugriva acting as king, he concluded that his brother had betrayed him. Though Sugriva humbly attempted to explain himself, Vali would not listen. As a result, Sugriva was ostracized from the kingdom, Vali forcibly took Sugriva's wife Rumā and the brothers became bitter enemies. Sugriva then goes on to live on Rishyamukh as it is the only place on earth that Vali cannot tread on. Vali was previously cursed by Sage Matang and hence cannot lay a foot on this piece of land. Doing so would cause his death.). Rama sympathises with Sugriva and decides to help Sugriva in return for the latter's help in finding Sita. Rama kills Bali and installs Sugriva as king of Kishkindha and Angada, Bali's son, as prince regent (Together, Sugriva and Rama went to seek out Vali. While Rama stood back, Sugriva shouted a challenge and dared him to battle. The brothers rushed at each other, fighting with trees and stones, with fists, nails and teeth. They were evenly matched and indistinguishable to the observer, until Sugriva's counsellor Hanuman stepped forward and placed a garland of flowers around Sugriva's neck. It was then that Rama emerged with his bow and drove an arrow through Vali's heart).Rama gives Sugriva 4 months to regain the control over his kingdom (Because, Rainy season starts in this 4 months and can't do search for Sita in Rain and they stayed at the Rishyamukh mountain), After 4 months; in the month of Kartika, Sugriva becomes too attached to his new regal lifestyle and forgets about his agreement with Rama, which fills Rama with great anger. Rama asks Lakshman to bring Sugriva to him. Lakshman enters the royal court and threatens to burn the entire city to ashes. The clever former ape queen Tara (wife of Vali) calmly intervenes to prevent an enraged Lakshmana from destroying the ape citadel. She then eloquently convinces Sugriva to honour his pledge. Sugriva is gravely worried and asks Hanuman to pacify him. Lakshman escorts Sugriva to Rama and upon seeing Him, Sugriva falls as his feet and begs forgiveness.

Sugriva immediately orders the gathering of the region's bear and monkey community. Armies of bears and monkeys are dispatched north, south, east and west to search for Sita. Rama knew that only Hanuman was really capable of finding Sita. He asks Hanuman to narrate the agony of separation from her and then hands over his ring. Hanuman is joined by Angad, Nala, Nila and Jambavan as well as many others as they head to the south. While on there search for Sita, Hanuman and his army of monkeys were looking for water when they found a cave which belonged to Swayamprabha. There was so much water and food in the cave that all the monkeys did was eat, swim and rest. After a brief while Hanuman instructed his army to continue the search for Sita to which Swayamprabha said there was no need to get tired and look for someone when they could simply eat and have rest and enjoy (The forest part belonged to the mother of Queen Mandodari, Hema. The cave, was designed by May Daanav, father of Mandodari. Acetic Swayamprabha was nominated as a caretaker for the region). To this Hanuman told her about his mission and stated that there was joy in satisfying others and that only serving others can bring true happiness. She realised that she had been a fool all her life by just enjoying the luxuries of the cave and never helping anyone else. She decided to help Hanuman and his army to feel how it'd be to help others. So by using her powers she transported Hanuman and his army to the southernmost part of the country which happened to be a beach. As the army approach the coast, Jambavan and Angad see a cave by the shore of the ocean. The cave is occupied by Sampati (who is actually Jatayu's older brother). There is a conversation during which Angad explains that Jatayu died serving Rama and thereafter Sampati narrates his biography. He tells the monkeys that he is sure that Sita is captive in Ashok Vatika in Lanka. The island is 400 miles away and requires someone who is able to jump the distance. Jambavan deduces that Hanuman is the only one capable of the task.

• (5) Sundara Kānda (The Pleasant Episode) :-

Sundara kand forms the heart of Valmiki's Ramyana and consists of a detailed, vivid account of Hanuman's adventures.

Jambavan knows from prior events that Hanuman used to be able to do such a feat with ease, and lifts his curse. The curse lifted, Hanuman now remembers all of his godlike powers (Because, In his childhood, Hanuman with his friends begins using his supernatural powers on innocent bystanders as simple pranks, until one day he pranks a meditating sage. In fury, the sage curses Hanuman to forget the vast majority of his powers, unless someone who will remember his power). Hanuman takes Jambavan's suggestion and immediately takes off for Lanka. He climbs onto the mountain and using it as a pivot, launches himself into the air. He meets, A Gandharva kanya Surasa, the mother of serpents, who wants to test his abilities and tries to capture Hanuman and he passes her test. The ocean demoness, Simhika was hiding in the ocean and captured Hanuman's shadow, Hanuman dived into her mouth and came out tearing up her stomach, ending the life of Simhika (Simhika, or Sinhika, was the daughter of Demon king Hiranyakashipu and was the sister of the Vishnu devotee Bhakt Prahlada. She is also considered as the mother of Svarbhānu, who was beheaded into two by Lord Vishnu into Rahu, the head part and Ketu, the remaining body. Simhika got the boon from Brahma that she can control anyone's shadow.). He encounters a mountain named Mainakudu who offers Hanuman assistance and offers him rest. Hanuman refuses because there is little time remaining to complete the search for Sita. Then he lands on the shore of the ocean in Lanka. He sees beautiful lush gardens, groves, lakes and reservoirs. Hanuman takes a minute form and, remembering Rama, enters Lanka. After entering into Lanka, he finds a demon, Lankini, who protects all of Lanka. Hanuman fights with her and subjugates her in order to get into Lanka. In the process Lankini, who had an earlier vision/warning from the gods that the end of Lanka nears if someone defeats Lankini. Here, Hanuman explores the demons' kingdom and spies on Ravana.

Hanuman flies through the various palaces and gardens for his search of Sita and amongst all the demonic activities going on in Lanka, Hanuman sees a palace where Sri Hari's name is being chanted. He is drawn towards the palace and decides to visit the inhabitant. The palace belongs to Ravana's brother, Vibhishan. Hanuman disguises himself as a Brahmin and narrates Rama katha (story) and then introduces himself. Vibhishana told that Sita was captured at Ashok Vatika. Hanuman proceeds to Ashok Vatika where he finally sees Sita. He positions himself on a branch of a tree, under which Sita was sitting and contemplates his next move. He sees Ravana walk towards Sita and beg her to glance at least once toward him and gives 1 month of time to marry him. She simply looks at a blade of grass to insult him. Ravana threatens to behead Sita but is calmed down by his wife, Mandodari. Hanuman has to use all his powers of calm not to react to Ravana's threats. When all is quiet again, Hanuman begins to sing the glory of Rama in sweet tones. Hanuman reassures Sita, giving Ram's signet ring as a sign of good faith. He offers to carry Sita back to Ram; however, she refuses and says that it is not the dharma, stating that Ramyana will not have significance if Hanuman carries her to Rama – "When Rama is not there Ravana carried Sita forcibly and when Ravana was not there, Hanuman carried Sita back to Ram". She says that Rama himself must come and avenge the insult of her abduction. Then she blesses Hanuman with many kind words and boons.

