User:GenderCommunication2021/sandbox/Women in STEM

Hedy lamarr

Born: 9 November 1914

Died: 19 January 2000

Hedy Lamarr was an Austrian-American actress and inventor. Hedy Lamarr pioneered the technology that would one day form the basis for today’s WiFi, GPS, and Bluetooth communication systems. She studied acting with Reinhardt in Berlin and was in her first small film role by 1930, in a German film called Geld auf der Straβe (“Money on the Street”).

Childhood:

Lamarr was originally Hedwig Eva Kiesler, born in Vienna, Austria on November 9th, 1914 into a well-to-do Jewish family. Her father, who inspired her to look at the world with open eyes. She always goes for long walk with her father where he would discuss the inner-workings of different machines, like the printing press or street cars. These conversations guided Lamarr’s thinking and at only 5 years of age, she could be found taking apart and reassembling her music box to understand how the machine operated. Meanwhile, Lamarr’s mother was a concert pianist and introduced her to the arts, placing her in both ballet and piano lessons from a young age.

As An Actress:

However, it wasn’t until 1932 that Lamarr gained name recognition as an actress for her role in the controversial film, Ecstasy. Lamarr’s brilliant mind was ignored, and her beauty took center stage when she was discovered by director Max Reinhardt at age 16. Life story of Hedy Lamarr is indeed remarkable.

In Hollywood, Lamarr was introduced to a variety of quirky real-life characters, such as businessman and pilot Howard Hughes. Hedy Lamarr may be most well-known for her roles in the 1940s Oscar-nominated films ‘Algiers’ and ‘Sampson and Delilah’.

As A Scientist:

Her scientific mind had been bottled-up by Hollywood but Hughes helped to fuel the innovator in Lamarr. Lamarr dated Hughes but was most notably interested with his desire for innovation.

An inspiration:

Lamarr was inspired to innovate as Hughes wanted to create faster planes that could be sold to the US military. She bought a book of fish and a book of birds and looked at the fastest of each kind. She combined the fins of the fastest fish and the wings of the fastest bird to sketch a new wing design for Hughes’ planes.

She went on to create an upgraded stoplight and a tablet that dissolved in water to make a soda similar to Coca-Cola. However, her most significant invention was engineered.

The Electronic Frontier Foundation jointly awarded Lamarr and Antheil with their Pioneer Award in 1997. Lamarr also became the first woman to receive the Invention Convention’s Bulbie Gnass Spirit of Achievement Award.

Although she died in 2000, Lamarr was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame for the development of her frequency hopping technology in 2014. Such achievement has led Lamarr to be dubbed “the mother of Wi-Fi” and other wireless communications like GPS and Bluetooth.

Antheil was another quirky yet clever force to be reckoned with. Known for his writing, film scores, and experimental music compositions, he shared the same inventive spirit as Lamarr, Lamarr and Antheil came up with an extraordinary new communication system used with the intention of guiding torpedoes to their targets in war.

After its creation, Lamarr and Antheil sought a patent and military support for the invention.Meanwhile, Lamarr’s patent expired before she ever saw a penny from it. While she continued to accumulate credits in films until 1958, her inventive genius was yet to be recognized by the public. It wasn’t until Lamarr’s later years that she received any awards for her invention.

Awards:

The Electronic Frontier Foundation jointly awarded Lamarr and Antheil with their Pioneer Award in 1997. Also receive the Invention Convention’s Bulbie Gnass Spirit of Achievement Award. Although she died in 2000, Lamarr was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame for the development of her frequency hopping technology in 2014.

Hedy Lamarr “the mother of Wi-Fi” and other wireless communications like GPS and Bluetooth”.

Lisa meitner

Born: 7 November, 1878

Died: 27 October, 1968

Father: Philipp Meitner, a lawyer, and chess master.

Mother: Hedwig Skovran, a talented amateur musician.

History:

Lise Meitner was born into a relatively wealthy, cultured family in Vienna, capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The Meitner family were non-religious Jews. Later in life they converted to Christian denominations. At the age of 29, Lise became a Lutheran. Lise Meitner matriculated at the University of Vienna in October 1901. She was 22 years old and had decided to major in physics. Soon she found herself inspired by the brilliant Ludwig Boltzmann.

