User:Gaherfindahl2/Sandbox

Since 1776, the United States military has conducted several hundred executions of military personnel. An estimated 459 of these executions occurred between 1861-1961. 160 of these executions are reported by the federal government to have taken place between 1942 and 1961. At least six executions of military personnel are pending, with two cases awaiting Presidential action.

In addition, the United States military has conducted numerous executions of assassins,  prisoners of war,  saboteurs,  spies and war criminals. At present, the United States claims the right to execute terrorists convicted of war crimes before military commissions,  although no suspect has been sentenced to death,  or executed.

=Revolutionary War Period= Estimates of executions carried out by the Continental Army typically range from 40 to a high of one hundred.

=War of 1812=

During the War of 1812, the United States Army reportedly executed 205 servicemen (mostly deserters). There were 3 executions in 1812, 32 in 1813,  146 in 1814 and 24 in 1815.

=Naval Executions= The United States Navy has apparently conducted some seventeen executions of naval personnel (sailors and marines) throughout its' history, the most famous of these being the summary hangings of alleged mutineers aboard the USS Somers. Although naval courts continue to adjudge sentences of death for capital crimes, no sailor or marine or other person in naval service has been executed since 1849. Two marines currently await potential execution on convictions for premeditated murder.

The United States Navy has also executed a number of Japanese nationals on charges of war crimes for acts committed in the Pacific theater of operations during the Second World War. One study cites a figure of ten hangings carried out on Guam between 1947-1949. The official Marine Corps History of Operations offers an alternative figure of thirteen executions conducted by the Navy on Guam.


 * {| cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 border=1 style="border-collapse:collapse; border:#555;

! width=10%|Name ! width=10%|Rank ! width=10%|Offense ! width=10%|Year of Execution
 * - bgcolor="#faecc8"
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * William Galligher
 * Seaman
 * Murder
 * 1799
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * Daniel Mckenny
 * Marine
 * Desertion
 * 1812
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * William Johnson
 * Seaman
 * Mutiny
 * 1813
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * James Bird
 * Marine
 * Desertion
 * 1814
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * James Rankin
 * Marine
 * Desertion
 * 1814
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * John Monroe
 * Marine
 * Desertion
 * 1814
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * William Bunnett
 * Marine
 * Desertion
 * 1814
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * Robert Elixson
 * Seaman
 * Desertion
 * 1814
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * Thomas Smith
 * Marine
 * Desertion
 * 1817
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * William Boyington
 * Marine
 * Murder
 * 1817
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * Thomas Allen
 * Landsman?
 * Murder
 * 1836
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * Philip Spencer
 * Midshipman
 * Mutiny
 * 1 December1842
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * Elisha Small
 * Seaman
 * Mutiny
 * 1 December 1842
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * Samuel Cromwell
 * Boatswain
 * Mutiny
 * 1 December 1842
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * Samuel Jackson
 * Seaman
 * Mutiny
 * 17 September 1846
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * Peter Black
 * Seaman
 * Mutiny
 * 23 October 1849
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * John Black
 * Seaman
 * Mutiny
 * 23 October 1849
 * }
 * Seaman
 * Mutiny
 * 17 September 1846
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * Peter Black
 * Seaman
 * Mutiny
 * 23 October 1849
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * John Black
 * Seaman
 * Mutiny
 * 23 October 1849
 * }
 * 23 October 1849
 * }
 * }

=Mexican War= Approximately fifty American servicemen were hanged or shot during the Mexican War.

=Civil War= Historians citing official records report that 267 executions were conducted by military authorities during the Civil War; a more comprehensive study documents at least 275.

=Indian Wars= 38 Indians were executed during the South Dakota uprising of 1862. Four Indians were tried by military commission and hanged after the Modoc War in 1873. Three Indian Scouts were hanged after court-martial in 1882.

=The Philippine-American War, 1899-1902=

During the Philippine-American War, several members of the United States Army were executed. One enlisted man serving in the Philippines was executed for murder in the year ending June 30th, 1901. Three enlisted men, also serving in the Philippines,  were executed for murder during the year ending June 30,  1902.