Hanuman tells Sita that he is hungry and asks for her permission to eat fruits from the grove. He not only eats but manages to destroy large parts of it. He easily kills one of Ravana's sons, prince Akshayakumara. Indrajit arrives in the grove and Hanuman allows himself to be captured. He is brought in front of the king of Lanka, Ravana. Hanuman gives a bold lecture to Ravana to release Sita. Ravana orders his death, however, Vibhishan reminds him that Hanuman is an envoy and cannot be killed according to religious principle. Ravana decides to humiliate Hanuman by setting his tail on fire. Large amounts of clothes are tied to his tail and soaked in oil. Hanuman chants the name of Rama and his tail begins to get longer and more cloth and oil is used. He changes from his small form into a gigantic form and he escapes his bonds and leaping from roof to roof, sets fire to Ravana's citadel and torch alight the whole of Lanka except Vibhishana's house.

He returns to the ocean to extinguish his tail and then goes to Sita to reassure her that the next time she sees him, it will be with Rama. He asks for some sign to Sita, for Rama to assure that he met Sita and Sita give her Chudamani (Hairclip) as a sign. He bids farewell to Sita and leaps back towards Angad and Jambavan. The monkey army then ventures back to where Sugriva, Rama and Lakshman are waiting. On arrival, Hanuman explains all that happened and gives that Chudamani to Rama. Immediately an army is prepared to go south towards Lanka.

Meanwhile, in Lanka, both Mandodari and Vibhishan ask Ravana to hand Sita back to Rama. Ravana takes great exception to this suggestion and begins to insult Vibhishan particularly. He tells him he has no need for a weakling like him and that he is no longer needed. Vibhishan decides to join Rama at South coast. Vibhishan falls at Ram's feet and asks him for protection. There Vibhishana is crowned as the King of Lanka by Rama. The army deliberate over how to cross the ocean to Lanka.

• (6) Lankā Kānda / Yuddha Kānda (The Lanka Episode) :-

Rama remembers Lord Shiva and decides to install a shrine for Rameswaram. Rama worships the god of the ocean, Varuna and requests him to make way. When Varuna does not appear before Rama, Rama starts shooting various weapons at the sea, which starts drying up. A terrified Varuna pleads to Rama. Though he refuses to give way, he gives Rama a solution. He tells Rama that Nala and Nila, two son of Vishwakarma - the architect of the gods, is amongst his vanara army; Nala and Nila have the necessary expertise of an architect, owing to a boon from his divine father that every thing they throw to water will float. Varuna suggests that Rama construct a bridge across the ocean to Lanka, under the supervision of Nala and Nila. Jambavan asks the monkey brothers Nala and Nila to begin work on building the bridge across the sea. The Mānas states that entire mountain ranges were used by Nala and Nila to complete their objective. Nala and Nila volunteers for the task and also comments that the arrogance of the Ocean (Varuna) was tamed by Rama with a threat when love had failed. The vanaras fell mighty trees, and collect logs of wood and giant boulders and cast them in the sea. With the help of the vanara army, Nala and Nila completes the 80 miles (130 km) (ten yojana) bridge in just five days. Upon completion, the army of Rama begins to cross the bridge and arrives at Lanka, taking camp on Mount Suvela. Ravana hears of the advances of Rama's army and feels greatly agitated. Then, he went to Sita to ask her again to marry him but, now he set a trick to get Sita's acceptance about marriage. He told Sita that he has killed Rama and shows her Rama's head (It is a trick by Ravana) and ask her to marry him again but, she refused again. As he goes back to his palace, the trick immediately fails and Sita knows that it was a trick. Mandodari asks Ravana to return Sita to Rama as she fears for her husband's life. Ravana is dismissive of Rama's power and pacifies his wife. Next, Ravana's son Prahasta attempts to reinforce his mother's sentiments, but all to no avail.

Rama fires a warning shot from his retreat in Suvela. The arrow strikes Ravana's crown and royal umbrella. Mandodari once again attempts to convince Ravana of handing Sita back to Rama. Ravana sent his two spy Suka and Sharana to Rama's camp to get info about their power and positios. They disguise as monkey and went to camp, There they caught by Vibhishana after getting info, but Rama forgive them and they return to Ravana's palace and told all the info to Ravana. Meanwhile, Rama asks Jambavan what should be done. Jambavan suggests that they should send Angada, as messenger, to give Ravana a chance to return Sita. Angada went to Ravana's court and gave him a last warning but Ravana offered him to join him stating that his father Bali, was his friend. Angada however rejected Ravana's advances and said that there was nothing as good as serving Shri Rama and then he made fun of Ravana in front of the entire court. He then challenged them that if anyone could move his leg he on behalf of Shri Rama would take the entire army back and forget about rescuing Mata Sita. Everyone thought it was very easy and took turns to move his leg, but failed to even give it a budge, including Indrajit, the most powerful son of Ravana. Seeing Indrajit defeated, Ravana got up and was about to touch his leg when Angada moved it's leg out of the way and Ravana's crown fell off. He took the crown and said, 'O, foolish Ravana, why do you touch my leg, if you want to touch somebody's leg then go and touch the Lord Shri Rama's leg, where you will be forgiven of your sins. ' He then threw the crown and it went straight and landed in Shri Rama's feet and then flew away before Ravana could seize him. Lord Rama was very pleased of Angada.

The war begins with great ferocity as Ravana loses half of his army on the first day. Prahastha killed several important warriors of Sugriva's army and was actually proving to be a real threat to the army of Rama. As per Valmiki Ramayana, Prahastha was killed by laxman. Nila hurled a rock at Prahastha that broke his neck and finally killed him.

During the war, Ravana went into battle and was humiliated by Rama and his army. He decided he needed the help of his brother Kumbhakarna, who was awakened with great difficulty. He woke up only after one thousand elephants walked over him. When he was informed of the circumstances of Ravana's war with Rama, he tried to convince Ravana that what he was doing was wrong. However, he chose to fight in the battle due to his loyalty to his brother. After becoming drunk, Kumbhakarna went into battle and devastated Rama's army. He knocked Sugriva unconscious, took him prisoner, but was ultimately killed by Rama. When Ravana heard of his brother's death, he fainted and proclaimed that he was truly doomed.

Narantaka was in charge of an army consisting of seventy-two crore (720 million which is approximately 1440 Akshauhini sena) rakshas. He with his army were eventually killed by the vanara Angada. Devantaka is killed by Hanuman during a war. Kumbhakarna's two son; Kumbha and Nikumbha was also killed during the war. Trishira engaged Hanuman in a fight and hit him with a number of arrows. At this Hanuman told him that the arrows were nothing but like flowers being showered on his body. Thereafter, a duel ensued, in which Hanuman killed Trishira. Due to his extraordinary skills and superiority, he had to be slain by Lakshmana by using a Brahmastra, the supremely powerful arrow obtained by the blessings of Lord Brahma. The secret was revealed to Lakshmana by the elemental God of Wind, Vayu at the behest of Lord Indra, that an otherwise invincible armour of Lord Brahma was granted to Atikaya, that could only be pierced by a Brahmastra (Atikaya and his uncle Kumbhakarana are believed to be incarnations of the demons Madhu and Kaitabha, who were killed by Vishnu at the creation of the world).

Ravana takes the news of his sons death very badly and decides to awaken his brother Kumbhakarna. Kumbhakarna kills indiscriminately and wreaks much havoc. Rama releases an arrow which kills him instantly. The death of his brother scares Ravan greatly.