In December 1905, Meitner passed her doctoral oral exam summa cum laude (the highest honor) and, in February 1906, graduated with a Ph.D. in physics.Her doctoral thesis was entitled: Thermal Conduction in Non-homogeneous Bodies.

Research:

Lisa Meitner was austrian-born physicist who shared the Enrico Fermi Award (1966) with the chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann for their joint research that led to the discovery of uranium fission. After receiving her doctorate at the University of Vienna (1906), Meitner attended Max Planck’s lectures at Berlin in 1907 and joined Hahn in research on radioactivity. During three decades of association, she and Hahn were among the first to isolate the isotope protactinium-231 which they named and studied nuclear isomerism and beta decay, and in the 1930s along with Strassmann investigated the products of neutron bombardment of uranium.

Contribution:

Meitner and Hahn’s radioisotope research provided data for a large number of high quality research papers. They were nominated ten times for the annual Nobel Prize in Chemistry or Physics, without success.In 1926, Meitner became an untenured professor at the University of Berlin, becoming the first female professor of physics in Germany. In 1934, Enrico Fermi in Rome, Italy announced that he had bombarded uranium (element 92) with neutrons. Uranium was then the heaviest element in the periodic table. Fermi said his results suggested a uranium nucleus could possibly absorb a neutron. This extra neutron then decayed to form. (1)A proton (2)A high energy electron electron, a beta particle which flew out of the nucleus at high speed.

The net result was, Fermi suggested, that uranium gained a proton to form element 93.Meitner was thrilled by the possibility of transuranic elements and suggested to Hahn they should team up again to determine if Fermi was right. Hahn agreed, and added his young chemistry colleague Fritz Strassmann to the team, which got to work in 1934. The team quickly ruled out Noddack’s idey found that bombarding uranium with neutrons seemed to produce ever more substances with different half-lives. They could not be sure what the bombardment's initial products were, because they realized that some of the half-lives in the confusing muddle were very short. They also spent time disputing the results coming out of Paris, where Irene Joliot-Curie and her coworkers were also studying transuranic elements. Over the next few years, Meitner, Hahn, and Strassmann published a large number of papers documenting a rather elaborate interpretation of the transuranic elements. In 1938, Lise Meitner discovered that nuclear fission which can produce enormous amounts of energy.She made the discovery in Sweden, after escaping a few months earlier from Nazi Germany.

When World War 2 ended, she was acclaimed as the mother of the atom bomb. In fact, she disapproved of both the acclaim and the bomb. She believed nuclear energy should be used solely for peaceful purposes. Although, controversially, Lise Meitner was never awarded a Nobel Prize, in 1997 her work was acknowledged in a more exceptional way when chemical element 109 was named Meitnerium in her honor. She retired to England in 1960. Eight years later she died, and her tombstone bears the inscription “A physicist who never lost her humanity.” The chemical element meitnerium was later named in her honour.

Zaha Hadid Dame Zaha Hadid was born October 31, 1950 in Baghdad, Iraq and died on March 31,2016 in Miami, Florida, U.S.A of heart attack while being treated for bronchitis. She is best known for her deconstructivist designs.

Family:

She was born in an upper middle-class family. Her father, Mohammed was a politician and her mother named Wajiha Sabunji practiced art. Zaha had two elder brothers of which one was academic. She remained unmarried throughout her life and had no children but she had several nephews and nieces of which one, named Rana was an architect. Education:

Zaha Hadid attended a Catholic school and later an English boarding school. She pursued her degree in Mathematics from English University in Beirut. In 1972 she traveled to London to study at the Architectural Association, a major center of progressive architectural thought during the 1970s. Career:

