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Revised Article: Refugees of the 2011 Libyan Civil War
Refugees of the Libyan Civil War are the people, predominantly Libyans, who fled or were expelled from their homes during the 2011 Civil War in Libya. The total number of refugees of the civil war was estimated at around one million as of June 2011. However, estimates range between one million and 2.3 million. The refugees fled from within the borders of Libya to the neighbouring states of Tunisia, Egypt and Algeria, as well as European countries across the Mediterranean such as Italy and Malta. Most Libyan nationals returned after the civil war ended, however, most foreign-nationals returned to their countries of origin. The most commonly cited estimates of refugee numbers were collected where international agencies such as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the International Organization for Migration (IOM) were posted at main border-crossing points, and are therefore likely to be an underestimation.

Displacement from Libya
Early in 2011, protests had taken place in Benghazi concerning political corruption and housing shortages. On February 15th, 2011, larger-scale protests broke out against the Muammar Gaddafi’s 42-year rule. The escalation of protests led to a countrywide rebellion against Gaddafi’s regime, and an intensification of armed violence in Libya. Hundreds of thousands of people were displaced from within Libya’s borders due to the widespread conflict.

The regions which experienced the highest rates of displacement were in the Middle Mountain Region (Bani Walid, Tripoli and Tarhunah provinces) and the Middle Coast Region (Sabha, Al Jufrah, Surt and Ajdabiya provinces). Of the provinces directly involved in the armed conflict between February 2011 and February 2012, an estimated 435,000 people were displaced (approximately 10.33% of the directly affected populations). Of these provinces, approximately 68.3 percent of total displaced persons were female, and 31.7 percent were male. UN estimates of the gender balance suggest that 95% of total refugees fleeing Libya were male.

Refugee Camps
Over 500 Libyans (mostly Berber) fled their homes in Libya's Nafusa Mountains and took shelter in the Dehiba area of southeastern Tunisia between 5 and 12 April 2011. In 2011, UNICEF reported 268 people staying in a refugee camp in the town of Dehiba, and 780 people staying in a camp in the town of Rmeda. The camp in Dehiba (south of Ras Ejdir). was run by UNHCR, and the camp in Rmeda was run by a youth centre.

An article published in the Globe and Mail on March 1, 2011, reports allegations of discrimination against sub-Saharan Africans at the Libya-Tunisia border. A New York Times article published March 2011 describes the situation as a logistical nightmare, with the World Health Organization warning of the risk of epidemics. To continue responding to the needs of people staying at the Ras Ajdir crossing point in Tunisia, the WFP and Secours Islamique-France upgraded a kitchen that would provide breakfast for families. Separately, the ICRC advised it was handing over its operations at the Choucha Camp to the Tunisian Red Crescent. Since 24 March 2011, the WFP supplied over 42,500 cooked meals for TCNs at the Sallum border. A total of 1,650 cartons of fortified date bars (equivalent of 13.2 metric tons) had also been provided to supplement these meals.

Internal Displacement
Between February 2011-2012, approximately 422,000 Libyan inhabitants were internally displaced. In April 2011, displacement rose steeply with the escalation of conflict in Ajdabiya, as well as in the Surt, Tawarga and Bani-Walid provinces between September-November 2011.

Migrant Workers
Libya has been considered one of the largest recipients of migrants in the North African region. The nation’s 1.5 million migrant workers were particularly affected by the civil war, as foreigners had historically been regarded as mercenaries, recruited by Gaddafi from neighbouring countries. Migrant laborers came under attack by both government and anti-government forces, and attempted to flee the country.

Before the civil war, there were approximately 1.8 million immigrants working in Libya, and over 750,000 of the country’s migrant population crossed the Libyan border in 2011 to escape ongoing violence. The majority of Libya’s migrant workers returned to Tunisia and Egypt, with a total of 96.6% returning to their country of origin or other neighboring African countries. An additional 422,000 migrants were internally displaced in 2011.

In the case of migrant workers in Libya originating from Mali, many had worked for Gaddafi’s security forces and therefore faced substantial pressures during the conflict in 2011. The UN estimates the number of Malian refugees who returned to their home country to be around 30,000.

After the 2011 War
After the fall of the Gadaffi regime, 1.8% of the 247,167 Libyans who has fled to Egypt, remained in Egypt for an extended period of time. Over 626,010 refugees fled to Tunisia, the majority of which returned to Libya.

The number of internally displaced peoples in Libya was estimated at 59,400 by the end of 2013, over 100,000 by fall 2014, and over 400,000 by 2015. The UNHCR estimates that approximately 56,000 of these people are internally displaced due to the 2011 conflict.

Areas of Current Residence
Benghazi is the area that hosts the largest share of identified IDPs, with 115,000 IDPs residing there, which as a group account for (27.6%) of all IDPs in Libya. It is followed by Ajdabiya with 31,750 of IDPs (7.6%), Bayda with 21,500 IDPs (5.2%), Abu Salim with 21,475 IDPs (5.1%), Bani Waled with 20,000 IDPs (4.8%), Alzintan with 19,425 IDPs (4.7%), Tobruk with 16,375 (3.9%), Al Ajaylat with 13,500 IDPs (3.2%), Janzour with 10,105 IDP (2.4%), Sabha with 7,215 (1.7%), and Tarhuna with 7,150 IDPs (1.7%). Combined, these 10 locations account for 67.9% of the total identified IDP population. The 31 areas shown in the table below jointly host 87.1 % of the total identified IDP population.