Indrajit, Ravan's son, is required to enter the battle far earlier than he expected. On the first day of his battle with Rama's army, Indrajit was fast with his weapons. He swiftly wiped out the armies of Sugriva, calling on Lord Rama and Lakshmana to come in a direct combat, so he could avenge the deaths of his paternal uncle and his brothers. When Rama and Lakshmana appeared before him, he fought fiercely and made both the brothers unconscious using his most nefarious weapon Nagapash (a trap made of a million snakes). Both the brothers fell on the ground breathless. They were rescued by Garuda on behest of Hanuman. Garuda was the uncle of Jatayu and Sampati and the enemy of the serpents and also the flying vehicle of Vishnu.

When Indrajit came to know that both Rama and Lakshmana had been rescued by Garuda and were still alive, he was livid and vowed to kill at least one of the brothers on that day. When the battle started, he used all his force to cast a havoc on the armies of Sugriva. At this Lakshmana appeared before him and fought a fierce battle with him. Indrajit used his supreme magical powers, darting across the clouds and skies like a bolt of lightning. He combined his skills of sorcery and illusion warfare, repeatedly vanishing and reappearing behind Lakshmana's back. He was invisible but his arrows injured Lakshmana. Indrajit used the Vasavi Sakthi (Shaktiveda) against Lakshmana, and upon being impaled Lakshmana fell unconscious. Hanumanji is ordered to fetch the doctor of Lanka called Sushena. While finding Sushena in Lanka, Hanuman take his whole house with him to Rama. After Checking Lakshman, Sushena tells Rama that there is mountain of Dronagiri (Gandhamardana) at the Himalaya, Where they can find the remedy (the magical herb - Sanjivani) for the weapon used by Indrajit and cured him if available before sunrise. It is the only hope to save Lakshman. Hanuman was the only one who could make the journey so quickly. Hanuman immediately reassures Rama that he shall find this herb and was thus sent to the mountain.

Ravana Realises that if Lakshmana dies, then distraught Rama would probably give up his fight. As Hanuman is about to leave, Ravana orders the demon Kalanemi to impede him. Kalanemi then goes to Dronagiri (By teleporting himself) and there he disguise as a Rama bhakt sage and chanting Rama nama and wait for Hanuman. When Hanuman arrived he heard the Rama nama and went to that sage. There the sage told Hanuman to have bath before touch the Sanjivini herb. While Hanuman bathing in a pond, there a crocodile attacks Hanuman to eat him. Hanuman immediately kills the crocodile, then the crocodile appear as a apsara, whom he rescues from her accursed state as a crocodile and tells Hanuman about Kalanemi's Plan. Then Hanuman kills Kalanemi with ease. Upon learning of slaying Kalanemi,Ravana summons Surya (Son god) to rise before the appointed time, because Sushena physician had informed that if Lakshmana would perish if not treated before Day break. Hanuman realizing the danger, prevents Sun god to day break and resumes his search of the Sanjivini herb. There he discovered that there were many herbs along the mountainside, and did not want to take the wrong herb back. So instead, he grew to the size of a mountain, ripped the mountain from the Earth, and flew it back to the battle. This act is perhaps his most legendary among Hindus. While Hanuman makes good speed towards Lanka when suddenly he is shot by an arrow as he approaches Nandigram. Hanuman is mistaken to be a demon by Bharat. Hanuman falls to the ground together with the great hill. Hanuman regains consciousness and recognizes that Bharata is Rama's brother. He continues on to Lanka where he delivers the Sanjivani herb to Sushena and then Sushena identifies the actual Sanjivini herb and treats Lakshman. Rama embraces Hanuman with great pride and affection and declaring him as dear as his own brother Lakshmana (Although there is speculation that Rama too fought but it is not true. Dharma does not allow multiple warriors to fight against one and it was only Lakshmana who got injured because it is against moral duty to fight against an invisible warrior). Then Hanuman took the Dronagiri back to it's original place.

When Indrajit came to know that Lakshmana had survived again, he went to his native deity's secret temple, Nikumbhila yagna to perform the yagna that would make him warrior- who can't be killed by anyone. Vibhishana, Indrajit's paternal uncle who left Ravana to join Rama, learned of his nephew Indrajit's plans through his spies and alerted Rama. Lakshmana and Vibhisana took the opportunity to face Indrajit in the "Yagnaagaar", where Indrajit would not touch any weapons. As the Valmiki Ramayana quotes, upon his Yagna being destroyed by the armies of Lakshmana, Indrajit became enraged and stormed out of the Temple Cave. Indrajit fought Lakshmana with the utensils of the yagna. Seeing his uncle Vibhishana at Lakshmana's side multiplied Indrajit's fury manyfold. He vowed to kill his uncle Vibhisana along with Lakshmana once and for all, letting loose the Yama-astra which he had been conserving for punishing Vibhishana's perceived treason. At this juncture, Lakshmana protected Vibhishana, countering the Yama-astra owing to an earlier warning by Kubera. A fierce battle ensued and Indrajit used Vaishnavastra on Lakshmana. To Indrajit's surprise and dismay powerful Vaishnavastra circumambulated Lakshmana before disappearing. Realization dawned on Indrajit that Lakshman was not an ordinary human and had met the criteria to defeat Indrajit, i.e. blunder the yagna and not sleep for 12 years. Indrajit vanished briefly from the battlefield, returning to Ravana at the royal palace, and reported the developments, proposing that his father make peace with Rama. Ravana blinded with pride was unrelenting and annoyed, claiming that Indrajit was a coward for having fled the battlefield. This accusation provoked Indrajit who briefly lost his temper, striking fear even at the mighty Ravana's heart before apologizing and clarifying to his father that his primary duty as a son was to serve his father's best interests and that even in the face of death, he would never abandon Ravana. Preparing to go back to the battle and knowing that he indeed faced death at the hands of a heavenly incarnation, Indrajit said his last goodbyes to his parents and his wife. He returned to the battlefield and fought Lakshmana with all his skill at both illusion warfare and sorcery. The arrows of Indrajit refused to harm Lakshmana because Lakshman was the part incarnation of Vishnu and Sesha Naga. Lakshmana slew Indrajit by beheading him with the Anjalikastra. It was possible only because of a curse given to Indrajit by Sesha Naga for marrying his daughter without his permission. Sesha Naga incarnated as Rama's brother Lakshmana, to kill Indrajit, didn't have any sleep for twelve years during their exile so that he would be able to serve Rama and Sita efficiently and meet the criteria to kill Indrajit. Upon his death his wife Sulochana became Sati on his funeral pyre.

When Ravana’s son Indrajit is killed, Ravana calls his brother Ahiravan for help, upon the advice of his father-in-law. Mahiravana, the king of Patala (the Underworld), promises to help. Saint Agastya comes and informs everybody in Rama's army about some mishap can take place to Rama and Laxmana during the night. Hanuman is put on guard and told not to let anyone into the room where Rama and Lakshmana are. Ahiravan makes many attempts at entering the room but all of them are thwarted by Hanuman. Finally, Mahiravana takes the form of Vibhishana and Hanuman lets him enter. Ahiravan quickly enters and takes the “sleeping Rama and Lakshmana” away.

