User:Galaxylover1742/Petrified wood



Petrified wood (from the Latin root petro meaning "rock" or "stone"; literally "wood turned into stone") is the name given to a special type of fossilized remains of terrestrial vegetation. Petrifaction is the result of a tree or tree-like plants having transitioned to stone by a mineralization process that often includes permineralization and replacement. The organic materials making up cell walls have been replicated with minerals (mostly a silicate, such as opal, chalcedony, or quartz). In some instances, the original structure of the stem tissue may be partly retained. Unlike other plant fossils, which are typically impressions or compressions, petrified wood is a three-dimensional representation of the original organic material.

The petrifaction process occurs underground, when wood becomes buried in water saturated sediment or volcanic ash. The presence of water reduces the availability of oxygen which inhibits aerobic decomposition by bacteria and fungi. Mineral-laden water flowing through the sediments may lead to permineralization, which occurs when minerals precipitate out of solution filling the interiors of cells and other empty spaces. During replacement, the plant's cell walls act as a template for mineralization. There needs to be a balance between the decay of cellulose and lignin and mineral templating for cellular detail to be preserved with fidelity. Most of the organic matter often decomposes, however some of the lignin may remain. Silica in the form of Opal-A, can encrust and permeate wood relatively quickly in hot spring environments. However, petrified wood is most commonly associated with trees that were buried in fine grained sediments of deltas and floodplains or volcanic lahars and ash beds. A forest where such material has petrified becomes known as a petrified forest.

Elements
Elements such as manganese, iron, and copper in the water/mud during the petrification process give petrified wood a variety of color ranges. Pure quartz crystals are colorless, but when contaminants are added to the process the crystals take on a yellow, red, or another tint.

Following is a list of contaminating elements and related color hues:
 * carbon – black
 * chromium – green/blue
 * cobalt – green/blue
 * copper – green/blue
 * iron oxides – red, brown, and yellow
 * manganese – pink/orange
 * manganese oxides – blackish/yellow
 * silicon dioxide – clear/white/grey

Petrified wood can preserve the original structure of the stem in all its detail, down to the microscopic level. Structures such as tree rings and the various tissues are often observed features.

Petrified wood is a fossil in which the organic remains have been replaced by minerals in the slow process of being replaced with stone. This petrification process generally results in a quartz chalcedony mineralization. Special rare conditions must be met in order for the fallen stem to be transformed into fossil wood or petrified wood. In general, the fallen plants get buried in an environment free of oxygen (anaerobic environment), which preserves the original plant structure and general appearance. The other conditions include a regular access to mineral rich water in contact with the tissues, replacing the organic plant structure with inorganic minerals. The end result is petrified wood, a plant, with its original basic structure in place, replaced by stone.

Locations
Areas with a large number of petrified trees include:

Africa

 * Egypt – petrified forest in Cairo-Suez road, declared a national protectorate by the ministry of environment, also in the area of New Cairo at the Extension of Nasr City, El Qattamiyya, near El Maadi district, and Al Farafra oasis.
 * Libya – Great Sand Sea – Hundreds of square miles of petrified trunks, branches and other debris mixed with Stone Age artifacts
 * Madagascar – Northwest Coast
 * Namibia – petrified forest of Damaraland
 * Sudan – petrified forest north of El-Kurru

Asia

 * China – in the Junggar Basin of Xinjiang, northwest China government has issued a crackdown on collecting of this material.
 * India – protected geological sites known for petrified wood are the National Fossil Wood Park, Tiruvakkarai (20-million-year-old fossils) and the Akal Wood Fossil Park (180-million-year-old fossils). Petrified wood has also been discovered in Dholavira in Kutch, Gujarat, dating back to 187–176 million years.
 * Indonesia – petrified wood covers several area in Banten and also in some part of Mount Halimun Salak National Park.
 * Israel – several examples of petrified wood occur in the HaMakhtesh HaGadol in the Negev desert.
 * Pakistan - Sindh - Dadu - Petrified Forest at Khirthar National Park
 * Saudi Arabia – petrified forest north of Riyadh
 * Thailand – Bantak Petrified Forest Park in Ban Tak District

Australasia

 * Australia – has deposits of petrified and opalised wood. Chinchilla, Queensland is famous for its 'Chinchilla Red'.
 * New Zealand:
 * Curio Bay on the Catlins coast contains many petrified wood examples.
 * Fossil Forest, Takapuna, Auckland, New Zealand

Europe

 * Belgium – Geosite Goudberg near Hoegaarden.
 * Czech Republic, Nová Paka – The most famous locality on Permian–Carboniferous rocks in the Czech Republic.
 * France – petrified forest in the village of Champclauson
 * Georgia – Goderdzi Petrified Forest Natural Monument.
 * Germany – the museum of natural history in Chemnitz has a collection of petrified trees, from the in situ Chemnitz petrified forest, found in the town since 1737.
 * Greece – Petrified forest of Lesvos, at the western tip of the island of Lesbos, is possibly the largest of the petrified forests, covering an area of over 150 km2 and declared a National Monument in 1985. Large, upright trunks complete with root systems can be found, as well as trunks up to 22 m in length.
 * Italy:
 * Foresta fossile di Dunarobba, petrified forest near Avigliano Umbro, Umbria (Central Italy), age Piacenzian.
 * Foresta pietrificata di Zuri – Soddì, petrified forest near Soddì (Province of Oristano, Sardinia), age Chattian–Aquitanian.
 * Ukraine – petrified araucaria trunks near Druzhkivka
 * United Kingdom – many examples of petrified submerged forests can be found at low tide around the coast of England and Wales.
 * Fossil Grove, Glasgow, Scotland
 * Fossil Forest, Dorset, England

North America

 * Canada – in the badlands of southern Alberta; petrified wood is the provincial stone of Alberta. Axel Heiberg Island in Nunavut has a large petrified forest. In and around the North Saskatchewan river, around the Edmonton area. Blanche Brook, in Stephenville, Newfoundland, has 305-million-year-old examples.
 * United States – petrified wood sites include:
 * Petrified Wood Park in Lemmon, South Dakota
 * Ginkgo/Wanapum State Park in Washington state
 * Petrified Forest National Park in Arizona
 * Petrified Forest in California
 * Mississippi Petrified Forest in Flora, Mississippi
 * Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument near Florissant, Colorado
 * Yellowstone Petrified Forest and Gallatin Petrified Forest, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming
 * The south unit of Theodore Roosevelt National Park outside Medora, North Dakota
 * Gilboa Fossil Forest, New York
 * Escalante Petrified Forest State Park in Utah
 * Agate Desert in the Upper Rogue River Valley near Medford, Oregon

South America

 * Argentina – the Sarmiento Petrified Forest and Jaramillo Petrified Forest in Santa Cruz Province in the Argentine Patagonia have many trees that measure more than 3 m in diameter and 30 m long.
 * Brazil:
 * in the geopark of Paleorrota, there is a vast area with petrified trees.
 * In the Heritage forest
 * Monumento Natural das Árvores Fossilizadas (Fossil Trees Natural Monument) in Tocantins: petrified forests of dicksoniaceae (specifically Psaronius and Tietea singularis) and arthropitys
 * Petrified forests of dicksoniaceae (specifically Psaronius and Tietea singularis) and arthropitys can also be found in the state of São Paulo
 * Floresta Fóssil de Teresina near Rio Poti, Piauí, Permian (around 280–270 million years ago).
 * Ecuador – Puyango Petrified Forest – One of the largest collections of petrified wood in the world.