User:Geggybee1/sandbox

Look at Meghna's Sanbox for CCS Projects Article: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Meghnar11/sandbox

NOTE: The projects are divided in different sandboxes. Here is the breakdown of where you can find them all:

Quest and Gorgon edits in Areidy's Sandbox

Weyburn edits in Lorenzo's Sandbox

White Rose and Alberta in Sophia's Sandbox

Petra Nova in Meghna's Sandbox

Areidy & Lorenzo

New Wikipedia Page:

Quest Carbon Capture and Storage Project

Overview

Quest Carbon Capture and Storage Project captures and store underground one million tonnes of CO2 emissions per year. The capture unit is located at the Scotford Upgrader in Alberta, Canada, where hydrogen is produced to upgrade bitumen from oil sands into synthetic crude oil.

Technology

Mined bitumen extracted from Alberta’s oil sands is a heavy oil that needs an upgrading process before being delivered to refineries and transformed into marketable products. The upgrading process is energy intensive and requires hydrogen that is produced from a steam methane reformer. Making hydrogen creates carbon dioxide that at Quest is captured and separated from nitrogen through an absorption amine technology process. Captured CO2 is subsequently compressed and transported for 64 km where CO2 is stored two kilometers underground into a saline aquifer.

Current status

The project began capture CO2 in November 2015. Quest Carbon Capture and Storage Project at Scotford has the capacity to capture approximately one-third of CO2 emissions from the Scotford Upgrader. The cumulative stored volume is expected to be greater than 27 million tonnes of CO2 over the anticipated 25 year life of the Scotford Upgrader. 1) 	http://www.shell.ca/en_ca/about-us/projects-and-sites/quest-carbon-capture-and-storage-project/discover-more-about-ccs.html

2) 	Rosa, L., Davis, K. F., Rulli, M. C., & D'Odorico, P. (2017). Environmental consequences of oil production from oil sands. Earth's Future.

3) 	https://sequestration.mit.edu/tools/projects/quest.html

4) http://www.shell.ca/en_ca/about-us/projects-and-sites/quest-carbon-capture-and-storage-project/discover-more-about-ccs.html

5) 	https://www.globalccsinstitute.com/projects/quest

New Wikipedia Page:

Gorgon Carbon Dioxide Injection Project

Overview

The Gorgon Carbon Dioxide Injection Project is part of the Gorgon Project, the world's largest natural gas project. The Gorgon Project, located on Barrow Island in Western Australia, includes a liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant, a domestic gas plant, and a Carbon Dioxide Injection Project.

The initial carbon dioxide injections are planned to take place by the end of 2017. Once launched, the Gorgon Carbon Dioxide Injection Project will be the world’s largest CO2 injection plant, with an ability to store up to 4 million tons of CO2 per year – approximately 120 million tons over the project’s lifetime, and 40 percent of total Gorgon Project emissions.

Technology

Gas is supplied from two world-class gas fields namely, Gorgon field that contains on average 14% of naturally occurring reservoir CO2, and Jansz-lo field that contains less than 1% CO2. Reservoir CO2 is extracted from natural gas as a part of normal gas-processing operations. During the liquefaction process, natural gas is cooled to -162° C. CO2 freezes at this temperature, so it needs to be separated from the natural gas stream prior to gas processing and liquefaction. Separation is performed using a basic absorber and stripper system and an amine-based solvent.

The Gorgon Carbon Dioxide Injection Project will compress and pipe separated CO2 to nine injection wells where it will be subsequently injected into the Dupuy Formation. Once the CO2 is injected, it will migrate through the Dupuy Formation until it remains trapped. The top of the Dupuy Formation reservoir is located approximately 2300 m below Barrow Island and is overlain by a thick shale cap-rock seal. The pressure in the reservoir will cause the injected CO2 to behave as a supercritical fluid with behavior of both a liquid and a gas. The reservoir CO2 will become trapped in the reservoir through a combination of residual saturation trapping and by dissolution into the waters in the formation.

Environmental impacts

The carbon dioxide injection plant is located on Barrow Island, a Class A nature reserve. Therefore, the development of the processing plant had to undergo very strict environmental regulations. The Joint Venture established expert panels to protect the biodiversity of the island and surrounding marine environment. To ensure that the Dupuy Formation was suitable for underground injection of reservoir carbon dioxide, the Gorgon Joint Venture undertook additional drilling, well tests, and seismic surveys prior to making the final investment decision. An on-going monitoring program, including observation wells and seismic surveys, will assist in managing the performance of the injected carbon dioxide in the Dupuy Formation.