When Hanuman realizes what has happened, he goes to Vibhishana. Vibhishana says, "Alas! They have been abducted by Ahiravan. If Hanuman does not rescue them fairly quickly, Mahiravana will sacrifice both Rama and Lakshman to Chandi." Hanuman goes to Patala, the door to which is guarded by a creature, who is half Vanara and half reptile. Hanuman asks who he is and the creature says, "I am Makardhwaja, your son!" Hanuman is confused since he did not have any child, being an adept Brahmachari. The creature explains, "While you were jumping over the ocean, a drop of your sweat fell to the ocean and into the mouth of a mighty crocodile. This is the origin of my birth." After defeating his son, Hanuman enters Patala and encounters Ahiravan. He has a strong army and Hanuman is told by Chandrasena that the only way to vanquish him is by blowing out five different candles located in five different directions, all at the same time in return for a promise to be Lord Rama's consort. Hanuman assumes his five-headed form (Panchamukhi Hanuman) and he quickly blows out the five different candles and thus kills Ahiravan. Throughout the saga, both Rama and Lakshmana are rendered unconscious by a spell by the demons.

Before starting for his battle with Ravana, Rama wanted the blessings of Devi Durga. He came to know that the Goddess would be pleased only if she is worshipped with 108 Neel Kamal (blue lotuses). After travelling the whole world, Rama could gather only one hundred and seven of them. He finally decided to offer one of his eyes, which resembled blue lotuses. Durga, being pleased with the devotion of Rama, appeared before him and blessed him. Devi took the form of Chandi to kill demon brothers Chanda and Munda. Chanda and his brother Munda could not be killed in day time or at night so the Sandhi-kshna was chosen to kill them(i.e., the crossover period between Ashtami [the next day] and Navami [the day after]). Rama throws numerous arrows at Ravana but is unable to kill him. He asks Vibhishan on how to kill his brother after which Rama finally kills Ravana. The war is over.

Ravana's funeral takes place and Vibhishan is crowned the king of Lanka. Hanuman carries the happy news to Sita in Ashok Vatika. On meeting Sita, Rama asks her to undergo an Agni Pariksha (test of fire) to prove her chastity, as he wants to get rid of the rumors surrounding her purity. When Sita plunges into the sacrificial fire, Agni, lord of fire raises Sita, unharmed, to the throne, attesting to her innocence. The episode of Agni Pariksha varies in the versions of Ramayana by Valmiki and Tulsidas. In Tulsidas's Ramacharitamanas, Sita was under the protection of Agni (Maya Sita :- Sita first undergoes Agni Pariksha (an ordeal of fire) by which she proves her chastity before she is accepted by Rama. In some versions of the epic, the fire-god Agni creates Maya Sita, who takes Sita's place and is abducted by Ravana and suffers his captivity, while the real Sita hides in the fire (went to heaven with Agni God). At Agni Pariksha, Maya Sita and the real Sita exchange places again) so it was necessary to bring her out before reuniting with Rama (The Ramcharitmanas expands on the Agni Pariksha narrative. Since no one knows about the replacement of the real Sita by Maya Sita, Sita's chastity is in question. The text explicitly states that the Agni Pariksha destroys the Maya Sita as well as the "stigma of public shame", that Sita would have had to otherwise endure. Rama is exculpated from using harsh words to "Sita" at the time of Agni Pariksha as he knows it is the false Sita he is accusing. Sita is saved from public humiliation as her chastity is proven by Agni Pariksha. The moral status of Rama as well as Sita is protected by the Maya Sita motif).

Finally Rama and Sita are reunited. Rama and the army prepare to depart Lanka and return towards Ayodhya. Rama, Sita, Lakshman and the senior monkeys travel back in Ravana's flying vehicle, Pushpak Vimaan.

It is now the day before Rama is to return to Ayodhya after serving his exile. Bharata is anxious that his brother still hasn't arrived. The Mānas mentions that Bharata had passed his days shedding tears for fourteen years in Nandigram. Hanuman meets Bharata telling him of the arrival of Rama, Sita and Laksman. Bharata rushes to Ayodhya to tell the citizens of the great news. As the Pushpak Vimaan landed in Ayodhya the citizens shouted chants of 'Glory be to Ramchandra'. Rama, Sita and Laksman collectively touch the feet of the sage Vashishta on arriving in Ayodhya and thereafter greet all that have gathered in the assembly. Lastly Rama meets Bharata with great affection and love. Rama's coronation takes place and he is finally crowned king of Ayodhya. Shiva arrives to glorify the festivities further and asks Rama of the boon that he may have firm and undeviating devotion of Rama's feet.

Rama rules Ayodhya and the reign is called 'Ram-rajya' (a place where the common folk are happy, fulfilled and satisfied).

• (7) Uttara Kānda (The Epilogue) :-

Rama rules Ayodhya and the reign is called 'Ram-rajya' (a place where the common folk are happy, fulfilled and satisfied). On being asked to prove his devotion to Rama, Hanuman tears his chest open and to everyone's surprise, there is an image of Rama and Sita inside his chest.

But as time passes, spies start getting rumours that people are questioning Sita's purity as she stayed in the home of another man for a year without her husband. The common folk start gossiping about Sita and question Ram's decision to make her Queen. Rama is extremely distraught on hearing the news, but finally tells Lakshmana that "Purity of the Queen of Ayodhya has to be above any gossip and rumour. Take Sita to a forest outside Ayodhya and leave her there. Also tell her not to identify herself as the Queen of Ayodhya as that would be an insult to our forefathers". Lakshmana reluctantly drops Sita in a forest for another exile.

Sita finds refuge in Sage Valmiki's ashrama, where she gives birth to twin boys, Luv and Kush (Leter, The other brothers each have two sons as well. It is mentioned that great sages like Nārad and Sanaka visit Ayodhya to meet with Rama and to see his great city).

Shambuka, a shudra ascetic, is slain by Rama for attempting to perform penance. This act of Shambuka is perceived by Rama as an act in violation of dharma as he believes that the bad karma, resulting from this act, caused the death of a Brahmin's son in his kingdom. Meanwhile, Rama conducts an Ashwamedha yajna (A holy declaration of the authority of the king). Luv and Kusha capture the horse (sign of the yajna) and defeat the whole army of Ayodhya which come to protect the horse. Later on, both the brothers defeat Lakshmana, Bharat, Shatrughan and other warriors and take Hanuman as prisoner. Finally Rama himself arrives and defeats the 2 mighty brothers. Valmiki updates Sita about this development and advises both the brothers to go to Ayodhya and tell the story of Sita's sacrifice to the common folks. Both brothers arrive at Ayodhya but face many difficulties while convincing the people. Hanuman helps both the brothers in this task.

At one point of time, Valmiki brings Sita forward. Seeing Sita, Rama realises that Luv and Kush are his own sons. Again complicit Nagarsen (One of the primaries who instigated the hatred towards Sita) challenged Sita's character and asked her to prove her purity. Sita is overflown with emotions and decides to go back to the mother earth from where she emerged. She prays to Bhoomidevi (Goddess of Earth), the ground breaks into half and closes after Sita vanishes into it.

Rama rules Ayodhya for many years and finally takes samadhi into River Sarayu along with his 3 brothers and leaves the world. He goes back to Vaikunth in his Vishnu form.

Ikshvaku dynasty
(Raghuvanshi-Ikshvaku-Suryavanshi)

• Dasharatha is king of Ayodhya and father of Rama (King Raghu (Raghuvanshi is named after King Raghu) is the Great Grandfather Of Rama and Grandfather of King Dasharatha, King Aja is the Grandfather of Rama and Father of King Dasharatha). He has three queens, Kausalya, Kaikeyi and Sumitra, and four sons: Bharata, and twins Lakshmana, Shatrughna and Rama. Once, Kaikeyi saved Dasaratha in a war and as a reward, she got the privilege from Dasaratha to fulfil two of her wishes at any time of her lifetime. She made use of the opportunity and forced Dasharatha to make their son Bharata crown prince and send Rama into exile for 14 years. Dasharatha dies heartbroken after Rama goes into exile.

