User:Gallaz63/Kendama

The  kendama (けん玉, "sword [and] ball") is a traditional Japanese wooden skill toy. It consists of a handle (ken), a pair of cups (sarado) and a ball (tama) that are all connected together by a string. One end of the ken is a cup, and the other end of it is narrowed down, forming a spike (kensaki) that fits into the hole (ana) of the tama. The kendama is the Japanese version of the classic cup-and-ball game, and is also a variant of the Mexican toy known as boliche or balero and the French cup-and-ball game bilboquet. Kendama can be held in different grips, and the tricks and combinations that can be done are limitless.

The origins of kendama are disputed but is generally believed to have originated during the 17th or 18th century. It came to Japan during the Edo period and use of the toy has spread throughout the world. The size of and materials used to create kendamas vary as they can come in jumbo and mini sizes and be created out of materials such as plastic, metal, and nylon. There are now kendama competitions held in countries all over the world, the biggest competition being the annual Kendama World Cup in Japan.

Structure and terminology
The kendama is comprised of the following parts:


 * 1) Handle (sword) ken (剣).
 * 2) Spike kensaki (剣先).
 * 3) Big cup ōzara (大皿).
 * 4) Bottom cup chūzara (中皿).
 * 5) Small cup kozara (小皿).
 * 6) Ball tama (玉).
 * 7) Hole ana (穴).
 * 8) String  ito (糸).
 * 9) Cup body saradō (皿胴).
 * 10) Small cup edge kozara no fuchi (小皿のふち).
 * 11) Big cup edge ōzara no fuchi (大皿のふち).
 * 12) Slip-stop or slip grip suberidome (すべり止め).
 * 13) Back end kenjiri (けんじり).
 * 14) String attachment hole ito toritsuke ana (糸取り付け穴).
 * 15) Bead (located inside of tama, not pictured) bīzu  (ビーズ)

Stringing a Kendama
"Stringing" a kendama is the action of connecting all 3 pieces of the kendama (ken, sarado, and tama) together. To string a kendama together, you need a bead (or mini bearing) and a piece of string. The steps to string a kendama together are:


 * 1) Take one end of the string and put it through the little hole in the tama until the string is coming through the big hole (ana).
 * 2) Put the bead on the end of the string coming out of the ana and tie a knot to lock the bead in.
 * 3) Put the untied end of the string through one of the two holes in the sarado. (Note: If you want a right handed kendama, hold the sarado up so that the big cup is on the right side and put the string through the whole that is facing you. If you want a left handed kendama, make sure the big cup is on the left side and put the string through the hole facing you).
 * 4) Lead the string through the hole in the ken.
 * 5) Tie a knot at that end of the string so the string doesn't slip through the ken piece.
 * 6) Put the sarado down on top of the ken.



Grips
A kendama can be held in numerous types of grips. The grip that a person decides to holds a kendama in depends on what trick that person wants to try and perform. Some of these grips include:


 * Ken grip: Hold the ken with all five fingers with the spike pointing upwards and the big cup (or small cup) facing towards your body


 * Sara grip: hold the ken by placing your thumb and index finger below the intersection of the sarado and ken.
 * Sara grip (stabilized): In addition to the thumb and index finger placement, put your middle and ring finger underneath the small cup or big cup (this depends on which way the ken is facing).
 * Tama grip: With your fingertips, hold the ball (tama) with the hole (ana) facing upwards.
 * Candle grip: Face the ken with the spike pointed downward. Hold the ken with three fingers: index, middle, and the thumb.

How to Play
The general concept of kendama is pulling the ken up and balancing the tama somewhere on the ken, or vice versa. There are not any specific rules on how to play kendama. However, bending the knees while playing kendama is a method that experts use.

Endless tricks and trick combinations can be made with just ken grip, sara grip, tama grip, and candle grip by themselves or together in a combination. Some examples of tricks in each of these grips are as follows:

Ken Grip
Spike: This trick involves the hole in the tama and the spike. See tutorial


 * 1) Hold the ken with the spike pointing straight up
 * 2) Hold the ball with your off hand to ensure the ball is still before starting the motion of this trick.
 * 3) Bend your knees
 * 4) Pull the tama up with your entire body
 * 5) Catch the ball in the spike by directing your spike underneath the hole in the tama.


