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Techniques

Production of earthenware in the Philippines was facilitated by two main techniques, which are the paddle and Anvil and the coiling and scraping technique (Niziolek 2013: 2824). Although a level of highly skilled craftsmanship is present in the Philippines, No evidence of kilns are found, primarily because the type of clay naturally occurring in the archipelago, can only withstand relatively low temperatures of heating

Primary Surface Treatment

There are five primary modes of surface treatment in the Philippines. First is the simple scraping and perhaps polishing of the surface leaving it relatively smooth. Second is the application of liquid, which includes slipping, glazing, or painting (red hematite). Third is the incised or cutting out of various geometric patterns. Fourth is impressed similar to stamping designs directly into the surface. Finally the fifth method is applique treatment or the application of additional clay which raises the surface of the earthenware and produces a design (Gunn, Mary M. and Graves, Michael W. (1995).

Post-colonial and Contemporary Philippines
Post-colonial period 1946-1986

Domestic Production decreased even more during this period. Utilitarian use is the only type which survived.

Contemporary period 1986-present

Traditional, non-industrious techniques are still used today in the Philippines (Niziolek 2013: 2824). These include Open-air firing, non-wheel production located in Talibon, Valencia (Yakowski 2006: 13).

Northern Philippines
When referring to the Northern Philippines, this will include the islands of Luzon, Babuyan, and Batanes.

Batanes Islands
The Batanes Islands are a group of islands located in the northernmost region of Luzon in the Municipality of Calayan, Province of Cagayan, Cagayan Valley just below Taiwan (19° 31′ 20″ N, 121° 57′ 13″ E).

Archeological sites contained boat-shaped stone (limestone and coral stone) burials which are extremely unique to the region. Several earthenware bowls and “high-fired” sherds were found associated with burial remains (Valdes 2003).

Babuyan Island
Babuyan Island is an island located in the northern region of Luzon in the Municipality of Calayan, Province of Cagayan, Cagayan Valley below the Batanes Islands (19° 31′ 20″ N, 121° 57′ 13″ E).

Archeological sites were discovered on Fuga Island by Willheim Solheim in 1952. Burial jars made of earthenware were the most significant find and were one of the sources or supporting evidence that Solheim utilized to create his article on burial jars in ISEA (Solheim 1960).

Luzon Island
Luzon is the largest island in the Philippines located in the northernmost region of the Philippines, north of Mindoro, Marinduque, and Masbate (16° 0’ 0” N, 121° 0’ 0” E).

Significant sites are found at the Pintu Rockshelter in the Nueva Vizcaya Province, Dimolit on Palanan Bay in Isabela Province and Lal-lo in the Cagayan Province of Northern Luzon.

Pintu Rockshelter and Dimolit were excavated in 1969 by Warren Peterson who believed hunter and gatherers seasonally occupied the sites at approximately 5,120BP, 3,900BP, and 3280BP. Evidence of Coiling and the paddle and anvil earthenware production were found at both sites. Mainly shallow dishes with low pedestal feet were excavated at Pintu and many contained impressed circles on their surfaces (Valdes 2003). Small and large post-holes were found at Dimolit, which aided its classification as an open habitation site. Earthenware pottery interior and exterior exhibited plain or red-slipped surface treatment. Pottery found was constructed into dishes which had perforations (circle or square) on the bottom. Also globular and angled vessels were found.

Lal-lo is considered by some archaeologists to be the most extensive shell midden site in Southeast Asia. Excavations have been conducted by Thiel in 1980, Aoyagi in 1983, Aoyagi and Tananka in 1985, and Ogawa and Aguilera in 1987. A sum of 21,664 earthenware sherds have been recovered and multiple types of vessels (red-slipped jars, bowls with ring footing, and shallow bowls with paddle impressions) have been collected (Valdes 2003).

Kalinga
Kalinga is a province situated in the central region of the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) in northern Luzon that is bordered by the Province of Mountain to the south, the Province of Abra to the east, the Province of Isabela to the east, the Province of Cagayan to the northeast, and the Province of Apayao to the north (17° 45′ 00” N, 121° 15′ 00” E).

Evidence of Part-time production of earthenware pottery (Niziolek 2013: 2824)

Batangas
Batangas is a province situated in the Calabarzon region in southern Luzon that is bordered by the Province of Cavite and Laguna to the north and the Province of Quezon to the east (13° 50′ 00” N, 121° 00′ 00” E).

Most significant Archeological site is the Laurel site also referred to as the Taal-Lemery complex. Multiple field teams from the National Museum have conducted excavations at this site. Primarily Metal Age pottery is found and is considered by some to be the most equiset earthenware production found in the region post Neolithic. Vessels found are typically highly polished or re-slipped. Chinese ceramics heavily influenced earthenware production at this site. Unauthorized excavations and pothunters were detrimental to several sites. Fortunately, Maharlika A. Cuevas (Research Assistant) found one site fully intact. Cuevas claims the site may have also previously been a burial site. (Valdes, 2003).

Most significant artifact found is the Calatagan Pot found in Talisay, Calatagan, Batangas

Archeologist Eusebio Z. Dizon describes the Calatagan Pot as atypical and engraved with syllabic writing around the vessel’s shoulder around (Dizon 1995). Additionally it the the only earthenware found in the Philippines with inscriptions and is indicative of ancient writing. The inscriptions have yet to be fully deciphered and some experts believe it should be considered a National Cultural Treasure. (Valdes 2003: 39).

Quezon
Quezon is a province situated in the Calabarzon region in southern Luzon that is bordered by the Province of Aurora to the north, the Provinces of Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna and Batangas to the west, and the Provinces of Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur to the east (14° 10′ 00” N, 121° 50′ 00” E).

Paradijon
Paradijon is located within the Municipality of Gubat, the Province of Sorsogon, Bicol (12.912° 00’ 00” N, 124.1176° 00’ 00” E).

Marinduque
Marinduque is an island located east of Mindoro and west of Luzon in the Municipality of Boac, Mimaropa (13°24′N 121°58′E).

Central Philippines
The region, Central Philippines, refers to the regions below Luzon and Mindanao, which includes the Visayas.

Palawan Island
Palawan Island is the fifth largest island in the Philippines located in the westernmost region of the Philippines (9° 30′ 00" N 118° 30′ 00"E).

Visayas Islands
The Visayas Islands consist of the 6 major islands:


 * 1) Panay
 * 2) Negros
 * 3) Cebu
 * 4) Bohol
 * 5) Leyte
 * 6) Samar

and is located in the central region of the Philippines.

Panay Island
Panay Island is the sixth largest island in the Philippines located to the west of Negros (11° 09′ 00" N, 122° 29′ 00" E).

Reference
Valdes, Cynthia O., and Wilfredo P. Ronquillo. Pang-alay : ritual pottery in ancient Philippines. Makati City, Philippines: Ayala Foundation in cooperation with the Oriental Ceramic Society of the Philippines, 2003. Print.

Gunn, Mary M., and Michael W. Graves. "Constructing seriations from the Guthe collection, the central Philippines: Implications for Southeast Asian ceramic chronologies." Asian Perspectives (1995): 257-282. < https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/42928364.pdf >