• Rama is the main character of the tale. Portrayed as the seventh avatar of god Vishnu, he is the eldest and favourite son of Dasharatha, the king of Ayodhya and his Chief Queen, Kausalya. He is portrayed as the epitome of virtue. Dasharatha is forced by Kaikeyi to command Rama to relinquish his right to the throne for fourteen years and go into exile. Rama kills the evil demon Ravana, who abducted his wife Sita, and later returns to Ayodhya to form an ideal state.

• Sita (Vaidehi) is another of the tale's protagonists.She was the blood of sages who sacrificed their lives to develop the powerful force to get rid of earth from demons. This blood was collected in a pot and was buried in Earth, so She is called the daughter of Mother Earth, adopted by King Janaka, and Rama's beloved wife. Rama went to Mithila and got a chance to marry her by breaking the Shiv Dhanush (bow) while trying to tie a knot to it in a competition organized by King Janaka of Mithila. The competition was to find the most suitable husband for Sita and many princes from different states competed to win her. Sita is the avatara of goddess Lakshmi, the consort of Vishnu. Sita is portrayed as the epitome of female purity and virtue. She follows her husband into exile and is abducted by the Lanka's king Ravana. She is imprisoned on the island of Lanka, until Rama rescues her by defeating Ravana. Later, she gives birth to twin boys Lava and Kusha.

• Bharata is the son of Dasharatha and Queen Kaikeyi. when he learns that his mother Kaikeyi has forced Rama into exile and caused Dasharatha to die brokenhearted, he storms out of the palace and goes in search of Rama in the forest. When Rama refuses to return from his exile to assume the throne, Bharata obtains Ram's sandals and places them on the throne as a gesture that Rama is the true king. Bharata then rules Ayodhya as the regent of Rama for the next fourteen years, staying outside the city of Ayodhya. He was married to Mandavi.

• Lakshmana (Saumitra) is a younger brother of Rama, who chose to go into exile with him. He is the son of King Dasharatha and Queen Sumitra and twin of Shatrughna. Lakshmana is portrayed as an avatar of Shesha, the nāga associated with the god Vishnu. He spends his time protecting Sita and Rama, during which time he fights the demoness Shurpanakha. He is forced to leave Sita, who was deceived by the demon Maricha into believing that Rama was in trouble. Sita is abducted by Ravana upon his leaving her. He was married to Sita's younger sister Urmila.

• Shatrughna (Shatrughna means Ripudaman: Killer of enemies) is a son of Dasharatha and his third wife Queen Sumitra. He is the youngest brother of Rama and also the twin brother of Bharata. He was married to Shrutakirti.

• Allies of Rama :-

• Vanara :-

• Hanuman is a vanara belonging to the kingdom of Kishkindha. He is an ideal bhakta of Rama. He is born as son of Kesari, a Vanara king in Sumeru region and his wife Añjanā. He plays an important part in locating Sita and in the ensuing battle. He is believed to live until our modern world.

• Sugriva, a vanara king who helped Rama regain Sita from Ravana. He had an agreement with Rama through which Vali – Sugriva's brother and king of Kishkindha – would be killed by Rama in exchange for Sugriva's help in finding Sita. Sugriva ultimately ascends the throne of Kishkindha after the slaying of Vali and fulfills his promise by putting the Vanara forces at Ram's disposal. He was married to Rumā.

• Angada is a vanara and the son of Bali (vanar king of Kishkindha before Sugriva) who helped Rama find his wife Sita and fight her abductor, Ravana, in Ramyana. He was son of Vali and Tara and nephew of Sugriva. Angada and Tara are instrumental in reconciling Rama and his brother, Lakshmana, with Sugriva after Sugriva fails to fulfill his promise to help Rama find and rescue his wife. Together they are able to convince Sugriva to honour his pledge to Rama instead of spending his time carousing and drinking.

• Riksha :-

• Jambavan/Jamvanta is known as Riksharaj (King of the Rikshas). Rikshas are bears. In the epic Ramayana, Jambavantha helped Rama find his wife Sita and fight her abductor, Ravana. It is he who makes Hanuman realize his immense capabilities and encourages him to fly across the ocean to search for Sita in Lanka.

• Griddha :-

• Jatayu, son of Aruṇa and nephew of Garuda. A demi-god who has the form of a vulture that tries to rescue Sita from Ravana. Jatayu fought valiantly with Ravana, but as Jatayu was very old, Ravana soon got the better of him. As Rama and Lakshmana chanced upon the stricken and dying Jatayu in their search for Sita, he informs them of the direction in which Ravana had gone.

• Sampati, son of Aruna, brother of Jatayu. Sampati's role proved to be instrumental in the search for Sita.

• Rakshasa :-

• Vibhishana, youngest brother of Ravana. He was against the abduction of Sita and joined the forces of Rama when Ravana refused to return her. His intricate knowledge of Lanka was vital in the war and he was crowned king of Lanka by Ram after the fall of Ravana.

• Foes Of Ram :-

• Rakshasas :-

• Ravana, a rakshasa, is the king of Lanka. He was son of a sage named Vishrava and daitya princess Kaikesi. After performing severe penance for ten thousand years he received a boon from the creator-god Brahma: he could henceforth not be killed by gods, demons, or spirits. He is portrayed as a powerful demon king who disturbs the penances of rishis. Vishnu incarnates as the human Rama to defeat him, thus circumventing the boon given by Brahma. He is the Greatgrandson of Brahma and a devotee of Shiva. He Hates Vishnu and others God; Except Shiva and Brahma. He is the author of Shiva Tandava Stotram.

• Indrajit or Meghnadha, the eldest son of Ravana who twice defeated Rama and Lakshmana in battle, before succumbing to Lakshmana. An adept of the magical arts, he coupled his supreme fighting skills with various stratagems to inflict heavy losses on Vanara army before his death.

• Kumbhakarna, brother of Ravana, famous for his eating and sleeping. He would sleep for months at a time and would be extremely ravenous upon waking up, consuming anything set before him. His monstrous size and loyalty made him an important part of Ravana's army. During the war he decimated the Vanara army before Rama cut off his limbs and head.

• Shurpanakha, Ravana's demoness sister who fell in love with Rama and had the magical power to take any form she wanted. Lakshmana cut of Shurpanakha's nose when she tried to hurt Sita angered by Rama's refusal to her proposal of marriage. It is she who asked Ravana to abduct Sita as revenge for her insult.

Ravana's granduncle was Malyavan, who was against the war with Rama and Lakshmana.

Ravana's parents were Vishravamuni (son of Pulastya) and Kaikesi (daughter of Sumali and Kethumathi).Kaikesi had ten brothers, the famous generals in Lanka’s army being Dhumraksha, Prahastha and Akampana, which would effectively make them Ravana's uncles and three aunties named Pushpothkatha, Kumbinashi and Raka. Kaikesi’s father, Sumali was instrumental in making Ravana, the king of Lanka, by advising him to get boons from Brahma, defeat Kubera, and establish the Rakshasa rule in the three worlds

Kubera – the King of North direction and the Guardian of Heavenly Wealth. He was an older half-brother of Ravana: they were born to the same father by different mothers.