 * Swing Spike: a variation of the Spike. See tutorial


 * 1) Hold the ken the way you would prepare to do a spike
 * 2) Hold the ball with your opposite hand and slightly bring it back towards your body, keeping the tension in the string
 * 3) Let go of the ball and swing the ball out in front of you
 * 4) Tug the string a bit to make the ball rotate the hole 360° towards yourself
 * 5) Catch the tama on the spike by connecting the spike and the hole together.

Around Japan: This trick is a combination of the big cup, small cup, and the spike. See tutorial


 * 1) Pull the ball up into the small cup
 * 2) Hop the ball over to the big cup by rotating your wrist to the right (and vice versa if left handed).
 * 3) Keep you eye on the hole, and hop the ball up onto the spike, connecting the hole and spike together.

* the following combination is also ok: big cup→small cup→spike

* this trick can also be done in sara grip

Around the Block: This trick is similar to Around Japan, with the addition to the bottom cup. See tutorial


 * 1) Pull the ball up into the big cup
 * 2) Hop the ball into the small cup
 * 3) Hop the ball into the bottom cup by rotating your wrist downwards during your transfer between cups

* the following combination is also ok: small cup→big cup→base cup→spike


 * Around the World: Similar to Around the Block, with the addition of the spike. See tutorial


 * 1) Follow all the steps from "Around the Block"
 * 2) Keep your eye on the hole, and from the bottom cup, hop the ball up and catch the ball by landing the hole on to the spike

* both of these tricks can also be done in sara grip

Bird: This trick involves the ball, the hole, the spike, and the big cup or small cup edge. See tutorial


 * 1) Hold the ken with the spike facing upwards with the big cup (or small cup) facing towards your body
 * 2) Tilt the kendama slightly away from you
 * 3) Bend your knees, and extend them while pulling the ball straight up
 * 4) Balance the hole of the ball on the big cup edge (or small cup edge) while the ball leans against the spike

Sara Grip
Moshikame: This is a trick combination of the big cup and bottom cup. See tutorial

1. Pull the ball up into the big cup

2. Bend your knees and hop the ball up into the air

3. While the ball is in mid-air, rotate the ken downwards so that the bottom cup is facing up

4. Catch the ball in the bottom cup.

Clack back: This trick uses the big cup (or small cup) and the end of the handle.


 * 1) Pull the ball up onto the big cup
 * 2) Lean the ken about 45° downward so that the basecup turns starts to face toward the ground, causing the ball to start to fall off the big cup.
 * 3) "Clack" (hit) the ball with the back end of the ken
 * 4) Catch the ball on the big cup



Tama Grip
Airplane: This trick involves the hole in the ball and the spike. "Airplane" mirrors the movement pattern of "Swing Spike." See tutorial


 * 1) Hold the ball with the hole facing upwards
 * 2) Grab the ken with your off hand to
 * 3) With your offhand, slightly pull the ken back
 * 4) Release the ken with your off hand
 * 5) Pull ken in mid-air so it rotates 180° towards you, making the ken face downwards
 * 6) Catch the spike in the hole

Lighthouse: This trick involves the base cup and the ball. See tutorial


 * 1) Hold the ken steady with your off hand to stabilize it.
 * 2) Pull the ken gently upwards, having the ken rise above the tama and ensuring the ken stays stable throughout the movement.
 * 3) Place your ball under the bottom cup as the ken rises higher than the ball
 * 4) Balance the ken on top of the ball

Candle Grip
Candlestick: This trick involves the base cup. See tutorial


 * 1) Pull or swing the ball upwards onto the bottom cup

Origins, precursors, and parallels
The origins of the game are disputed. It is believed by some to be a variant of the French ball-and-cup game bilboquet (bil "ball" boquet "small tree"), a toy that dates back to the 16th century and was popular in Europe during the 17th century. During that same period the kendama is believed to have arrived in Japan via the Silk Road from China during the Edo period (1600-1868), with some scholars specifying that it arrived between 1778 and 1779.

Hatsukaichi City in Hiroshima Prefecture is considered to be the birthplace of the modern Japanese Kendama due to the city becoming the first place for kendama manufacturing. Hamagatsu Ekusa created the shape of the kendama that is widely recognized today in 1919 in Kure city and during the early 20th century the toy had two side cups and was called a jitsugetsu ball (日月ボール)., literally translating to "sun and moon ball."

Other toys that are similar to the kendama in concept include the balero, a mexican barrel-and-stick toy.