In London, she met the architects Elia Zenghelis and Rem Koolhaas, with whom she would collaborate as a partner at the Office of Metropolitan Architecture. Hadid established her own London-based firm, Zaha Hadid Architects (ZHA), in 1979. Zaha Hadid gained international recognition in 1983 for The Peak which was competition-winning work. The Peak is a leisure and recreational centre in Hong Kong. This design, a “horizontal skyscraper” that moved at a dynamic diagonal down the hillside site, established her aesthetic: inspired by Kazimir Malevich and the Suprematists, her aggressive geometric designs are characterized by a sense of fragmentation, instability, and movement. This fragmented style led her to be grouped with architects known as “deconstructivists,” a classification made popular by the 1988 landmark exhibition “Deconstructivist Architecture” held at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. Hadid’s design for The Peak was never realized, nor were most of her other radical designs in the 1980s and early ’90s, including the Kurfürstendamm (1986) in Berlin, the Düsseldorf Art and Media Centre (1992–93), and the Cardiff Bay Opera House (1994) in Wales. Hadid began to be known as a “paper architect,” meaning her designs were too avant-garde to move beyond the sketch phase and actually be built. This impression of her was heightened when her beautifully rendered designs—often in the form of exquisitely detailed coloured paintings—were exhibited as works of art in major museums. Projects:

Vitra Fire Station (1989–93) in Weil am Rhein, Germany: housing project for IBA Housing (1989–93) in Berlin the Mind Zone exhibition space (1999) at the Millennium Dome in Greenwich, London Land Formation One exhibition space (1997–99) in Weil am Rhein Standout:

Hadid solidified her reputation as an architect of built works in 2000, when work began on her design for a new Lois & Richard Rosenthal Center for Contemporary Art in Cincinnati, Ohio. The 85,000-square-foot (7,900-square-metre) centre, which opened in 2003, was the first American museum designed by a woman. Essentially a vertical series of cubes and voids, the museum is located in the middle of Cincinnati’s downtown area. The side that faces the street has a translucent glass facade that invites passersby to look in on the workings of the museum and thereby contradicts the notion of the museum as an uninviting or remote space. The building’s plan gently curves upward after the visitor enters the building; Hadid said she hoped this would create an “urban carpet” that welcomes people into the museum. Awards & Achievements:

Stirling Prize: In 2010 Hadid’s boldly imaginative design for the MAXXI museum of contemporary art and architecture in Rome earned her the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) Stirling Prize for the best building by a British architect completed in the past year. 2nd Stirling Prize: The following year for a sleek structure she conceived for Evelyn Grace Academy, a secondary school in London. London Design Museum’s Design of the Year: Hadid’s fluid undulating design for the Heydar Aliyev Center, a cultural centre that opened in 2012 in Baku, Azerbaijan, won the London Design Museum’s Design of the Year in 2014. She was the first woman to earn that award which judges designs in architecture, furniture, fashion, graphics, product, and transportation and the design was the first from the architecture category. Pritzker Prize Japan Art Association’s Praemium Imperiale prize for architecture (2009) Royal Gold Medal for Architecture (2016), RIBA’s highest honour Notable works:

London Aquatics Centre built for the 2012 Olympics the Eli and Edythe Broad Art Museum, which opened in 2012 at Michigan State University in East Lansing, Michigan the Jockey Club Innovation Tower (2014) for the Hong Kong Polytechnic University. Discrimination & Problems faced as a female:

Hadid’s extraordinary accomplishments were all the more remarkable considering she was working in an industry largely dominated by men. Her supporters contended that she was often subjected to controversies that her male counterparts were not. Her fantastic forms were often derided, and the expense and scale of many of her commissions were frequently ridiculed. Indeed, the problematic site for the London Aquatics Centre forced Hadid to scale back her design, while mounting protests, notably from preeminent Japanese architects, led her to scrap her plan altogether for the New National Stadium for the 2020 Olympics in Tokyo (the Olympics were later postponed because of the coronavirus pandemic). Further controversy followed after a 2014 report disclosed that some 1,000 foreign workers had died because of poor working conditions across construction sites in Qatar, where her Al Wakrah Stadium for the 2022 World Cup was set to break ground. When asked about the deaths, Hadid objected to her responsibility as an architect to ensure safe working conditions, and her remarks were widely regarded as insensitive. An architecture critic of The New York Review of Books exacerbated the situation when he falsely claimed that 1,000 had died building her stadium, which had yet to break ground. Hadid filed a defamation lawsuit against the critic and publication. She later settled, accepting an apology and donating the undisclosed sum to a charity protecting labour rights.