Vibhishana – A follower of Rama and one of the most important characters in the Ramayana. As a minister and brother of Ravana, he spoke the truth without fear and advised Ravana to return the kidnapped Sita and uphold Dharma. Ravana not only rejected this sane advice, but also banished him from his kingdom. Vibhishana sought protection from Rama, which was granted without hesitation.

Kumbhakarna – One of the most jovial demons in Hindu history. When offered a boon by Brahma, he was tricked into asking for eternal sleep. A horrified Ravana, out of brotherly love, persuaded Brahma to amend the boon. Brahma mitigated the power of the boon by making Kumbhakarna sleep for six months and being awake for the rest six months of a year (in some versions, he is awake for one day out of the year). During the war with Rama, Kumbhakarna was untimely awakened from his sleep. He tried to persuade Ravana to open negotiations with Rama and return Sita to him. But he too failed to mend the ways of Ravana. However, bound by a brother's duty, he fought on the side of Ravana and was killed in the battlefield. Before dying he met Vibhishana and blessed him for following the path of righteousness.

Khara (Ramayana) – King of Janasthan. He protected the northern kingdom of Lanka in the mainland and his kingdom bordered with the Kosala Kingdom, the kingdom of Rama. He was well known for his superior skills in warfare. He was killed by Rama.

Dushana – Viceroy of Janasthan.

Ahiravan – King of the Underworld ruled by the rakshasas by Ravana and the demon king Maya.

Kumbhini – Older sister of Ravana and the wife of the demon Madhu, King of Mathura, she was the mother of Lavanasura. She was renowned for her beauty and later retired to the sea for penance.

Ravana was married to Mandodari, the daughter of the celestial architect Maya, Dhanyamalini, and a third wife. His sons from his three wives were as follows :-

Ravana's Sons were; Meghanada, Atikaya, Akshayakumara, Narantaka, Devantaka, Trishira.

• Vanara :-

• Vali, was king of Kishkindha, husband of Tara, a son of Indra, elder brother of Sugriva and father of Angada. Vali was famous for the boon that he had received, according to which anyone who fought him in single-combat lost half his strength to Vali, thereby making Vali invulnerable to any enemy. He was killed by Rama, an Avatar of Vishnu. However, he was not an enemy of Rama. He was killed by Rama because Vali had fought with his brother Sugriva, who was a loyal ally of Rama.

• Family Tree Of Rama :-

0:/ Vishnu

1:/ Brahma (Born Form Vishnu's Garbhodakasayi)

2:/ Marichi (One of the 10 Prajapatis created by Brahma)

3:/ Kashyapa (Son of Marichi and his wife, Kala. Kashyapa is regarded as the father of humanity)

4:/ Vivasvan (Or Surya, son of Kashyapa and Aditi) :- (Start of " Suryavanshi ")

5:/ Vaivasvata Manu (Because he is the son of Vivasvan and Saranyu (Saṃjñā). He is also known as Satyavrata and Shraddhadeva)

• The genealogy of the Ikshvaku dynasty to Rama is mentioned in the Ramayana in two lists. The only difference between the two lists is that, Kukshi is mentioned only in the second list. In the first list, Vikukshi is mentioned as the son of Ikshavaku. The descendants of Vikukshi are known as Vikauwa. :-

6:/ Ikshvaku :- (Son of Vaivasvata Manu) ( Start of " Ikshvaku-Suryavanshi ")

Kukshi/Vikukshi

Kakutstha or Puranjaya

Anena or Anaranya

Prithu

Vishvagashva

Ardra or Chandra

Yuvanashva I

Shravast

Vrihadashva

Kuvalashva (Also known as Dhundhumara)

Dridhashva

Pramod

Haryashva I

Nikumbh

Santashva

Krishasva

Prasenjit I

Yuvanashva II

Mandhatri

Purukutsa

Trasadasyu

Sambhoot

Anaranya II

Trashdashva

Haryashva II

Vasuman

Tridhanva

Tryyaruna

Satyavrata or Trishanku

Harishchandra

Rohitashva

Harita

Chenchu

Vijay

Rusak

Vrika

Bahu or Asit

Sagara

Asmanjasa or Asamanja

Anshuman

Dileepa I

Bhagiratha

Shrut

Nabhag

Ambarisha

Sindhu Dweep

Pratayu

Shrutuparna

Sarvakama

Sudaas

Mitrasah

Sarvakama II

Ananaranya III

Nighna

Animitra (Raghu is the brother of Animitra)

Duliduh

Dileepa II

64:/ Raghu II :- (Start of " Raghuvanshi-Ikshvaku-Suryavanshi ")

65:/ Aja

66:/ Dasaratha

67:/ Rama (Seventh Avatar Of Vishnu)

• Suryavanshi kings after Rama :-

• The Puranas provide a genealogical list from Kusha to Brihadbala, who was killed by Abhimanyu in the Mahabharata war. This list is corroborated by the Raghuvamsha till Agnivarna :-

68:/ Kusha (Contemporary to Chandravanshi King Kunti)

Atithi (Contemporary to Chandravanshi King Turvasu -2)

Nishadha was the founder of Nishadha Kingdom.

Nala II

Nabhas

Pundarika

Ksemadhanva

Devanika

Ahinagu

Ruru

Pariyatra

Sala

Dala

Bala

Uktha

Sahasrasva

Para II

Chandravaloka

Tarapida

Chandragiri

Bhanuchandra

Srutayu

Uluka

Unnabha

Vajranabha

Sankhana

Vyusitasva

Visvasaha

Hiranyanabha Kausalya

Para III (Atnara)

Brahmistha

Putra

Pusya

Arthasidhi

Dhruvasandhi

Sudarsana

Agnivarna

Sighraga

Maru

Parsusruta

Susandhi

Amarsana

Mahasvana

Sahasvana

Visrutvana

Visvabhava

Visvasahva

Nagnajit

Taksaka

117:/ Brihadbala

• Suryavanshi kings after Mahabharata :-

• The Puranas also provide the list of the kings from Brihadbala to the last ruler Sumitra. But these lists mention Shakya as an individual, and incorporate the names of Shakya, Shuddodhana, Siddhartha (Gautama Buddha) and Rahula between Sanjaya and Prasenajit. The names of the kings are :-

118:/ Brihatkshaya (or Bruhadrunam)

Urukriya (or Gurukshep)

Vatsavyuha

Prativyoma

Bhaanu

Divakara (or Divak)

Veer Sahadeva

Brihadashva-2

Bhanuratha (or Bhanumaan)

Pratitashva

Supratika

Marudeva

Sunakshatra

Pushkara (or Kinnara)

Antariksha

Suvarna (or Sutapaa)

Sumitra (or Amitrajit)

Bruhadaraaj (Okkaka)

Barhi (Okkamukha)

Kritanjaya (Sivisamjaya)

Ranajjaya (Sihassara)

Sanjaya (Mahakoshala or Jayasena)

Shakya (Sihahanu)

Śuddhodana (ruler of Shakya Republic of Kapilavastu)

142:/ Siddhartha (Or Gautama Buddha, Ninth Avatar Of Vishnu)

Rāhula, the only son of Gautam Buddha

Prasenajit (born when Siddhartha was of age 27 years)

Kshudraka (or Kuntala)

Ranaka (or Kulaka)

Suratha

148:/ Sumitra

• King Sumitra was Last ruler of Ikshvakuvansh/Suryavansha.

