User:Garygo golob/Lower Carniolan dialect/sandbox

This article uses Logar transcription.

The Lower Carniolan dialect (dolenjsko narečje, dolenjščina ) is a major Slovene dialect in the Lower Carniolan dialect group. It is one of the two central Slovene dialects and was the original foundation for standard Slovene along with the Ljubljana urban dialect. It is spoken in most of Lower Carniola, but not in the southern part (it is not spoken in towns like Babno Polje, Kočevje, and Semič) and also includes settlements in eastern Inner Carniola. Dialect borders Upper Carniolan dialect to the north, Lower Sava Valley dialect to the east, Eastern Herzegovian Shtokavian and North White Carniolan dialect to the southeast, Mixed Kočevje subdialects to the south, Čabranka dialect to the southwest, Inner Carniolan dialect to the west and Horjul dialect to the northwest. Eastern part of the dialect is Eastern Lower Carniolan subdialect. The dialect belongs to the Lower Carniolan dialect group, and evolved from Lower Carniolan dialect plane.

Geographical distribution
Area where Lower Carniolan dialect is spoken spans from Javorniki and Snežnik mountains in the west to Orehovec, Škocjan and Polšnik in the east, and up to Sava and Ljubljana Marsh in the north. In the southeast, border goes along Gorjanci, in the south roughly by the area where Gottscheers used to live, and in the southwest, it spans almost to the national border, but places like Babno Polje and Lazec already speak Čabranka dialect. Notable settlements include Cerknica, Stari Trg pri Ložu, Sodražica, Ribnica, Velike Lašče, Borovnica, Ig, Škofljica, Grosuplje, Turjak, Šmartno pri Litiji, Ivančna Gorica, Žužemberk, Dolenjske toplice, Novo Mesto, Mirna Peč, Mirna, Šentrupert, Mokronog, Trebelno, Škocjan, Šmarješke Toplice and Šentjernej. The subdialect border roughly follows the line Vinja Vas–Češča Vas–Dobrnič–Račje Selo–Tihaboj–Zaloka.

Historically it was also spoken in Ljubljana because in the past the Ljubljana dialect displayed features more similar with the Lower Carniolan dialect group. However, it gradually grew closer to the Upper Carniola dialect group as a consequence of migration from Upper Carniola into Ljubljana in the 19th and 20th centuries. Ljubljana mostly expanded to the north, gradually incorporating many villages that were historically part of Upper Carniola, and so its dialect shifted closer to the Upper Carniolan dialects.

Accentual changes
Lower Carniolan dialect is the most archaic dialect in Lower Carniolan dialect group as it is has undergone only *ženȁ → *žèna accent shift and partially *məglȁ → *mə̀gla accent shift in the subdialect while other have undergone five or even more, with an exception being Mixed Kočevje subdialects. It also retained pitch accent and has relatively well-preserved quantitative differences between long and short syllables. Long acute on last syllables stays acute only around Ribnica, Sodražica, Ig and Grosuplje. In other parts, acute starts to turn into circumflex accent, but that is mostly limited to specific endings. In the subdialect, change also occurs outside of endings and in the south, around Novo Mesto, it has generally turned into circumflex. Around Žužemberk, the accent did not change into circumflex, but rather both accents neutralized.

Phonology
Modern dialect mostly retained the same pronunciation of long vowels as in Lower Carniolan dialect base. Non-final *ě̀ and *ě̄ are diphthong ēi̯ which turned into āi̯ in the southwestern and southern part and might have monophthongized into ē or ǟ elsewhere, particularly in the northeast. Alpine Slavic and later lengthened *ę̄ and *ē turned into iẹ, *ǭ and non-final *ò turned into uọ while long *ō turned into ū. In the subdialect, *ī and *ū turned into ī̧ and ū̧, īi̯ and ūu̯, or ēi̯ and ōu̯, respectively. In some microdialects, particularly in Suha Krajina, *ū is pronounced as i̯ū. Elsewhere, *ū is pronounced as ǖ by older generations and as ū by younger generations. In the central area, *ā preceded by *ń or *ĺ turned into *e and then followed the same changes as newly stressed *e. Syllabic *r̥̄ turned into ə̄r that might also be more a-like. Syllabic *ł̥̄ turned into ou̯. Newly stressed *e and *o mostly diphthongized into ēi̯ and ōu̯ in the east and west, but changes differently in the central area. Newly stressed *e opened up to jā around Ribnica while *o closed into ọ̄ around Žužemberk, Ribnica and Ig or a diphthong ūo around Velike Lašče.

Word-final short *o turned into u (ukanye), in the north further reducing into ə or even disappeared. Akanye is also common; It is present in all positions in the northern and central microdialects and in all positions but after labial and velar consonants in the northeastern microdialects, where it changes into u. Elsewhere, it mostly appears in close syllables after the stress. In parts where akanye is present in all positions, change of *a into e after palatal consonants was also present, but that change is being abandoned by younger generations. In the north, *i and *u reduced into a bit lighter ə.

Palatal *ĺ mostly turned into l, except in some eastern microdialects, where it is pronounced as jl. In contrast, palatal *ń turned into j eastern of Dobrepolje, elsewhere it turned into jn after a vowel and depalatalized into n after a consonant or at the beginning of a word. Around Velike Lašče and Bloke, elderly pronounce it as j̃ between two vowels. Shvapanye (*ł → u̯) is present only in a small area south of Ljubljana, elsewhere *ł stayed intact. Cluster *šč did not simplify, *čre and *žre simplified in the north and west, a bit less commonly elsewhere, new cluster *tj simplified into k (PS tьja̋ → Alpine Slovene tjà → ke), *tl and *dl in l-participle simplified into *l.

Morphology
Long infinitive turned into short, except at the eastern border. Neuter gender mostly stayed neuter, but partial masculinization occurs in the north.

Subdivision
The eastern part of Lower Carniolan dialect has some distinctive features that differentiate it from other parts of the dialect. Tonal accent is more or less lost on last syllables and there is partial *məglȁ → *mə̀gla shift. Yat (*ě̄) monophthongized, *ī and *ū widened or diphthongized, and higher degree of vowel reduction.