References

1)  	Chevron Australia, 2017. Accessed on 4th April 2017. Available at: https://www.chevronaustralia.com/our-businesses/gorgon/carbon-dioxide-injection

2)  	Chevron Australia, 2017. Accessed on 4th April 2017. Available at: https://www.chevronaustralia.com/our-businesses/gorgon#

3)  	MIT, 2016. Available at: https://sequestration.mit.edu/tools/projects/gorgon.html

4)  	Forbes, 2015. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/timtreadgold/2015/09/04/chevron-coughs-up-cash-to-keep-workers-quiet-at-its-gorgon-lng-project/#79d70bfb53ab

5)  	Australian Government, 2011. Accessed on 4th April 2017. Available at: https://unfccc.int/files/methods/other_methodological_issues/application/pdf/gorgon_co2_injection_project_new.pdf

EDITING WEYBURN (See Lorenzo's Sandbox)

The Weyburn-Midale Carbon Dioxide Project (or IEA GHG Weyburn-Midale CO2 Monitoring and Storage Project) is, as of 2008, the world's largest carbon capture and storage project. It is located in Midale, Saskatchewan, Canada.

Introduction[edit]
The IEAGHG Weyburn-Midale CO2 Monitoring and Storage Project is an international collaborative scientific study to assess the technical feasibility of CO2 storage in geological formations with a focus on oil reservoirs, together with the development of world leading best practices for project implementation. The project itself began in 2000 and runs until the end of 2011 when a best practices manual for the transitioning of CO2-EOR operations into long term storage operations will be released. The research project accesses data from the actual CO2-enhanced oil recovery operations in the Weyburn oil field (operated by Cenovus Energy of Calgary), and after the year 2005 from the adjacent Midale field (operated by Apache Canada). These EOR operations are independent of the research program. Cenovus Energy’s only contribution to the IEAGHG Weyburn-Midale CO2 Monitoring and Storage Project is to allow access to the fields for measurement, monitoring and verification of the CO2for the global scientists and researchers involved in the project.

History – The Weyburn oilfield[edit]
The Weyburn and Midale oil fields were discovered in 1954 near Midale, Saskatchewan.

The Weyburn Oilfield covers an area of some 52,000 acres (210 km2) and has a current oil production rate of ~3,067 m3/day. Original oil-in-place is estimated to be 1.4 billion barrels (220,000,000 m3). The oil is produced from a total of 963 active wells made up of 534 vertical wells, 138 horizontal wells, and 171 injection systems. There are also 146 enclosed wells. Current production consists primarily of medium-gravity crude oil with a low gas-to-oil ratio.

The Midale oil field is about 102 square miles (260 km2) in size, and has 515 million barrels (81,900,000 m3) of oil-in-place. It began injecting CO2 in 2005.

Various enhanced oil recovery techniques were used in the Weyburn field prior to the introduction of CO2, between the 1970s and 1990s. These include additional vertical drilling, the introduction of horizontal drilling, and the use of waterfloods to increase pressure in the reservoir. In October 2000, Cenovus (formerly Pan Canadian, EnCana) began injecting significant amounts of carbon dioxide into the Weyburn field in order to boost oil production. Cenovus is the operator and holds the largest share of the 37 current partners in the oilfield. The chart below illustrates the effect of the various forms of enhanced oil recovery on the production of oil (courtesy Cenovus Energy).

History – Injection of CO2[edit]
Initial CO2 injection rates in the Weyburn field amounted to ~5,000 tonnes/day or 95 million scf/day (2.7 million m3/d); this would otherwise have been vented to the atmosphere from the Dakota Gasification facility. Current CO2 injection by Cenovus at Weyburn is up to ~6500 tonnes per day. Apache Canada is injecting approximately 1500 tonnes per day into the Midale field.

Overall, it is anticipated that some 40 Mt of carbon dioxide will be permanently sequestered over the lifespan of the project in the Weyburn and Midale fields. The gas is being supplied via a 320 kilometre mile long pipeline (completed in 1999) from the lignite-fired Dakota Gasification Company synfuels plant site in Beulah, North Dakota (See attached image). The company is a subsidiary of Basin Electric Power Co-operative. Cenovus is taking ~40% of the synfuels plant’s CO2 capacity. At the plant, CO2is produced from a Rectisol unit in the gas cleanup train. The CO2 project adds about $30 million of gross revenue to the gasification plant’s cash flow each year. Approximately 8000 MT of compressed CO2 (in liquid form) is provided to the Weyburn and Midale fields each day via the pipeline.

During its life, the Weyburn and Midale fields combined are expected to produce at least 220 million additional barrels of incremental oil, through miscible or near-miscible displacement with CO2, from a fields that have already produced over 500 million barrels (79,000,000 m3) since discovery in 1954. This will extend the life of the Weyburn field by approximately 20–25 years. It is estimated that ultimate oil recovery will increase to 34% of the oil-in-place. It has been estimated that, on a full life-cycle basis, the oil produced at Weyburn by CO2 EOR will release only two-thirds as much CO2 to the atmosphere compared to oil produced using conventional technology.

This is the first instance of cross-border transfer of CO2 from the USA to Canada and highlights the ability for international cooperation with GHG mitigation technologies. Whilst there are emissions trading projects being developed within countries such as Canada, the Weyburn project is essentially the first international project where physical quantities of CO2 are being sold commercially for enhanced oil recovery, with the added benefit of carbon sequestration.