In this same period, the Judge-Advocate-General of the United States Army reported that approximately two hundred and forty four individuals,  mostly natives of the Philippines,  were executed after trial by military commissions. Five persons were executed during the year ending June 30, 1900,,  about 101 persons were executed during the year ending June 30,  1901,  , approximately 128 people were executed during the year ending June 30,  1902,  and a further 10 persons were executed during the year ending June 30,  1903.

=First World War= Official reports tabulate a total of 35 military executions in the United States Army, 25 in the United States and 10 in France. Congressional investigations revealed that 11 hangings actually took place in France over 1917-1919.

=Second World War= 147 executions were carried out by the United States Army between 1942-1948, with most of them (141) being conducted over 1942-1945.

Executions of German POWs during Second World War
In 1945, the United States Army executed fourteen German Prisoners of war by hanging at the United States Disciplinary Barracks, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. These POWs, members of the German Armed services, had been convicted by general court-martial for the murders of fellow Germans believed by their fellow inmates to be collaborating as confidential informants with the United States military authorities. These hangings at the United States Disciplinary Barracks were carried out in an warehouse elevator shaft which had been converted into a temporary gallows. The fourteen Germans were subsequently buried in the Fort Leavenworth Military Prison Cemetery.


 * {| cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 border=1 style="border-collapse:collapse; border:#555;

! width=15%|Name ! width=5%| Age ! width=15%|Date of Execution ! width=15%|Name of Victim ! width=10%|Offence
 * - bgcolor="#faecc8"
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * Walter Beyer
 * 32
 * 10 July 1945
 * Johannes Kunze
 * Murder
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * Hans Demme
 * 23
 * 10 July 1945
 * Johannes Kunze
 * Murder
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * Hans Schomer
 * 27
 * 10 July 1945
 * Johannes Kunze
 * Murder
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * Willie Scholz
 * 22
 * 10 July 1945
 * Johannes Kunze
 * Murder
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * Berthold Seidel
 * 30
 * 10 July 1945
 * Johannes Kunze
 * Murder
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * Erich Gauss
 * 14 July 1945
 * Horst Günther
 * Murder
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * Rudolph Straub
 * 14 July 1945
 * Horst Günther
 * Murder
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * Helmut Fischer
 * 25 August 1945
 * Werner Drechsler
 * Murder
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * Fritz Franke
 * 25 August 1945
 * Werner Drechsler
 * Murder
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * Guenther Kuelsen
 * 25 August 1945
 * Werner Drechsler
 * Murder
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * Heinrich Ludwig
 * 25 August 1945
 * Werner Drechsler
 * Murder
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * Bernard Reyak
 * 25 August 1945
 * Werner Drechsler
 * Murder
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * Otto Stengel
 * 25 August 1945
 * Werner Drechsler
 * Murder
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * Rolf Wizuy
 * 25 August 1945
 * Werner Drechsler
 * Murder
 * }
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * Bernard Reyak
 * 25 August 1945
 * Werner Drechsler
 * Murder
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * Otto Stengel
 * 25 August 1945
 * Werner Drechsler
 * Murder
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * Rolf Wizuy
 * 25 August 1945
 * Werner Drechsler
 * Murder
 * }
 * Rolf Wizuy
 * 25 August 1945
 * Werner Drechsler
 * Murder
 * }
 * }

=Air Force Executions= Three members of the United States Air Force have been executed by hanging. These executions were carried out under a short-lived revised version of the Articles of War popularly known as the Elston Act of 1948 (Sullivan, 2002).