Models
Despite not being originated in Japan, the shape of kendama that is known today was formed and evolved in Japan.

The dates of when the following 3 kendama models were made or seen are undocumented:

"Deer horn and ball" was the form that the kendama took on when it arrived in Japan for the first time, literally a deer horn attached to a ball. Later on, some people replaced the deer horn with a piece of bamboo due to deer horn costing too may resources, making the bamboo and ball. The next model started to resemble what the kendama looks like today: the ken and ball. This model was a ken piece strung to the ball.

The jisugetsu ball kendama model was the first model made by Ekusa (1919), and later went on to be produced as many as 300,000 times in one year by Hongo woodworking factory in Hatsukaichi (1921). The jisugetsu has a similar design as lined folk craft kendamas, which were made by factories that also produced Kokeshi dolls from spinning lathe machines. The strings of both the jisugetsu ball and folk craft kendamas were placed on the ken using a loose metal fitting, making the string prone to detaching or breaking.

The S (Shinma)-Type kendama was the first competition style kendama invented in 1975 by Hideo Shinma, the president of the Tokyo Kendama Club. The first S-type prototype emerged in 1976, and the Japan Kendama Association (JKA) asked Shinma to make them a competition style model based on the S-Type design in 1977.

The F (Fujiwara)-Type (F16) kendama emerged in 1978, invented by Issei Fujiwara. The F-Type incorporated new modifications unknown to kendamas at the time. The F-Type had two small holes drilled in the middle of each side of the sarado, and also used a sturdier string that was unlikely to break. The two string holes in the sarado offer more fluidity of play as well as the option to switch the kendama between left handed or right handed.

The Tortoise kendama by Tortoise, Inc. was a take on the S-type kendama after the S-type discontinued in 1990. Tortoise kendamas came in different models: the T-8,  T-14, T-16, and T-17. The numbers indicating each different Tortoise model corresponds with the height of each model in centimeters. Tortoise kendamas stopped production in 2012 due to not having enough resources.

The F16-2, the second version of the F16, was released in 2001. The main change in the F16-2 from the F16 is that the position of the string hole was moved slightly off from the cup body's center, enabling the kendama to turn and rotate in a new fluid way. This string hole adjustment is still used in various shapes of kendamas to this day.

Contemporary culture
Kendama is popular in many parts of the world, particularly in Japan. During the 2000s this popularity led to the creation of the first kendama companies outside of Japan.

The first kendama company in the United States was Kendama USA in 2006. They began to promote kendama in North America particularly throughout the juggling and rollerblading communities. Since its founding, KendamaUSA has spread kendama nationwide and continue to do so. In 2010, the company Sweets Kendamas was founded in the USA in Minnesota by Matt "Sweets" Jorgenson. Sweets Kendamas' mission is to "Spread Kendama Love," and they also have done that over the years.

As for the European kendama scene, some kendama companies that emerged in the late 2000s were Kendama Europe in 2008. Kendama Europe's first competition model kendama came out in 2011, and they have worked to spread kendama throughout Germany by attending the Nuremburg-Germany toy fair. Another company that emerged in late 2000s was KROM Kendama from Denmark in 2010.

Almost every kendama company has a team of sponsored players to help promote their brands. Sponsored players range in age and location around the world.

The kendama community connects through social media platforms such as Instagram, Youtube, Facebook, Tiktok, Twitch and Twitter.

Rules
There are no specific rules on how to play kendama. However, all kendama competitions are regulated by rules. 4 formal types of kendama competition are: speed ladder, open division, freestyle, and Kendama World Cup (KWC). It is rare that the KWC style of competing is used an event other than KWC itself.

Speed Ladder
The speed ladder is a style of competition is a race of who can finish a set of tricks the fastest. Players will race through an order of tricks that they are given at the event or prior to the event via the internet. The players who finish the trick ladder the fastest wins. There are divisions that sign up to compete in based on their skill level (ex: beginner, intermediate, and advanced/pro).

Open Division
Open Division is a head-to-head 1vs1 competition style format. Each round, 2 players compete against each other and take turns drawing a trick at random. Each trick drawn warrants a maximum of 3 exchanges - the number of times the players can go back and forth attempting the trick. The first player to 3 points wins.