Hanuman
In Hinduism, Hanuman is an ardent devotee of Rama. Hanuman is one of the central characters of the Indian epic Ramayana. He is a Brahmachari (Life long celibate) and one of the chiranjeevi. He is also mentioned in several other texts, such as the Mahabharata and the various Puranas. Hanuman is the son of Anjani and Kesari and is also son of the wind-god Pawan, who according to several stories, played a role in his Avatar.

He is God of Strength, Celibacy, Knowledge and Bhakti; Lord of Victory, Supreme destroyer of evil; and protector of devotees.

• Birth :-

According to Hindu legends, Hanuman was born to Anjana and father Kesari (Añjanā was an apsara named Puñjikastalā, who was born on earth as a vanara princess and married Kesari, a vanara chief. Kesari was a chief of Sugriva's vanara force.). Hanuman is also called the son of the deity Vayu (Wind god) because of legends associated with Vayu's role in Hanuman's birth. One story mentioned in Eknath's Bhavartha Ramayana (16th century CE) states that when Anjana was worshiping Shiva, the King Dasharatha of Ayodhya was also performing the ritual of Putrakameshti yagna in order to have children. As a result, he received some sacred pudding (payasam) to be shared by his three wives, leading to the births of Rama, Lakshmana, Bharata and Shatrughna. By divine ordinance, a kite snatched a fragment of that pudding and dropped it while flying over the forest where Anjana was engaged in worship. Vayu, the Hindu deity of the wind, delivered the falling pudding to the outstretched hands of Anjana, who consumed it (In other version, Vayu, god of the wind, carried the divine power of Lord Shiva to Anjana's womb, and thus Hanuman was born as an incarnation of Lord Shiva.). Hanuman was born to her as a result.

The Ramayana locates the birthplace of Hanuman in Kishkinda. Anjeneri Anjanadri (Near Hampi) in Gangavathi Taluk Koppal District, Karnataka is one of a number of places that claim to be the location of Kishkinda.

• Childhood :-

According to Valmiki's Ramayana, one morning in his, childhood, Hanuman was hungry and saw the rising red colored sun. Mistaking it for a ripe fruit, he leapt up to eat it. In one version of the Hindu legend, the king of gods Indra intervened and struck Hanuman with his thunderbolt. It hit Hanuman on his jaw, and he fell to the earth as dead with a broken jaw. His father, Vayu (air), states Ramayana in section 4.65, became upset and withdrew. The lack of air created immense suffering to all living beings. This led lord Shiva, to intervene and resuscitate Hanuman, which in turn prompted Vayu to return to the living beings. As the mistake done by god Indra, he grants Hanuman a wish that his body would be as strong as Indra's Vajra, where as his Vajra can also not harm him. Along with Indra other gods have also granted him wishes such as God Agni granted Hanuman a wish that fire won't harm him, God Varuna granted a wish for Hanuman that water won't harm him, God Vayu granted a wish for Hanuman that he will be as fast as wind and the wind won't harm him. Lord Brahma has also granted Hanuman a wish that he can move at any place where he cannot be stopped at anywhere, Lord Vishnu also grants Hanuman a weapon which is named as "Gada". Hence these wishes make Hanuman an immortal, who has unique powers and strength.

Some time after this event, Hanuman with his friends begins using his supernatural powers on innocent bystanders as simple pranks, until one day he pranks a meditating sage. In fury, the sage curses Hanuman to forget the vast majority of his powers, unless someone who will remember his power.

• Adulthood :-

There is quite a lot of variation between what happens between his childhood and the events of the Ramayana, but his story becomes much more solid in the events of the Ramayana. After Rama and his brother Lakshmana, searching for Rama's kidnapped wife, Sita, arrive in Kishkindha, the new king, and Rama's newfound ally, the monkey king Sugriva, agrees to send scouts in all four directions to search for Rama's missing wife. To the south, Sugriva sends Hanuman and some others, including the great bear Jambavan. This group travels all the way to the southernmost tip of India, where they encounter the ocean with the island of Lanka (modern day Sri Lanka) visible in the horizon. The group wishes to investigate the island, but none can swim or jump so far (it was common for such supernatural powers to be common amongst characters in these epics). However, Jambavan knows from prior events that Hanuman used to be able to do such a feat with ease, and lifts his curse.

The curse lifted, Hanuman now remembers all of his godlike powers. He is said to have transformed into the size of mountain, and flew across the narrow channel to Lanka. Upon landing, he discovers a city populated by the lanka king Ravana and his demon followers, so he shrinks down to the size of an ant and sneaks into the city. After searching the city, he discovers Sita in a grove, guarded by demon warriors. When they all fall asleep, he meets with Sita and discusses how he came to find her. She reveals that Ravana kidnapped her and is forcing her to marry him soon. He offers to rescue her but Sita refuses, stating that her husband must do it (A belief from the time of ancient India).

What happens next differs by account, but a common tale is that after visiting Sita, he starts destroying the grove, prompting in his capture. Regardless of the tale, he ends up captured in the court of Ravana himself, who laughs when Hanuman tells him that Rama is coming to take back Sita. Ravana orders his servants to light Hanuman's tail on fire as torture for threatening his safety. However, every time they put on an oil soaked cloth to burn, he grows his tail longer so that more cloths need to be added. This continues until Ravana has had enough and orders the lighting to begin. However, when his tail is lit, he shrinks his tail back and breaks free of his bonds with his superhuman strength. He jumps out a window and jumps from rooftop to rooftop, burning down building after building, until much of the city is ablaze. Seeing this triumph, Hanuman leaves back for India.

Upon returning, he tells his scouting party what had occurred, and they rush back to Kishkindha, where Rama had been waiting all along for news. Upon hearing that Sita was safe and was awaiting him, Rama gathered the support of Sugriva's army and marched for Lanka. Thus begins the legendary Battle of Lanka.

Throughout the long battle, Hanuman played a role as a general in the army. During one intense fight, Lakshmana, Rama's brother, was fatally wounded and was thought to die without the aid of an herb from a Himalayan mountain. Hanuman was the only one who could make the journey so quickly, and was thus sent to the mountain. Upon arriving, he discovered that there were many herbs along the mountainside, and did not want to take the wrong herb back. So instead, he grew to the size of a mountain, ripped the mountain from the Earth, and flew it back to the battle. This act is perhaps his most legendary among Hindus.

In the end, Rama revealed his divine powers as the incarnation of the God Vishnu, and slew Ravana and the rest of the demon army. Finally finished, Rama returned to his home of Ayodhya to return to his place as king. After blessing all those who aided him in the battle with gifts, he gave Hanuman his gift, who threw it away. Many court officials, perplexed, were angered by this act. Hanuman replied that rather than needing a gift to remember Rama, he would always be in his heart. Some court officials, still upset, asked him for proof, and Hanuman tore open his chest, which had an image of Rama and Sita on his heart. Now proven as a true devotee, Rama cured him and blessed him with immortality, but Hanuman refused this and asked only for a place at Rama's feet to worship him. Touched, Rama blessed him with immortality anyway, which according to legend, is set only as long as the story of Rama lives on.