Chien-Shiung Wu

Life Story : Chien-Shiung Wu (1912-1997) :- Chien-Shiung Wu was born on May 31, 1912 in Liuhe, China. Her mother, Fanhua Fan, was a teacher. Her father, Zhong-Yi Wu, was an engineer. He strongly believed in gender equality and opened one of the first girls’ schools in China.

Chien-Shiung attended her father’s college and developed a love for mathematics and science at a really young age. Her oldsters inspired her to pursue her interests through high school, wherever she graduated at the highest of her category in 1929.

Chien-Shiung attended faculty at the National Central University, wherever she attained Associate in Nursing undergrad degree in physics in 1934. once graduation, she tutored at the National Chekiang University whereas building her expertise in experimental analysis. Chien-Shiung studied beneath the steerage of feminine faculty member Jing-Wei Gu.

Chien-Shiung gained confidence in her skills by collaborating with another lady and reading regarding different girls within the field. She same that learning regarding human Madame Curie at a young age considerably formed her life and tutorial pursuits.

Jing-Wei powerfully inspired Chien-Shiung to complete her hydrogen ion concentration. D. within the us, wherever she might work with a number of the foremost noted scientists within the world and learn a lot of concerning yankee culture. In 1936, Chien-Shiung registered at the University of CA at Berkeley. whereas there, she met alternative Chinese students, together with scientist Luke Chia-Lu Yuan, UN agency helped her acclimatize to life during a new country. Her analysis centered on innovative nuclear technology, which might prove valuable in her future career. Chien-Shiung earned her hydrogen ion concentration.D. in 1940.

Chien-Shiung and Luke studied within the same department and remained friends. Over time the character of their relationship modified, and that they married in 1942.

Job opportunities were restricted in Calif. and anti-Asian attitudes redoubled with the beginning of warfare II. Luke and Chien-Shiung emotional to the East Coast within the hopes of increasing their careers. Luke joined the school at Princeton and Chien-Shiung tutored at Smith faculty, a women’s faculty.

Chien-Shiung enjoyed her new job, however Smith didn't have a research facility. once one year, Chien-Shiung accepted a proposal from Princeton, that gave her access to best analysis areas. Princeton was still Associate in Nursing all-male college within the Nineteen Forties, and Chien-Shiung was the primary feminine educator on their college. Chien-Shiung typically relied on her robust temperament and spectacular analysis skills to beat the challenge of being one among the few girls on field.

Chien-Shiung’s work on Princeton was restrict once she received missive of invitation to hitch the Manhattan Project at Columbia as a senior person. The Manhattan Project was a government-funded initiative to analysis and develop powerful atomic weapons. making the atom bomb was therefore complicated that it couldn't be completed by only 1 person. The Manhattan Project enclosed scientists of the many fields operating severally and collaboratively in labs across the us.

Most of them had no direct connections to warfare technology or weapon development. Rather, their work was tiny items of an even bigger puzzle. Chien-Shiung’s analysis centered on distinguishing a method to separate atomic number 92 metal through vaporish infusion, that was essential to reworking a bomb into Associate in Nursing atom bomb.

After the war, Chien-Shiung continued to work at Columbia as a member of faculty. She eventually became the first woman to hold a tenured faculty position in the University’s physics department. In 1947, Chien-Shiung gave birth to her and Luke’s only child, a boy named Vincent. As an adult, Vincent followed his parents’ example and worked as a physicist.

American immigration laws and Chinese political upheaval created it tough for Chien-Shiung to stay connected to her land. She was unable to travel home and communicated along with her family through letters. Travel normally was created tough by her Chinese passport. In 1954, she determined to form her Chinese yank standing official by changing into a us subject.