History – Research Project[edit]
The First Phase of the IEAGHG Weyburn CO2 Monitoring and Storage Project (the Midale oil field did not join the research project until the Final phase research) which began in 2000 and ended in 2004, verified the ability of an oil reservoir to securely store CO2 for significant lengths of time. This was done through a comprehensive analysis of the various process factors as well as monitoring/modeling methods designed to measure, monitor and track the CO2. Research was conducted into geological characterization of both the geosphere (the geological layers deeper than near surface) and biosphere (basically from the depths of groundwater up). As well, prediction, monitoring and verification techniques were used to examine the movements of the CO2. Finally, both the economic and geologic limits of the CO2 storage capacity were predicted, and a long-term risk assessment developed for storage of CO2 permanently in the formation.

A critical part of the First Phase was the accumulation of baseline surveys for both CO2 soil content, and water wells in the area. These baselines were identified in 2001 and have helped to confirm through comparison with more recent readings that CO2 is not leaking from the reservoir into the biosphere in the study area.

First Phase Findings[edit]
• Based on preliminary results, the natural geological setting of the oil field was deemed to be highly suitable for long-term CO2 geological storage • The results form the most complete, comprehensive, peer-reviewed data set in the world for CO2 geological storage. However, additional research was deemed to be needed to further develop and refine CO2 monitoring and verification technologies. With this in mind a second, and final phase of research was developed and began in the year 2005, and will be completed in 2011. The PTRC and IEA GHG issued a full report on the first phase, and it is available from the PTRC’s website.

The Final Phase Project (2005-2011)[edit]
The Final Phase of the IEAGHG Weyburn-Midale CO2 Monitoring and Storage Project is utilizing scientific experts from most of the world’s leading carbon capture and storage research organizations and universities to further develop and build upon the most scrutinized CO2 geological storage data set in the world. The project’s major technical research “themes” can be broadly broken out into four areas:

Technical Components: Ultimately, the goal of the final phase of the project is to produce a best practices manual that can be used by other jurisdictions and organizations to help transition CO2-EOR operations into long-term storage projects. The research of the project’s final phase should be complete in 2011, with the Best Practices Manual issued before the end of that year.
 * Site Characterization: The research will develop geocellular framework models that incorporate geotechnical and simulation work that will help with proper risk management of the site.
 * Wellbore Integrity: increase the knowledge, and assess the risk of leakage from enclosed wells caused by materials and cement degradation. This issue is viewed as critical for resolving questions around long term storage.
 * Monitoring and Verification: Field test and assess a range of geochemical and geophysical techniques for monitoring the injected CO2.
 * Performance Assessment: Perform simulations for containment and performance assessments; engage public stakeholders and experts in the risk assessment process.

Claims of leaking[edit]
A report of CO2 leaks above the project was released in January 2011 by an advocacy group on behalf of owners of land above the project. They reported ponds fizzing with bubbles, dead animals found near those ponds, sounds of explosions which they attributed to gas blowing out holes in the walls of a quarry. The report said that carbon dioxide levels in the soil averaged about 23,000 parts per million, several times higher than is normal for the area. "The ... source of the high concentrations of CO2 in the soils of the Kerr property is clearly the anthropogenic CO2 injected into the Weyburn reservoir... The survey also demonstrates that the overlying thick cap rock of anhydrite over the Weyburn reservoir is not an impermeable barrier to the upward movement of light hydrocarbons and CO2 as is generally thought." said the report.

The PTRC posted an extensive rebuttal of the Petro-Find report, stating that the isotopic signatures of the CO2, claimed by Mr. Lafleur to be indicative of the manmade CO2 being injected into the reservoir, were in fact, according to studies of CO2 conducted by the British Geological Survey and two other European Union geological groups prior to CO2 being injected at Weyburn, occurring naturally in several locations near the Kerr farm. Subsequent soil surveys after injection in 2002 to 2005 found CO2 levels dropped in these same regions. In addition, prior to injection occurring into the oil field, these samplings were found to be as high as 125,000 parts per million and averaging 25,000 ppm CO2 across the region, even more than the average and largest readings from the Kerr's property that were being claimed as unusually high. The report also questions, based on seismic imaging conducted over ten years, that any active faults exist or that the caprock is compromised to allow pathways for the CO2 to reach the surface. The PTRC acknowledged that they do not monitor the entire site for leaks, rather primarily above the part of the Weyburn field where CO2 is injected and key locations outside it, but the organization did monitor the Kerr's well between 2002 and 2006, finding no appreciable difference in water quaility. They have also acknowledged that PTRC is a research organisation rather than a regulator, and manage the IEA GHG Weyburn-Midale CO2 Monitoring and Storage Project on behalf of the International Energy Agency's Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme, which includes some 30 international research groups.

Geggybee1 (talk) 05:47, 28 April 2017 (UTC)