Centuries after the events of the Ramayana, and during the events of the Mahabharata, Hanuman is now a nearly forgotten demigod living his life in a forest. After some time, his half brother through the god Vayu, Bhima, passes through looking for flowers for his wife. Hanuman senses this and decides to teach him a lesson, as Bhima had been known to be boastful of his superhuman strength (at this point in time supernatural powers were much rarer than in the Ramayana but still seen in the Hindu epics). Bhima encountered Hanuman lying on the ground in the shape of a feeble old monkey. He asked Hanuman to move, but he would not. As stepping over an individual was considered extremely disrespectful in this time, Hanuman suggested lifting his tail up to create passage. Bhima heartily accepted, but could not lift the tail to any avail.

Bhima, humbled, realized that the frail monkey was some sort of deity, and asked him to reveal himself. Hanuman revealed himself, much to Bhima's surprise, and the brother's embraced. Hanuman prophesied that Bhima would soon be a part of a terrible war, and promised his brother that he would sit on the flag of his chariot and shout a battle cry that would weaken the hearts of his enemies. Content, Hanuman left his brother to his search, and after that prophesied war, would not be seen again.

• Others :-

• Bhima (In Mahabharata, Pandu's son and Arjuna's brother) is the half brother of Hanuman, as the Vayu Dev is the Celestial father.

• Hanuman himself shows him either with other central characters of the Ramayana or by himself. If with Rama and Sita, he is shown to the right of Rama, as a devotee bowing or kneeling before them with a Namaste (Anjali Hasta) posture. If alone, he carries weapons such as a big Gada (mace) and thunderbolt (vajra), sometimes in a scene reminiscent of a scene from his life.

• Relation with Devi or Shakti :- The relation between Hanuman and Goddess Kali finds mention in the Krittivasi Ramayana. Their meeting takes place in the Yuddha Kanda of Ramayana in the legend of Mahiravana. Mahiravana was a trusted friend/brother of Ravana. After his son, Meghanatha was killed, Ravana sought Mahiravana, the King of Patalaloka's help to kill Rama and Lakshmana. One night, Mahiravana, using his maya, took Vibhishana's form and entered Rama's camp. There he cast the nidra mantra on the Vanar Sena, kidnapped Rama and Lakshmana and took them to Patala Loka. He was an adherent devotee of Devi and Ravana convinced him to sacrificing the valiant fighters of Ayodhya to the goddess to which, Mahiravana agreed. Hanuman, upon understanding the way to Patala from Vibhishana headed for rescuing his lords. Down, he met Makardhwaja who claimed of being Hanuman's son, being born from his sweat which was consumed by a Makara (crocodile). Hanuman defeated and tied him and went inside the palace. There he met Chandrasena who told about the sacrifice and the way to kill Ahiravana. Hanuman then shrunk his size to that of a bee and went towards the huge idol of Maha-Kali. He asked her to let him save Rama, and the fierce mother goddess agreed as Hanuman took her place while she slipped below. When Mahiravana asked the prince-sages to bow, they refused as they were of royal lineage and didn't know how to bow. So as Mahiravana was about to show them how to bow, Hanuman took his Pancha-mukha form (with the head of Garuda, Narasimha, Varaha, Hayagreeva and himself: each head signifying a particular trait. Hanuman courage and strength, Narasimha fearlessness, Garuda magical skills and the power to cure snake bites, Varaha health and exorcism and Hayagriva victory over enemies), blew the 5 oil lamps in 5 directions and severed the head of Mahiravana by thus killing him. He later took Shri Rama and Lakshmana on his shoulders and as he flew outside Shri Rama saw Makardhwaja tied with his tail. He rightaway ordered Hanuman to crown him the King of Patala. The story of Ahiravan finds its place in the Ramayanas of the East. It can be found in the Bengali version of the Ramayana, written by Krittibash. The passage which talks about this incident is known as ‘Mahirabonerpala’. It is also believed that after being pleased with Hanuman, Goddess Kali blessed him to be her dwara-paal or gate-keeper and hence one finds Bhairava and Hanuman on either sides of the temple entrance of the Goddess' shrine.

• Chiranjivi (immortal) :- various versions of Ramayana and Rama Katha state towards their end, just before Rama and Lakshmana die, that Hanuman is blessed to be immortal. He will be a part of humanity forever, while the story of Rama lives on.

• Brahmachari (self-controlled) :- one who control their lust from all materialistic things of material world.

• Kurūp and Sundar :- he is described in Hindu texts as kurūp (ugly) on the outside, but divinely sundar (beautiful inside). The Hanuman Chalisa describes him as handsome with a complexion of molten gold (kanchana barana birāja subesā).

• Kama-rupin :- He can shapeshift, become smaller than the smallest, larger than the largest adversary at will. He uses this attribute to shrink and enter Lanka, as he searches for the kidnapped Sita imprisoned in Lanka. Later on, he takes on the size of a mountain, blazing with radiance, to show his true power to Sita.

• Strength :- Hanuman is extraordinarily strong, one capable of lifting and carrying any burden for a cause. He is called Vira, Mahavira, Mahabala and other names signifying this attribute of his. During the epic war between Rama and Ravana, Rama's brother Lakshmana is wounded. He can only be healed and his death prevented by a herb found in a particular Himalayan mountain. Hanuman leaps and finds the mountain. There, states Ramayana, Hanuman finds the mountain is full of many herbs. He doesn't know which one to take. So, he lifts the entire Himalayan mountain and carries it across India to Lanka for Lakshmana. His immense strength thus helps Lakshmana recover from his wound. This legend is the popular basis for the iconography where he is shown flying and carrying a mountain on his palm.

• Innovative :- Hanuman is described as someone who constantly faces very difficult odds, where the adversary or circumstances threaten his mission with certain defeat and his very existence. Yet he finds an innovative way to turn the odds. For example, after he finds Sita, delivers Rama's message, and persuades her that he is indeed Rama's true messenger, he is discovered by the prison guards. They arrest Hanuman, and under Ravana's orders take him to a public execution. There, the Ravana's guards begin his torture, tie his tail with oiled cloth and put it on fire. Hanuman then leaps, jumps from one palace rooftop to another, thus burning everything down.

• Bhakti :- Hanuman is presented as the exemplary devotee (bhakta) of Rama and Sita. The Hindu texts such as the Bhagavata Purana, the Bhakta Mala, the Ananda Ramayana and the Ramacharitmanas present him as someone who is talented, strong, brave and spiritually devoted to Rama. The Rama stories such as the Ramayana and the Ramacharitmanas, in turn themselves, present the Hindu dharmic concept of the ideal, virtuous and compassionate man (Rama) and woman (Sita) thereby providing the context for attributes assigned therein for Hanuman.

• Learned Yogi :- In the late medieval texts and thereafter, such as those by Tulasidas, attributes of Hanuman include learned in Vedanta philosophy of Hinduism, the Vedas, a poet, a polymath, a grammarian, a singer and musician par excellence.

• Remover of obstacles :- in devotional literature, Hanuman is the remover of difficulties.

• Hanuman Chalisa :- The 16th-century Indian poet Tulsidas wrote Hanuman Chalisa, a devotional song dedicated to Hanuman. He claimed to have visions where he met face to face with Hanuman. Based on these meetings, he wrote Ramcharitmanas, an Awadhi language version of Ramayana. According to Hindu belief, Hanuman Chalisa is a very powerful mantra to get the blessing of Hanuman. Many people recite Hanuman Chalisa regularly. According to belief, chanting of Hanuman Chalisa protects Hanuman devotee from devil and all problems.

• Avatar Of Lord Shiva :- Hanuman is the 11th avatar of Lord Shiva.

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