 * If a player completes the trick and the other player misses, the successful player earns 1 point and the other player draws another trick.
 * If both players complete or miss the trick, then the 1st exchange comes to an end and the first player gets another attempt to complete the trick in the 2nd bout, restarting the process.
 * If both players complete or miss the trick in all 3 bouts, then the trick is discarded and the second player draws a new trick

Note: In the final round, the first player to 5 points wins.

Note: The labeled champion of each event is usually referring to the Open Division winner.

Freestyle
Freestyle is a head-to-head 1vs1 style of competition. Each match is judged by a panel of 3 or 5 judges. The 2 players competing against each other in each round will take turns performing tricks in 45 second time periods twice each. During the time periods, both players may perform any trick that they choose.

Each judge individually decides which player wins based on who did the best in the following 3 categories: Creativity, Consistency, and Difficulty. The player with the most votes wins the round.

KWC
120 tricks are released online prior to the KWC and are split up into groups of 10 tricks each 12 times, forming a level 1- level 12 trick list. The higher level a trick is, the more difficult it is and the more points it is worth. KWC is split into 2 days of competition: Day 1: Qualifying & Day 2: Finals. Each day has its own set of rules.

During Day 1, all players choose 12 tricks from the trick list. Players split the 12 tricks into two rounds of 6 tricks each, and each player will get 3 minutes for each round to complete as many tricks as possible. The 25 players with the highest point scores will advance to Day 2.

Note: Tricks that can be done during Day 1 are limited to levels 1-10, and the amount of points each trick is worth is equivalent to the face value of the level of the trick. (ex. level 6 trick is worth 6 points).

During Day 2, the players compete one by one from the lowest scoring qualifying player to the highest scoring qualifying player. Each player has 3 minutes to do an unlimited amount of tricks from levels 3-12, and each trick can only be done once. The player who gets the highest amount of points in their time period wins.

Competitions
Kendama competitions have been occurring since 1979, with the first competition being the All Japan Kendama-Do Championships held by the Japan Kendama Association. The British Kendama Association was the first group to hold a formal kendama contest outside Japan in 2008 at the British Juggling Convention in Doncaster. Kendama competitions have taken a variety of formats including speed ladders, freestyle, head-to-head, and world championship style.

Typically at events there are vendors that sell kendamas, clothing, and accessories. Competitions can range from 1-3 days long and prizes are provided for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd place winners of each competition category. Popular competitions include the North American Kendama Open & the Kendama World Cup (KWC).

North American Kendama Open
Formerly known as the Minnesota Kendama Open, the North American Kendama Open (NAKO) has been an annual kendama event in Minnesota every Fall since 2013. The NAKO has developed over the years, going from a one day event in 2013-2014, to a two day event in 2015-2017, to a 3 day event in 2018-2019. The event has been hosted all over Minnesota - in 2013 it was held in Saint Paul, in the years 2014-2018 it was held in the Mall of America in Bloomington, and most recently it was held in Minneapolis at the Varsity Theater in 2019.

The forms of competition that the NAKO offers are as following:


 * Beginner speed ladder
 * Intermediate speed ladder
 * Amateur open division
 * Pro Open Division
 * Freestyle

Each style of competition is split up into different times across each day of the event, so a portion of every competition is completed by the time each day ends. On the final day, a champion is crowned in all divisions.

Winners

 * 2013: Max Norcross (Sweets Kendamas)
 * 2014: Lukas Funk (Sweets Kendamas)
 * 2015: Zack Gallagher (Sweets Kendamas)
 * 2016: Nick Gallagher (Sweets Kendamas)
 * 2017: So Kanada (Sweets Kendamas)
 * 2018: So Kanada (Sweets Kendamas)
 * 2019: Hiroto "Motty" Motohashi (Su Lab)

Kendama World Cup
Starting in 2014, the Kendama World Cup (KWC) is an annual 2-day event in the summer that takes place in Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima, Japan and is the largest kendama competition in the world. In 2018 alone, the KWC had an audience of 49,000 members that were watching 415 competitors from 18 different countries compete for the title of Kendama World Champion.

Besides the main competition, there are also an abundance of vendors selling their merchandise and kendamas, kendama games, and live performances all spread out over the 2 days of the event. Admission to the KWC is free.

Winners
2014: Bonz Atron (KROM Kendama)

2015: Wyatt Bray (Kendama USA)

2016: Bryson Lee (Sweets Kendamas)

2017: So Kanada (Sweets Kendamas)

2018: Nick Gallagher (Sweets Kendamas)

2019: Rui Sora (Kendama USA)