 * {| cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 border=1 style="border-collapse:collapse; border:#555;

! width=15%|Name ! width=10%|Race ! width=20%|Date of Execution ! width=15%|Location ! width=25%|Offence
 * - bgcolor="#faecc8"
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"


 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * | Robert E. Keller
 * | Unknown
 * |11 March 1950
 * | Yokohama, Japan
 * | Murder
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * | Robert Burns
 * | Robert Burns
 * | Black
 * | 28 January 1954
 * | Guam
 * | Murder and rape
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * | Herman Dennis, Jr.
 * | Black
 * | 28 January 1954
 * | Guam
 * | Murder and rape
 * }
 * }
 * }

=Executions under the Uniform Code of Military justice= A total of ten military executions (all by hanging) have been carried out by the United States Army under the provisions of the original Uniform Code of Military Justice of 5 May 1950. The first four of these executions were carried out by military officials at the Kansas State Penitentiary near Lansing, Kansas. The remaining six executions were conducted in the boiler room of the United States Disciplinary Barracks, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.


 * {| cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 border=1 style="border-collapse:collapse; border:#555;

! width=15%|Name ! width=10%|Race ! width=20%|Date of Sentencing ! width=20%|Date of Execution ! width=15%|Location ! width=25%|Offence
 * - bgcolor="#faecc8"
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"


 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * Bernard J. O'Brien
 * White
 * 19 June 1952
 * 31 July 1954
 * Kansas State Penitentiary
 * Premeditated murder
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * Chastine Beverly
 * Black
 * 10 October 1951
 * 1 March 1955
 * Kansas State Penitentiary
 * Robbery, premeditated murder
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * Louis M. Suttles
 * Black
 * 10 October 1951
 * 1 March 1955
 * Kansas State Penitentiary
 * Robbery, premeditated murder
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * James L. Riggins
 * Black
 * 10 October 1951
 * 1 March 1955
 * Kansas State Penitentiary
 * Robbery, premeditated murder
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * Thomas J. Edwards
 * Black
 * 1 April 1953
 * 14 February 1957
 * United States Disciplinary Barracks
 * Premeditated murder
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * Winfred D. Moore
 * United States Disciplinary Barracks
 * Premeditated murder
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * Winfred D. Moore
 * Winfred D. Moore


 * Black
 * 19 August 1953
 * 14 February 1957
 * United States Disciplinary Barracks
 * Murder, assault with intent to commit robbery
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * Ernest L. Ranson
 * Ernest L. Ranson


 * Black
 * 5 June 1953
 * 3 April 1957
 * United States Disciplinary Barracks
 * Lifting weapon against superior officer, premeditated murder, rape, robbery, 2 counts of assault with dangerous weapon
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * Abraham Thomas
 * Black
 * 15 April 1954
 * 23 July 1958
 * United States Disciplinary Barracks
 * Four counts premeditated murder
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * John E. Day, Jr.
 * Black
 * 1 October 1951
 * 23 September 1959
 * United States Disciplinary Barracks
 * Murder, premeditated assault with attempt to do bodily harm with dangerous weapon, assault
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * John A. Bennett
 * Black
 * 8 February 1955
 * 13 April 1961
 * United States Disciplinary Barracks
 * Rape, premeditated attempted murder
 * }
 * United States Disciplinary Barracks
 * Rape, premeditated attempted murder
 * }
 * }

=Pending Executions= Six servicemen currently await execution by lethal injection at Fort Leavenworth's USDB.


 * {| cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 border=1 style="border-collapse:collapse; border:#555;

! width=15%|Name ! width=10%|Service ! width=10%|Race ! width=15%|Offense ! width=25%|Remarks
 * - bgcolor="#faecc8"
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"


 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * Kenneth Parker
 * Marine Corps
 * Black
 * Murder
 * Appellate review
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * Wade L. Walker
 * Marine Corps
 * Black
 * Murder
 * Appellate review
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * Ronald Gray
 * Army
 * Black
 * Murder
 * Awaiting Presidential action
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * Dwight J. Loving
 * Army
 * Black
 * Murder
 * Awaiting DuBay hearing
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * Asan Akbar
 * Army
 * Black
 * Murder
 * Appellate review
 * - bgcolor="#faf6ed"
 * Andrew Witt
 * Air Force
 * White
 * Murder
 * Appellate review
 * }
 * Air Force
 * White
 * Murder
 * Appellate review
 * }
 * }

=References=

BOOKS





















ARTICLES



GOVERNMENT REPORTS





























PERIODICALS









=Notes=