Chien-Shiung’s analysis for the Manhattan Project helped established her as a number one professional in physical science. abundant of her work concerned proving or disproving theories given by alternative scientists. one among the foremost celebrated example was her analysis on the '''law of conservation of parity. 2 physicists at Princeton, Tsung-Dao Lee and Chen-Ning rule, claimed they created a good discovery around this law.''' however most of the scientific community refused to believe they were correct. Chien-Shiung conducted Associate in Nursing experiment that evidenced their theories were so valid. In response, '''the scientific community wide celebrated Tsung-Dao and Chen-Ning. '''

In 1957, they received the Nobel prize in Physics. many folks UN agency knew Chien-Shiung’s work thought she ought to have received a Nobel prize moreover, providing her experiment evidenced that their concepts were correct.

'''Chien-Shiung believed that she was victim of industry-wide favouritism. She wasn't the primary feminine person to feel unnoticed by the philanthropist panel, nor was she the last.''' however Chien-Shiung didn't enable this snub to stop her from continued her own analysis. By the Nineteen Sixties and Nineteen Seventies, the sector began to formally acknowledge and celebrate her contributions. By operating arduous, she created a resume that even the foremost narrow individuals couldn't ignore. She won the National Academy of Sciences Cyrus B. crusader Award in Physics in 1964, the National laurels of Science in 1975, and therefore the Wolf Prize in Physics in 1978, among alternative prestigious awards.

Chien-Shiung continuing to analysis and teach within the academic department at Columbia till 1981. In retirement, she centered her attention on encouraging young girls to pursue a career in science and technology. She participated in academic programs and young women and spoke overtly regarding her personal struggle to earn recognition for her ground-breaking work.

She died of a stroke at her zero in NY in 1997 and was buried in her land of China. Despite the challenges she round-faced in her life, she is usually delineated because the “First girl of Physics” owing to her vital contributions to the sector.

Vocabulary :-

law of conservation of parity: A scientific rule or observation that defines the relationship between particles of matter. Manhattan Project: A research project funded by the United States government with the goal of creating the world’s first atomic weapons. Murie Curie: A famous Polish-French chemist who won two Nobel Prizes and lived from lived from 1876 to 1934.

Nobel Prize: A respected international award given to men and women in various categories, including science and literature.

Chien-Shiung Wu Overlooked for Nobel Price :-

During war II, Wu worked on the Manhattan Project at Columbia University. She developed a method of enriching metal to provide giant quantities as fuel. Wu would stay at Columbia within the department of physics till her retirement.

In 1956, Wu devised associate experiment with revolutionary results. Her colleagues Tsung-Dao Lee and Chen Ning rule planned a theory that might contradict a wide accepted law of physics at the time known as the Parity Law. Parity Law expressed that objects that square measure mirror pictures of every different behave within the same approach. Wu’s experiment spun hot cobalt-60 nuclei at low temperatures. If the law command, the electrons would shoot off in paired directions. Wu’s experiment incontestable that they didn't.

Wu’s work was termed the foremost vital development within the field of atomic and nucleonics to date; a 1959 AAUW promulgation known as her experiment the “solution to the number-one riddle of atomic and nucleonics.” Her male co-workers Lee and rule received the laurels for disproving the Parity Law. in a very move that produces you mad simply reading it, the prize committee unnoticed Wu.

The Oct 1959 “AAUW Journal” article asserting Wu’s action Award Despite the apparent omission, Wu received several accolades for her work. AAUW was among the various organizations and teams that recognized and honored her contributions to the sector of physics. In 1959, she received the AAUW Achievement Award.

In speaking of her work, Janet Howell Clark of the AAUW Fellowships Awards Committee, same Wu’s analysis “led to the answer of mysteries on the perimeter of human data.” In her acceptance speech, Wu said, “It is that the bravery to doubt what has long been established and also the incessant explore for its verification and proof that pushes the wheel of science forward.”

Chien-Shiung Wu semiconductor diode a lifetime of several firsts: the primary lady president of the yank Physical Society, the primary lady to receive associate unearned academic degree from Princeton, the primary feminine recipient of the National Academy of Sciences’ Comstock Prize.