Immigration to Europe
A 2008 agreement between Gaddafi and Berlusconi promised increased border control and hindered illegal immigration. In 2010, Libya had also signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the European Union, and a two-year cooperative agreement which addressed the management of immigration flows, border control and security, as well as international protection of asylum seekers. However, the policing of coastlines was complicated by the 2011 conflict. During the beginning of the war, the Berlusconi government’s approach to intervening in Libya’s political unrest was influenced by the commercial relationship which had strengthened between Italy and Libya over the past decade, as well as potential unwanted flows of refugees to Italy. Libya and Tunisia have served as a significant point of departure for boats carrying illegal immigrants to Italy, as it is the most geographically accessible country froom North Africa. However, popular rhetoric surrounding refugee flows to european countries due to civil unrest in Libya is said to have been sensationalized by key actors such as the European Union and Muammar Gaddafi. The Italian interior minister, Robert Maroni, had called the potential influx of immigrants a “biblical exodus” and Italian media tycoon Silvia Berlusconi had referred to the refugees arriving at the Lampedusa Immigrant Reception Center as a “human tsunami.” Gaddafi has also threatened Italy by suggesting that he would release an influx of North African immigrants into Europe.

It has since been established that the volume of immigrants attributed to the 2011 war was exaggerated by the European Union. A small proportion of total refugees of the 2011 war fled to Europe, with the majority immigrating to other North African nations. The number of immigrants received in 2011 by Southern European countries did not differ significantly from previous years. Although in 2011, 3.9 percent of the total refugees fleeing Libya arrived by boat to Italy and Malta. Approximately 42,000 migrants illegally entered Italy by sea, most of whom travelled via Tunisia, and disembarked at Lampedusa. Lampedusa, Italy, did receive an increase in refugee arrivals in 2011.

Note: My additions are in red font. G bruser (talk) 01:24, 4 April 2018 (UTC)

Sources for contribution to "Refugees of the 2011 Libyan Civil War":

 * Libyan armed conflict 2011: Mortality, injury and population displacement, by Mohamed A. Daw, Abdallah El-Bouzedi, Aghnaya A.Dau
 * Libya's Displacement Crisis: Uprooted by Revolution and Civil War, By Megan Bradley, Ibrahim Fraihat, Houda Mzioudet
 * In the Face of Revolution: the Libyan Civil War and Migration Politics in Southern Europe, by Cetta Mainwaring
 * Corpus Linguistics in Critical Discourse Analysis: A Case Study on News Reports of the 2011 Libyan Civil War, by Sibo Chen
 * Fallout in the Sahel: the geographic spread of conflict from Libya to Mali, by Scott Shaw

G bruser (talk) 01:13, 26 February 2018 (UTC)

Conflict with Authorities
When Hosni Mubarak became the president in 1981, regulations were established to allow police to arrest and detain suspects for an undetermined period of time. Incidences of police brutality during raids and protests have led to the arbitrary detention of Sudanese refugees and, in some cases, death.

"Black Day"
In the Maadi district in 2003, from January 27th-29th, Egyptian police raided the residences of refugees from Sudan, Liberia and other African countries. Accounts of ill treatment such as discrimination and assault were reported by detainees–some of whom held refugee cards. A Liberian detainee reported:

I was taken into a police wagon on the street. They drove around to collect other black people. They would ask Egyptians on the street, "Where are the buildings where blacks live?" It was about one hour driving around like this. By the end there were ten or twelve Africans in the car.

According to the reports of other detained refugees, Egyptian police referred to the raid as "Black Day," labelling their intake sheets "Operation Track Down Blacks."

Article Evaluation: Refugees of the 2011 Libyan Civil War
Review Checklist: '''Is everything in the article relevant to the article topic? Is there anything that distracted you?''' All information is relevant to the topic. '''Is the article neutral? Are there any claims, or frames, that appear heavily biased toward a particular position?''' The article is fairly neutral. The page describes the poor conditions faced by the refugees, however the author does so by referring to external sources. There is minimal bias toward a particular position. Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented? The article showcases the perspectives of various news outlets. It could be useful to add information from an academic source that gives an overview of the integration of Libyan refugees in other nations (those who did not return after the war). '''Check the citations. Do the links work? Does the source support the claims in the article?''' The link to the UN Refugee agency has updated their information as of 2017, therefore the source no longer provides the numbers quoted in this article for 2013. However, all the links are functioning. '''Is each fact supported by an appropriate, reliable reference? Where does the information come from? Are these neutral sources? If biased, is that bias noted?''' Many of the citations refer to news media outlets, which may or may not be reliable sources of information. However, it is explicitly stated when information originates from a news reporter. Additional information from scholarly sources could improve the reliability of the wikipedia page. '''Is any information out of date? Is anything missing that should be added?''' The most recent source is from 2014. The "After 2011 War" section could be updated with newer information on current affairs in Libya. Some clarification could be used around the sentence "political opponents of the present forces in power in Libya," because to my knowledge, political power in the nation has evolved since this conflict. '''How is the article rated? Is it a part of any WikiProjects?''' The article is rated "Start-Class," as a part of WikiProjects "Africa/Libya" and "Politics". It is also rated C-Class for the "ArabWorld" Wikiproject and "low-importance" for all projects. More information should be added to this page.

G bruser (talk) 20:20, 28 January 2018 (UTC)